The paper presents a benchmark, CommBench, for use in evaluating and designing telecommunications network processors. The benchmark applications focus on small, computationally intense program kernels typical of the n...
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The paper presents a benchmark, CommBench, for use in evaluating and designing telecommunications network processors. The benchmark applications focus on small, computationally intense program kernels typical of the network processor environment. The benchmark is composed of eight programs, four of them oriented towards packet header processing and four oriented towards data stream processing. The benchmark is defined and characteristics such as instruction frequencies, computational complexity, and cache performance are presented. These measured characteristics are compared to the standard SPEC benchmark. Three examples are presented indicating how CommBench can aid in the design of a single chip network multiprocessor.
We describe a novel multimodal gesture-enhanced interface to provide immersive as well as non-immersive, non-intrusive and natural interaction between the user and the information system in a distributed learning envi...
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We describe a novel multimodal gesture-enhanced interface to provide immersive as well as non-immersive, non-intrusive and natural interaction between the user and the information system in a distributed learning environment. Different types of gestures are dynamically transformed into clues for spatial/temporal queries for multimedia information sources and databases. The transformation can depend upon the location, the time, the task, and the user profile. Using various transcoding schemes, the retrieved information can be presented to the user in a multi-resolution, multi-dimensional, and multimodal manner.
As the transform method of video bit stream to the required bit stream format, the video transcoder has been adopted in various applications. In this paper, we focus on a MPEG video transcoder that can reduce the requ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780362977
As the transform method of video bit stream to the required bit stream format, the video transcoder has been adopted in various applications. In this paper, we focus on a MPEG video transcoder that can reduce the required bit rate by using re-quantization in the DCT domain. Furthermore, we propose a rate control method for this MPEG video transcoder that takes into consideration the estimation of drift-error propagation. Next, from simulation experiments, we compare the proposed rate control method to the traditional rate control method in terms of complexity, required buffer size and picture quality.
In this paper, we focus on the video transcoder as a bit rate reducer in a network node and propose a rate control scheme for a low-delay MPEG-2 video transcoder. First, we summarize the requirements of a rate control...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780362977
In this paper, we focus on the video transcoder as a bit rate reducer in a network node and propose a rate control scheme for a low-delay MPEG-2 video transcoder. First, we summarize the requirements of a rate control algorithm for low-delay transcoding. Next, based on these requirements, we describe the proposed rate control scheme in detail. Then, we analyze the input and output buffer delay and calculate the total delay time of the proposed transcoder. Finally, we evaluate the proposed scheme from the simulation results of experiments on picture quality, transcoding delay time and GOP (group of pictures) structure information (N/M value) of the input bit stream. Consequently, we showed that the proposed scheme can provide the same picture quality as a traditional scheme and is independent of the GOP structure.
Most traditional video communication systems consider videos as low-level bit streams, ignoring the underlying visual content. Content-aware video communication is a new framework that explores the strong correlation ...
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Most traditional video communication systems consider videos as low-level bit streams, ignoring the underlying visual content. Content-aware video communication is a new framework that explores the strong correlation between video content, resource (bit rate), and utility (quality). Such a framework facilitates new ways of quality modeling and resource allocation in multimedia communication. We demonstrate advantages of the content-aware approaches in two applications. First, content-aware models were developed for predicting video traffic for live video streams. The video traffic models were evaluated in a dynamic network resource allocation system. Our simulations have shown that, compared to existing techniques, significant reduction (55% to 70%) in required network resources can be achieved. Second, we have used the content-aware principle for automatic generation of utility function (subjective quality vs. bit rate) for live video. Our results indicate that high accuracy in estimating utility functions can be achieved. Such utility functions can be applied to optimal transcoding and media scaling in distributed network environments.
A transcoder design is proposed in which the transcoder loads the pre-encoded embedded wavelet coefficients and computes the DCT coefficients. The resulting DCT coefficients are quantized and sorted by multi-grid embe...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780362977
A transcoder design is proposed in which the transcoder loads the pre-encoded embedded wavelet coefficients and computes the DCT coefficients. The resulting DCT coefficients are quantized and sorted by multi-grid embedded coding to output a compressed DCT bitstream. This transcoder has two operational modes: open-loop and closed-loop. The open-loop scheme is designed for direct transcoding, targeted to applications in which receivers are connected to the transcoder through a fast network and demand the same rate. In contrast, the closed-loop scheme is designed for fully progressive transcoding, targeted to receivers which are connected to the transcoder through a slow network connection, and may demand heterogeneous rates. The performance of the transcoder is evaluated in both open-loop mode and close-loop mode.
In active network environments, the data packets can carry active programs to enable specialized processing on them. We quantify the effectiveness of general capsule programs vs. specialized processing functions for m...
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In active network environments, the data packets can carry active programs to enable specialized processing on them. We quantify the effectiveness of general capsule programs vs. specialized processing functions for multimedia data through four experiments. These experiments deal with the comparison of Java vs. C implementation of a MPEG video decoder, the identification of the time-consuming modules in a Java MPEG video decoder, the effectiveness of combining Java methods and native methods, and the size of the bytecode for each module in a Java MPEG video decoder. We found that a Java MPEG decoder can be 2.6 times to 10 times slower than an equivalent C implementation. We identified the Huffmann decoding module as the most time-consuming module. We also found that the Native Method Interface (NMI) is complex and not efficient enough for use in active routers and the size of the bytecodes for most of the modules is too big to fit into a single packet even after compression. We draw certain conclusions about the trade-off between the general programming model and the specialized functions provided by the router for the active capsules.
In transcoding, simple reuse of the motion vectors extracted from the incoming bit-stream may introduce severe quality degradation in many applications. In this paper we first discuss the effect of quantization error ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818688211
In transcoding, simple reuse of the motion vectors extracted from the incoming bit-stream may introduce severe quality degradation in many applications. In this paper we first discuss the effect of quantization error on the motion vectors. We show that due to the quantization errors, the incoming motion vectors become non-optimal. To achieve the best quality possible, a new motion estimation should be performed in the transcoder. We proposed an adaptive motion vector refinement scheme with a highly reduced computational complexity in comparison to the full-scale motion estimation. We also discuss the case when some incoming frames are dropped for the frame-rate conversion. We propose a simple and fast motion vector interpolation method. We show that the proposed adaptive refinement scheme provides video quality almost as good as that can be achieved by performing a new full-scale motion estimation but requires much less computation.
This paper investigates the dynamic frame-skipping strategy in video transcoding. To speed up the operation, a video transcoder usually reuses the decoded motion vectors to reencode the video sequences at a lower bit-...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780351487
This paper investigates the dynamic frame-skipping strategy in video transcoding. To speed up the operation, a video transcoder usually reuses the decoded motion vectors to reencode the video sequences at a lower bit-rate. When frame-skipping is allowed in a transcoder, those motion vectors can not be reused because the motion vectors of the current frame is no longer estimated from the immediate past frame. To reduce the computational complexity of motion vectors re-estimation, a bilinear interpolation approach is developed to overcome this problem. Based on these interpolated motion vectors, the search range can be much reduced. Furthermore, we propose a frame rate control scheme which can dynamically adjust the number of skipped frames according to the accumulated magnitude of motion vectors. As a result, the decoded sequence can present much smoother motion.
In this paper, we present a proxy based system (MOWSER) to support web browsing from mobile clients over wireless networks. Mowser is a proxy agent between the mobile host and the web server, which performs active tra...
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In this paper, we present a proxy based system (MOWSER) to support web browsing from mobile clients over wireless networks. Mowser is a proxy agent between the mobile host and the web server, which performs active transcoding of data on both upstream and downstream traffic to present web information to the mobile user according to the QoS parameters set by the user. Active transcoding is defined as modifying the HTTP stream in situ, and it is entirely transparent to the user. Further, our system does not pose any additional requirements on the mobile user. This is an improvement over other proxy based systems, which only transcode images on the downstream and are mostly not configurable. While developed for mobile users, such a system can actually be useful in any low bandwidth scenario.
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