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transcoding of French numbers for first- and second-language learners in third grade

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024年第2期77卷 393-407页

作者： Lafay, Anne Adrien, Emmanuelle Burr, Sabrina Di Lonardo Douglas, Heather Provost-Larocque, Kim Xu, Chang LeFevre, Jo-Anne Maloney, Erin A. Osana, Helena P. Skwarchuk, Sheri-Lynn Wylie, Judith Univ Savoie Mont Blanc Dept Psychol Lab Psychol & Neurocognit Chambery France Univ Savoie Mont Blanc Univ Grenoble Alpes CNRS LPNC F-38000 Grenoble France Concordia Univ Dept Educ Montreal PQ Canada Carleton Univ Dept Cognit Sci Ottawa ON Canada Univ Quebec Outaouais Dept Educ Gatineau PQ Canada Carleton Univ Dept Psychol Ottawa ON Canada Univ Ottawa Sch Psychol Ottawa ON Canada Univ Winnipeg Fac Educ Winnipeg MB Canada Queens Univ Belfast Sch Psychol Belfast North Ireland Univ Savoie Mont Blanc Dept Psychol Lab Psychol & Neurocognit 27 Rue Marcoz F-73160 Chambery France

transcoding is the process of translating between spoken and written numbers, and it is correlated with other mathematical skills. In the present study, we investigated the link between French number writing of 49 students in the third grade (aged 7-9 years) and their language skills. transcoding in French is of particular interest because the spoken number language system does not completely correspond to that of the written digits (e.g., quatre-vingt-dix [four-twenty-ten] and 90). We hypothesised that the complex linguistic structure of spoken numbers in French would be challenging for students who are learning to transcode. First and second French-language learners' accuracy and errors were recorded during a writing task of 3- to 7-digit numbers. Children also completed linguistic tests (e.g., receptive vocabulary, receptive syntax). Results showed that first- and second-language learners did not differ in their transcoding accuracy. Number size, decade complexity of stimulus number words in French (i.e., numbers containing a complex decade, operationalized as a number between soixante-dix, 70, and quatre-vingt-dix-neuf, 99), and receptive vocabulary predicted children's French transcoding skills. Students were more likely to produce errors (e.g., 68 or 6018 for 78) when they transcoded complex decade numbers compared with simple decade numbers. When an error was made on the complex decade portion of a number, it was likely a lexical error. In conclusion, third graders, both first- and second-language learners, found complex decade numbers challenging and their performance was related to their general vocabulary skills.

关键词： Mathematics number transcoding language French

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Dynamic Optimization and Pricing of transcoding Multicast in Edge Computing Networks

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2024年第20期11卷 32910-32922页

作者： Hou, Yeqiao Li, Zongpeng Fang, Guang Li, Xianglong Wuhan Univ Sch Comp Sci Wuhan 430072 Peoples R China Quancheng Lab Sci Res Dept Jinan 250100 Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Inst Network Sci & Cyberspace Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

This work studies video transcoding and multicast in an edge computing network (ECN), where routers are furnished with computing resources. For example, the recent IPv6-SRv6 paradigm enables programmable networking that works in concert with such hardware innovations, provisioning application-defined route selection and realizing compute & forward functionalities. A prominent class of user applications in ECN is video streaming. Edge routers may replicate and transcode video streams while delivering them toward end users for customized services, up to node processing and link transmission capacities. We design an auction-based online optimization framework DOP, which comprises of three components: 1) video access management;2) dynamic price function design;and 3) transcoding multicast tree (TMT) optimization. We formulate the online social welfare maximization problem, and design an efficient primal-dual framework that simultaneously makes video transcoding, multicast routing, and resource pricing decisions. Through rigorous theoretical analysis, we prove DOP guarantees truthfulness and achieves a good competition ratio. Extensive simulations further verify that social welfare increases by about 12.9%, in comparison to benchmark algorithms.

关键词： Streaming media transcoding Routing Heuristic algorithms Pricing Optimization Streams Dynamic pricing edge computing networks (ECNs) multicast routing online algorithms video transcoding

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WebP-JPEG transcoding Detection by Spotting Re-Compression Artifacts With CNN-ViT for Processing Dual-Domain Features

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2024年第12期34卷 12535-12549页

作者： Li, Bin Shi, Jian Li, Weixiang Li, Haodong Shenzhen Univ Guangdong Prov Key Lab Intelligent Informat Proc Shenzhen Key Lab Media Secur Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ SZU AFS Joint Innovat Ctr AI Technol Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China

The trace of double compression can serve as a crucial evidence of image manipulation for forensic investigation. With the ever-increasing popularity of WebP format, a new type of double compression case, WebP-JPEG transcoding, has emerged. However, distinguishing it from two common compression cases, single JPEG (SJPEG) and double JPEG (DJPEG) has not yet been studied. In this paper, we propose a specialized method for the new task. Firstly, a detailed analysis is conducted to reveal the differences in compression artifacts between WebP-JPEG and SJPEG/DJPEG, which manifests in the distributions of $4\times 4$ / $8\times 8$ DCT coefficients and the high-frequency portions of image spectrum. Then, multi-modality DCT histograms (MMDH) and high-pass-filtered image residuals (HPFIR) are proposed as front-end dual-domain forensic features to expose the above differences. An indispensable part of these features are extracted through a novel frequency-isolation module (FIM), offering additional information based on the derived relationship between $4\times 4$ and $8\times 8$ DCT coefficients. Finally, a CNN-ViT (Convolutional Neural Network-Vision Transformer) dual-stream network is designed to learn back-end deep features for a reliable detection, where a CNN stream is used to process statistical features in MMDH while a ViT stream to learn spatial correlations in HPFIR. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art double compression detection methods in distinguishing WebP-JPEG from SJPEG/DJPEG and is more effective in tampering localization. In specific, the proposed method achieves an average detection accuracy of 0.942 for small images of size $128\times 128$ .

关键词： Discrete cosine transforms Transform coding Image coding Quantization (signal) transcoding Forensics Feature extraction Image forensics compression history WebP images JPEG images re-compression artifacts

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Recommendation Based Video Caching and transcoding in Mobile Edge Networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2024年第5期73卷 6572-6583页

作者： Liu, Wenjie Zhang, Haixia Ding, Hui Yu, Zhitao Yuan, Dongfeng Shandong Key Lab Wireless Commun Technol Jinan 250061 Peoples R China Shandong Univ Sch Control Sci & Engn Jinan 250061 Peoples R China Yunnan Dev & Reform Commiss Kunming 650051 Peoples R China Hisense Grp Holdings Co Ltd Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China Shandong Univ Shenzhen Res Inst Shenzhen 518057 Peoples R China

Although edge caching assisted adaptive bitrate (ABR) video streaming has significantly reduced amount of video data to be transmitted via backhaul link, its performance is severely limited by the caching capacity and user heterogeneous preferences. To address this problem, this article investigates a collaborative recommendation, caching and transcoding approach to boost caching performance. A caching hit ratio maximization problem is formulated by designing recommendation, caching and transcoding simultaneously. The problem is an integer non-linear programming (INLP) problem and is NP-hard. To solve it effectively, we decompose it into three subproblems, i.e., content recommendation, caching placement and transcoding decision subproblems. The optimal solution to the first subproblem is derived theoretically, the second is proven to be a monotone submodular maximization problem, which is solved by greedy algorithm, and the third is a knapsack problem and is solved by dynamic programming approach. Finally, a joint recommendation, caching and transcoding (JRCT) algorithm is established to solve these three subproblems iteratively. Extensive simulations are conducted on a real world viewing dataset. It is demonstrated that JRCT can achieve higher caching hit ratio and traffic offloading ratio than the state-of-the-art baselines.

关键词： Streaming media transcoding Servers Optimization Bit rate Backhaul networks Resource management Recommendation caching transcoding MEC hit ratio

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CD-LwTE: Cost- and Delay-Aware Light-Weight transcoding at the Edge

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2023年第3期20卷 3104-3118页

作者： Erfanian, Alireza Amirpour, Hadi Tashtarian, Farzad Timmerer, Christian Hellwagner, Hermann Alpen Adria Univ Christian Doppler Lab ATHENA A-9020 Klagenfurt Austria

The edge computing paradigm brings cloud capabilities close to the clients. Leveraging the edge's capabilities can improve video streaming services by employing the storage capacity and processing power at the edge for caching and transcoding tasks, respectively, resulting in video streaming services with higher quality and lower latency. In this paper, we propose CD-LwTE, a Cost- and Delay-aware Light-weight transcoding approach at the Edge, in the context of HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS). The encoding of a video segment requires computationally intensive search processes. The main idea of CD-LwTE is to store the optimal search results as metadata for each bitrate of video segments and reuse it at the edge servers to reduce the required time and computational resources for transcoding. Aiming at minimizing the cost and delay of Video-on-Demand (VoD) services, we formulate the problem of selecting an optimal policy for serving segment requests at the edge server, including (i) storing at the edge server, (ii) transcoding from a higher bitrate at the edge server, and (iii) fetching from the origin or a CDN server, as a Binary Linear Programming (BLP) model. As a result, CD-LwTE stores the popular video segments at the edge and serves the unpopular ones by transcoding using metadata or fetching from the origin/CDN server. In this way, in addition to the significant reduction in bandwidth and storage costs, the transcoding time of a requested segment is remarkably decreased by utilizing its corresponding metadata. Moreover, we prove the proposed BLP model is an NP-hard problem and propose two heuristic algorithms to mitigate the time complexity of CD-LwTE. We investigate the performance of CD-LwTE in comprehensive scenarios with various video contents, encoding software, encoding settings, and available resources at the edge. The experimental results show that our approach (i) reduces the transcoding time by up to 97%, (ii) decreases the streaming cost, including stora

关键词： Video streaming transcoding video on demand edge computing network function virtualization (NFV)

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transcoding web pages via stylesheets and scripts for saving energy on the client

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2022年第4期52卷 984-1003页

作者： Unlu, Huseyin Yesilada, Yeliz Middle East Tech Univ Comp Engn Program Northern Cyprus Campus Mersin Turkey Izmir Inst Technol Comp Engn Dept Izmir Turkey

Mobile devices and accessing the web have become essential in our daily lives. However, their limitations in terms of both hardware such as the battery, and software capabilities can affect the user experience such as battery drain. There are some best practices for the web page design that are shown to affect the downloading time of web pages. In this study, we report our experience in applying these practices to see their effect on energy saving. We propose two techniques: (1) concatenating external script and stylesheet files and (2) minifying external script and stylesheets that can be used to transcode web pages to improve energy consumption on the client-side and therefore improve the battery life. We present our experimental architecture, implementation, and a systematic evaluation of these two techniques. The evaluation results show that the proposed techniques can achieve approximately 12% processor energy-saving and 4% power saving in two different client types, 13% improvement in a typical laptop battery life, and 4% improvement in a typical mobile phone battery life.

关键词： browsing energy-saving software implementation software tools transcoding web

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Cost-Effective, Quality-Oriented transcoding of Live-Streamed Video on Edge-Servers

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SERVICES COMPUTING 2023年第4期16卷 2503-2516页

作者： Lee, Dayoung Kim, Younghyun Song, Minseok Inha Univ Dept Comp Engn Incheon 22212 South Korea Univ Wisconsin Dept Elect & Comp Engn Madison WI 53706 USA

Live-streaming video requires a lot of CPU-intensive transcoding so that viewers can receive video at bitrates appropriate to their devices and network conditions, which is necessary for a good quality of experience (QoE). We allocate transcoding tasks to edge-servers in a multiple-access edge-computing (MEC) architecture, taking into account server capacity, wireless network coverage, and the cost budget of broadcasters, as well as QoE. Our algorithm first chooses candidate transcoding tasks by giving higher priority to the tasks that make the most cost-effective contribution to popularity-weighted video quality (PWQ). It assigns these tasks to edge-servers in a greedy manner, taking network coverage and computational load into account. Subsequently, it meets a cost budget by reassigning some tasks and removing other assignments altogether, while trying to minimize the effect of these alterations on total PWQ. Simulation results show that our scheme achieves 0.06% to 94.62% (average 25.3%) more PWQ than alternative schemes under the same cost budget.

关键词： Index Terms-Edge computing streaming media multimedia systems transcoding

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Quality-Aware transcoding Task Allocation Under Limited Power in Live-Streaming Systems

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IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL 2022年第3期16卷 4368-4379页

作者： Lee, Dayoung Song, Minseok Inha Univ Dept Comp Engn Incheon 22212 South Korea

transcoding in video live-streaming systems requires a lot of computation and, hence, a lot of power. Putting a limit on the power drawn by each of the transcoding processors in a server reduces the overall power consumption, but it also hinders the efficient allocation of transcoding tasks. We address this with a dynamic programming algorithm, together with a heuristic, which maximizes total processing capacity while limiting power consumption in a server with heterogeneous processors. A further greedy algorithm determines the bitrates, at which content is transcoded for each channel, and allocates transcoding tasks to processors, while taking video quality, popularity, and workload balance into account. The initial assumption is that all contents are transcoded to all bitrates for every channel. Then, the algorithm gradually reduces the number of versions to be produced by transcoding, while minimizing the consequent reduction in popularity-weighted video quality, as well as balancing the workload across processors. Experimental results show that our scheme improves aggregate popularity-weighted video quality under a power constraint by 3.82%-39.12%, compared to benchmark methods.

关键词： transcoding Servers Bit rate Task analysis Program processors Power demand Streaming media Energy efficiency multimedia computing multimedia systems streaming media transcoding

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Just-in-Time transcoding of 360° Video Streams 24

Just-in-Time Transcoding of 360° Video Streams

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15th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference (ACM MMSys)

作者： Hechler, Felix Rudolph, Michael Rizk, Amr Univ Duisburg Essen Duisburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798400704123

Adaptive streaming of 360 degrees tiled video requires encoding tiles to multiple qualities to support client decisions in the light of fluctuating bandwidth and dynamic view-ports. Some static approaches allocate fixed encoding resources independently of the scene complexity introducing a significant resource overhead while other static approaches add a substantial time delay relative to the source. As tiles of 360 degrees video have a skewed popularity with a statistical concentration of the user requests static approaches are resource inefficient. Specifically, in live streaming the tile popularity and encoding time statistics are not present beforehand. We present JITENC, a 360 degrees streaming backend for network edge deployment that employs just-in-time encoding in response to incoming tile requests. JITENC leverages encoding time prediction to optimize the scheduling of tile encoding tasks, hence, it can also be used for live streaming given a real-time transcoding time deadline. Our prototype demonstrates that JITENC can achieve a perceived quality that is comparable to oversized static systems that encode all tiles in every quality while significantly reducing the computing resource utilization and power consumption.

关键词： transcoding time prediction adaptive streaming transcoding video encoding video complexity HTTP adaptive streaming

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Adaptive Wireless Video Streaming: Joint transcoding and Transmission Resource Allocation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第5期21卷 3208-3221页

作者： Wang, Shuoyao Bi, Suzhi Zhang, Ying-Jun Angela Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Guangdong Prov Engn Lab Digital Creat Technol Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Peng Cheng Lab Shenzhen 518066 Peoples R China Chinese Univ Hong Kong Dept Informat Engn Hong Kong Peoples R China Chinese Univ Hong Kong Shenzhen Res Inst Hong Kong Peoples R China

The emerging mobile edge computing (MEC) technology has been recently applied to improve adaptive bitrate (ABR) streaming service quality under time-varying wireless channels. In this paper, we consider a heterogeneous multi-user MEC-enabled video streaming network with time-varying wireless channels in sequential time frames. In particular, we aim to design an online joint transcoding and transmission resource allocation algorithm to maximize the ABR streaming user's quality of experience (QoE) subject to the bandwidth and CPU constraints. The algorithm is "online" in the sense that the bitrate and resource allocation decisions made at each frame depend only on the observation of past events. We formulate the problem as a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) that jointly determines bitrate adaptation, bandwidth allocation, and CPU cycle assignment. To cope with the challenge arising from the coupling decisions of adjacent frames, we propose a low-complexity online algorithm, named OCCA. Specifically, by introducing queueing model constraints, we transform the offline non-conex MINLP problem into a multi-frame problem. Then, we analytically decouple the multi-stage(frame) problem to multiple per-frame convex subproblems that can be solved with high robustness and low computational complexity. We perform simulations with realistic scenarios to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Results manifest that compared with state-of-the-art approaches, our proposed algorithm can provide 97.84% (on average) extra QoE.

关键词： Streaming media Quality of experience Resource management Wireless communication Bit rate transcoding Bandwidth Adaptive video streaming mobile edge computing resource allocation wireless networks online optimization

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