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The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2008年第08期3卷 S08003-S08003页

作者： Aad, G. Abat, E. Abdallah, J. Abdelalim, A. A. Abdesselam, A. Abdinov, O. Abi, B. A. Abolins, M. Abramowicz, H. Acerbi, E. Acharya, B. S. Achenbach, R. Ackers, M. Adams, D. L. Adamyan, F. Addy, T. N. Aderholz, M. Adorisio, C. Adragna, P. Aharrouche, M. Ahlen, S. P. Ahles, F. Ahmad, A. Ahmed, H. Aielli, G. Akesson, P. F. Akesson, T. P. A. Alam, S. M. Albert, J. Albrand, S. Aleksa, M. Aleksandrov, I. N. Aleppo, M. Alessandria, F. Alexa, C. Alexander, G. Alexopoulos, T. Alimonti, G. Aliyev, M. Allport, P. P. Allwood-Spiers, S. E. Aloisio, A. Alonso, J. Alves, R. Alviggi, M. G. Amako, K. Amaral, P. Amaral, S. P. Ambrosini, G. Ambrosio, G. Amelung, C. Ammosov, V. V. Amorim, A. Amram, N. Anastopoulos, C. Anderson, B. Anderson, K. J. Anderssen, E. C. Andreazza, A. Andrei, V. Andricek, L. Andrieux, M-L. Anduaga, X. S. Anghinolfi, F. Antonaki, A. Antonelli, M. Antonelli, S. Apsimon, R. Arabidze, G. Aracena, I. Arai, Y. Arce, A. T. H. Archambault, J. P. Arguin, J-F Arik, E. Arik, M. Arms, K. E. Armstrong, S. R. Arnaud, M. Arnault, C. Artamonov, A. Asai, S. Ask, S. Asman, B. Asner, D. Asquith, L. Assamagan, K. Astbury, A. Athar, B. Atkinson, T. Aubert, B. Auerbach, B. Auge, E. Augsten, K. Aulchenko, V. M. Austin, N. Avolio, G. Avramidou, R. Axen, A. Ay, C. Azuelos, G. Baccaglioni, G. Bacci, C. Bachacou, H. Bachas, K. Bachy, G. Badescu, E. Bagnaia, P. Bailey, D. C. Baines, J. T. Baker, O. K. Ballester, F. Pedrosa, F. Baltasar Dos Santos Banas, E. Banfi, D. Bangert, A. Bansal, V. Baranov, S. P. Baranov, S. Barashkou, A. Barberio, E. L. Barberis, D. Barbier, G. Barclay, P. Bardin, D. Y. Bargassa, P. Barillari, T. Barisonzi, M. Barnett, B. M. Barnett, R. M. Baron, S. Baroncelli, A. Barone, M. Barr, A. J. Barreiro, F. da Costa, J. Barreiro Guimaraes Barrillon, P. Poy, A. Barriuso Barros, N. Bartheld, V. Bartko, H. Bartoldus, R. Basiladze, S. Bastos, J. Batchelor, L. E. Bates, R. L. Batley, J. R. Batraneanu, S. Battistin, M. Battistoni, G. Batusov, V. Bauer, F. Bauss, B. Baynham, D. E. Bazalova, M. Bazan, A. Beauchemin, P. H. Bea CERN CH-1211 Geneva 23 Switzerland Univ Alberta Albany NY 12222 USA Univ Alberta Dept Phys Ctr Particle Phys Edmonton AB T6G 2G7 Canada Fac Sci Dept Phys TR-061000 Ankara Turkey Azerbaijan Acad Sci Inst Phys AZ-143 Baku Azerbaijan Univ Autonoma Barcelona Inst Fis Altes Energies ES-08193 Barcelona Spain Univ Belgrade Inst Phys Belgrade 11001 Serbia Univ Bergen Dept Phys & Technol NO-5007 Bergen Norway Univ Calif Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley Lab Berkeley CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley Div Phys Berkeley CA 94720 USA Humboldt Univ Inst Phys D-12489 Berlin Germany Univ Bern High Energy Phys Lab CH-3012 Bern Switzerland Univ Birmingham Sch Phys & Astron Birmingham B15 2TT W Midlands England Bogazici Univ Dept Phys Fac Sci TR-80815 Bebek Turkey Ist Nazl Fis Nucl IT-40127 Bologna Italy Univ Bologna Dipartimento Fis IT-40127 Bologna Italy Univ Bonn Inst Phys D-53115 Bonn Germany Boston Univ Dept Phys Boston MA 02215 USA Brandeis Univ Dept Phys Waltham MA 02454 USA Brookhaven Natl Lab Dept Phys Upton NY 11973 USA Natl Inst Phys & Nucl Engn R-077125 Bucharest Romania Univ Buenos Aires FCEyN Dept Fis RA-1428 Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Cambridge Cavendish Lab Cambridge CB3 OHE England Carleton Univ Dept Phys Ottawa ON K1S 5B6 Canada Univ Chicago Enrico Fermi Inst Chicago IL 60637 USA Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Fac Fis Dept Fis Santiago 22 Chile Univ Tecn Federico Santa Maria Dept Fis Valparaiso Chile Chinese Acad Sci Inst HEP CN-100049 Beijing Peoples R China USTC Dept Modern Phys CN-230026 Hefei Anhui Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Dept Phys CN-210093 Nanjing Peoples R China Shandong Univ HEP Grp CN-250100 Shadong Peoples R China Univ Blaise Pascal CNRS IN2P3 Phys Corpusculaire Lab FR-63177 Aubiere France Columbia Univ Nevis Lab Irvington NY 10533 USA Univ Copenhagen Niels Bohr Inst DK-2100 Copenhagen O Denmark Ist Nazl Fis Nucl Grp Collegato Cosenza IT-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende Italy Univ Calabria Dipartime

The ATLAS detector as installed in its experimental cavern at point 1 at CERN is described in this paper. A brief overview of the expected performance of the detector when the Large Hadron Collider begins operation is... 详细信息

关键词： ATLAS LHC CERN Accelerator Proton-proton collisions Heavy-ion collisions Minimum-bias events Bunch-crossings Pile-up Superconducting magnets Solenoidal field Toroidal field Magnetic field measurements Hall probes Inner detector Charged-particle tracking Vertex measurement Pixel detectors Silicon micro-strip detectors Transition radiation Time-over-threshold Radiation-hard electronics Fluorinert cooling Carbon-fibre reinforced plastics Optical fibres Calorimetry Sampling calorimeters Liquid argon Scintillator tiles Electromagnetic and hadronic interactions Forward calorimetry Accordion geometry Lateral segmentation Longitudinal segmentation Muon spectrometer Precision-tracking chambers Trigger chambers Drift tubes Thin-gap chambers Resistive-plate chambers Optical alignment systems Forward detectors Cerenkov light Roman Pots Zero-degree calorimetry Trigger and data acquisition High-level trigger Event filter Detector control system Bandwidth Processor farm Electrons Muons Leptons Photons Jets Taus Missing transverse energy b-tagging Particle identification tracking algorithms Vertexing algorithms Impact parameter measurements

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Seasonal forecast skill for extratropical cyclones and windstorms

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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2019年第718期145卷 92-104页

作者： Befort, Daniel J. Wild, Simon Knight, Jeff R. Lockwood, Julia F. Thornton, Hazel E. Hermanson, Leon Bett, Philip E. Weisheimer, Antje Leckebusch, Gregor C. Univ Birmingham Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci Birmingham W Midlands England Univ Oxford Dept Phys Atmospher Ocean & Planetary Phys Oxford England Barcelona Supercomputing Ctr Barcelona Spain Met Off Hadley Ctr Exeter Devon England European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts Reading Berks England Univ Oxford Dept Phys Atmospher Ocean & Planetary Phys NCAS Oxford England

Extratropical cyclones and their associated extreme wind speeds are a major cause of vast damage and large insured losses in several European countries. Reliable seasonal predictions of severe extratropical winter cyclones and associated windstorms would thus have great social and economic benefits, especially in the insurance sector. We analyse the climatological representation and assess the seasonal prediction skill of wintertime extratropical cyclones and windstorms in three multi-member seasonal prediction systems: ECMWF-System3, ECMWF-System4 and Met Office-GloSea5, based on hindcasts over a 20-year period (1992-2011). Small to moderate positive skill in forecasting the winter frequency of extratropical cyclones and windstorms is found over most of the Northern Hemisphere. The skill is highest for extratropical cyclones at the downstream end of the Pacific storm track and for windstorms at the downstream end of the Atlantic storm track. We also assess the forecast skill of windstorm frequency by using the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) as the predictor. Prediction skill improves when using this technique over parts of the British Isles and North Sea in GloSea5 and ECMWF-System4, but reduces over central western Europe. This suggests that using the NAO is a simple and effective method for predicting windstorm frequency, but that increased forecast skill can be achieved in some regions by identifying windstorms directly using an objective tracking algorithm. Consequently, in addition to the large-scale influence of the NAO, other factors may contribute to the predictability of windstorm frequency seen in existing forecast suites, across impact-relevant regions of Europe. Overall, this study reveals for the first time significant skill in forecasting the winter frequency of high-impact windstorms ahead of the season in regions that are vulnerable to such events.

关键词： ECMWF-System3 ECMWF-System4 extratropical cyclones GloSea5 seasonal forecast seasonal prediction tracking algorithms windstorms

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Optimal Preview Control for a Class of Linear Continuous Stochastic Control Systems in the Infinite Horizon

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MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS IN ENGINEERING 2016年第1期2016卷 1-9页

作者： Wu, Jiang Liao, Fucheng Deng, Jiamei Univ Sci & Technol Beijing Sch Math & Phys Beijing 100083 Peoples R China Leeds Beckett Univ Leeds Sustainabil Inst Leeds LS2 9EN W Yorkshire England

This paper discusses the optimal preview control problem for a class of linear continuous stochastic control systems in the infinite horizon, based on the augmented error system method. Firstly, an assistant system is designed and the state equation is translated to the assistant system. Then, an integrator is introduced to construct a stochastic augmented error system. As a result, the tracking problem is converted to a regulation problem. Secondly, the optimal regulator is solved based on dynamic programming principle for the stochastic system, and the optimal preview controller of the original system is obtained. Compared with the finite horizon, we simplify the performance index. We also study the stability of the stochastic augmented error system and design the observer for the original stochastic system. Finally, the simulation example shows the effectiveness of the conclusion in this paper.

关键词： STOCHASTIC control theory ERROR analysis (Mathematics) DYNAMIC programming SIMULATION methods & models tracking algorithms

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Eigen-Template-Based HRR-ATR with Multi-Look and Time-Recursion

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 2013年第4期49卷 2369-2385页

作者： Shaw, Arnab K. Paul, Anindya S. Williams, Robert Wright State Univ Dept Elect Engn Dayton OH 45435 USA Wright State Univ Dayton OH 45435 USA AFRL RYAT Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA

Automatic target recognition (ATR) using high range resolution (HRR) radar signatures is developed using classical Bayesian multiple hypothesis theory. An eigen-template-based matched filtering (ETMF) algorithm is presented where the templates are formed using the dominant range-space eigenvector of detected HRR training profiles and classification is performed using normalized matched filtering (MF). The proposed approach is extended to multi-look and sequential ATR where new observation profiles are recursively combined probabilistically with previous steps to update ATR results, which is useful for simultaneous recognition and tracking of moving targets. An HRR-specific profile normalization scheme is presented to satisfy matched filter requirements. Classification performance of the proposed method has been compared with a linear least-squares method and hidden Markov model (HMM) approach using MSTAR data collection.

关键词： AUTOMATIC target recognition RADAR target recognition RADAR resolution tracking algorithms HIDDEN Markov models KALMAN filtering

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Analysis of Steering Vector Mismatch on Adaptive Noncoherent Integration

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 2013年第4期49卷 2496-2508页

作者： Raghavan, R. S. Air Force Res Lab Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA

Amplitude and phase errors can cause mismatches between the hypothesized signal vector and the steering vector of an antenna array. A generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) for signal detection with multiple coherent processing intervals (CPIs) in unknown interference is derived. The detection performance of the resulting adaptive noncoherent integration (NCI) algorithm is analyzed along with the effect of steering vector mismatch on detection performance. Detection performance and the effect of steering vector mismatch are illustrated with results for both a nonfluctuating signal model and a CPI-to-CPI fluctuating signal model. It is shown that a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) loss factor inherent to the algorithm in effect limits the performance gain due to NCI of mismatched signals.

关键词： ANTENNA arrays SIGNAL detection LIKELIHOOD ratio tests SIGNAL-to-noise ratio RADAR signal processing tracking algorithms

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Direction-of-Arrival Estimation in Subarrays-Based Linear Sparse Arrays with Gain/Phase Uncertainties

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 2013年第4期49卷 2268-2280页

作者： Liao, Bin Chan, Shing-Chow Univ Hong Kong Dept Elect & Elect Engn Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China

Sparse arrays are of great interest in practical applications owing to their enlarged array apertures, which enable us to achieve better performance in direction finding. A kind of linear sparse arrays (LSpAs) composed of multiple uniform linear subarrays (ULSAs) with gain/phase uncertainties is considered. The problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using such kinds of arrays is addressed. In particular two different cases are studied. In the first case all ULSAs are well calibrated, whereas there are unknown gains/phases among them. Using a new ESPRIT-like method, we show that the DOAs can be estimated in closed form. Interestingly, it is found that the unknown gains/phases can also be estimated in closed form by taking advantage of the subspace principle. In the second case we consider a more general situation where some of the ULSAs themselves are suffering from unknown sensor gain/phase responses. Again, we exploit the ESPRIT algorithm and propose a new approach to DOA and gain/phase estimation using this class of arrays. In our proposed methods the unknown parameters (i.e., DOAs and gains/phases) are estimated in closed form without performing spectral search. Representative numerical results are demonstrated to assess the effectiveness of the methods.

关键词： DIRECTION of arrival estimation (Signal processing) MONOPULSE radar RADAR signal processing PARAMETER estimation tracking algorithms CALIBRATION

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A directed continuum damage mechanics method for modelling composite matrix cracks

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COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019年 176卷 1-8页

作者： Mukhopadhyay, Supratik Hallett, Stephen R. Univ Bristol Adv Composites Collaborat Innovat & Sci Queens Bldg Bristol BS8 1TR Avon England

Matrix cracking in continuous fibre reinforced composites follows the fibre orientations, but continuum damage mechanics models are not able to properly capture this. A novel method is presented here to alleviate mesh sensitivity of the damage growth direction and represent discrete matrix cracks. In a ply-by-ply mesoscale model, matrix cracks within a ply usually rely on mesh dependent strain localisation to decide the crack growth direction. The newly proposed algorithm instead uses the ply level fibre orientation as a model input, and maintains crack advancement along this direction, based on a neighbour searching scheme. A further advantage is that it is able to represent individual cracks discretely, with a predefined minimum crack spacing. This overcomes another limitation of continuum damage models, where discrete cracks are only represented in a smeared sense. This procedure has been shown to be able to reproduce complex crack networks in multidirectional laminates, independent of the mesh pattern.

关键词： Structural composites Matrix cracking Damage mechanics Finite element analysis (FEA) tracking algorithms

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Multi-Sensor Fusion and Fault Detection using Hybrid Estimation for Air Traffic Surveillance

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 2013年第4期49卷 2323-2339页

作者： Liu, Weiyi Wei, Jian Liang, Mengchen Cao, Yi Hwang, Inseok Qualcomm Inc Santa Clara CA 95051 USA Purdue Univ Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut W Lafayette IN 47906 USA GE Aviat Syst Inc Grand Rapids MI 49512 USA

Data fusion for multiple surveillance sensors in air traffic control (ATC) is studied. The goal is to build up software redundancy for better target tracking accuracy and robustness against sensor faults. A set of hybrid estimation algorithms for different sensors is designed to run in parallel for tracking aircraft with changing flight modes. The proposed sensor fusion algorithm combines the estimates from each hybrid estimation algorithm and identifies potential sensor faults.

关键词： AIR traffic control MULTISENSOR data fusion DEBUGGING in computer science HYBRID systems tracking radar ROBUST control tracking algorithms

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Target perceivability and its applications

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING 2001年第11期49卷 2588-2604页

作者： Li, N Li, XR Univ New Orleans Dept Elect Engn New Orleans LA 70148 USA

A concept of target perceivability is introduced, which is related to such concepts as target existence and target observability. Its probability provides a basis for an integrated approach to track initiation, confirmation, termination, and refinement of track maintenance algorithms. This paper proposes the concepts of target perceivability and presents a recursion of its probability based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) and their applications to tracker analysis, development, and design, in particular, in the context of the PDA method. Specifically, several important quantities and track life are analyzed;a perceivability-based probabilistic approach to track confirmation and termination is proposed;two versions of perceivability-based PDA trackers are presented. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate their performance.

关键词： aircraft detection and tracking missile detection and tracking radar tracking sonar tracking target detection and tracking track decision tracking tracking algorithms tracking filters track initiation track maintenance

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Dissipative boundary conditions for 2 x 2 hyperbolic systems of conservation laws for entropy solutions in BY

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JOURNAL OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 2017年第1期262卷 1-30页

作者： Coron, Jean-Michel Ervedoza, Sylvain Ghoshal, Shyam Sundar Glass, Olivier Perrollaz, Vincent Univ Paris 06 Sorbonne Univ CNRS UMR 7598 Lab Jacques Louis Lions 4 Pl Jussieu F-75252 Paris 05 France Univ Toulouse 3 Inst Math Toulouse CNRS UMR 5219 118 Route Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse 9 France GSSI Viale Francesco Crispi 7 I-67100 Laquila Italy Univ Paris 09 CEREMADE CNRS UMR 7534 Pl Marechal Lame Tassigny F-75775 Paris 16 France Univ Tours CNRS UMR 7350 Lab Math & Phys Theor Parc Grandmont F-37200 Tours France

In this article, we investigate the BV stability of 2 x 2 hyperbolic systems of conservation laws with strictly positive velocities under dissipative boundary conditions. More precisely, we derive sufficient conditions guaranteeing the exponential stability of the system under consideration for entropy solutions in By. Our proof is based on a front tracking algorithm used to construct approximate piecewise constants solutions whose BV norms are controlled through a Lyapunov functional. This Lyapunov functional is inspired by the one proposed in J. Glimm's seminal work [16], modified with some suitable weights in the spirit of the previous works [10,9].

关键词： BOUNDARY value problems HYPERBOLIC functions CONSERVATION laws (Mathematics) EXPONENTIAL stability LYAPUNOV functions tracking algorithms

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