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IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SiPS)

作者： Deneke, Tewodros Morel, Lionel Lafond, Sebastien Lilius, Johan TUCS Turku Ctr Comp Sci Turku Finland Abo Akad Univ Turku Finland Univ Lyon Inria INSA Lyon CITI F-69621 Villeurbanne France

ISBN: (纸本)9781467396042

Recently the RVC-CAL dataflow language has enabled video codecs to be specified in a more natural way than imperative languages by allowing implicit expression of parallelism and side effect freeness. The tools developed for RVC-CAL have also enabled the automatic generation of parallel C code, among others, from dataflow specifications. This paper introduces a new approach allowing the integration of dataflow components within legacy code. The approach makes use of a generic interface definition that allows seamless interaction between I/O components, which are mostly state operations and are best implemented in imperative languages with data processing components which are mostly stateless dataflow operations and are best implemented in dataflow languages. The advantage of the approach is the ease of development by allowing each language to be used on those parts of the application that it is most appropriate for. The functionality of the approach is demonstrated by using the generic interface to add a new dataflow based MPEG and HEVC decoder into the legacy video transcoding library FFmpeg.

关键词： data flow DNA Integration integration Legacy Language video codecs transcoding autogeneration parallelism

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Multimedia stream hashing: A forensic method for content verification

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JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2023年第1期68卷 289-300页

作者： Wales, Gregory S. Smith, Jeff M. Lacey, Douglas S. Grigoras, Catalin Univ Colorado Natl Ctr Media Forens Campus Box 154POB 173364 Denver CO 80217 USA MITRE Mclean VA USA BEK TEK LLC Stafford VA USA

Forensic examination of digital audio, video, and images frequently requires transforming multimedia data from one format to another. The transformative activity may cause changes to the administrative elements of the file but leave the multimedia streams unchanged and intact. However, the forensic science community has a method knowledge gap in accurately determining if the multimedia streams changed or remained the same in the transformative processes. This paper illustrates the practical use of multimedia stream hashing as a forensic method for verifying multimedia content. A universal stream hashing tool decodes the multimedia stream data at rest in a file container. Subsequently, it calculates the data stream hash using reference video, audio, and image codecs. This paper illustrates that the multimedia stream hashing method can accurately confirm the integrity of digital images, videos, and audio following transmission, transcoding, or re-containerization. Our findings confirmed that stream hashing could accurately detect changes in multimedia streams during transcoding. Furthermore, the stream hashing method can also accurately detect matching multimedia streams. In addition, this paper verified the forensic use of the multimedia stream hash method while establishing the error rate for its use. The hash algorithms used in stream hashing have zero false negative rates by design. However, the false positive (error rate) is extremely low and depends on hashing algorithm. Finally, we recommend the forensic science community adopt the multimedia stream hashing method as an initial testing method. The method can verify a multimedia stream's conversion (transcoding) from one codec to another using FFmpeg.

关键词： multimedia stream hashing altered audio stream altered image stream altered video stream FFmpeg stream hash stream integrity transcoding

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Experts as policy entrepreneurs: How knowledge can lead to radical environmental change

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY 2023年第1期142卷 21-28页

作者： Valin, Nina Huitema, Dave Vrije Univ Amsterdam Boelelaan 1111 NL-1081 HV Amsterdam Netherlands Wageningen Univ Hollandseweg 1 NL-6706 KN Wageningen Netherlands

In the context of global environmental change, radical policy change is often called for. Experts are frequently involved and can act as policy entrepreneurs to make such change happen. This paper presents an analysis of a historical case where radical policy change took place at large scale, namely the development of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). In this endeavor, experts were deeply embedded in the designing of radical new policies. First, we demonstrate for the first time how experts can act as policy entrepreneurs alongside the EU Commission, and insist on the importance of not neglecting the agency of experts in EU radical policy change. Second, we elaborate on the complexity of the interactions between the policy and politics streams of Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework. In his framework, Kingdon describes the policy process as three parallel streams (a problem, a policy and politics) where policy entrepreneurs are the ones ''making the coupling of the streams'' (Kingdon, 1984, p188). However, we argue that there is more to understand from the actual processes that make the streams entangled and allow for policy change to become a reality. We propose the concept of transcoding from the STS literature to illustrate the action of policy entrepreneurs in bridging the policy and politics streams. With this concept, we intend to show the processes that translate scientifically endorsed approaches and understandings into policy decisions, and to open new research possibilities in complement to the Multiple Stream Framework.

关键词： Radical policy change transcoding Science -policy interface Policy entrepreneurs Expertise Water Framework Directive

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From postmigrant articulations to political subjectification

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ETHNIC AND RACIAL STUDIES 2025年第10期48卷 1968-1990页

作者： Donlic, Jasmin Univ Klagenfurt Dept Educ Sci Klagenfurt Austria

This article deals with the articulations of generations whose parents and/or grandparents immigrated to Austria and Germany and who have been termed postmigrants. After setting out the theoretical background, it explores three concepts: firstly, the interpretations of migration, integration, Islam and Muslims in German-speaking countries and the role these discourses play in current debates;secondly, the postmigrant perspective, which is central to the present research question;and thirdly, Ranci & egrave;re's reflections on politics and whether the articulations of postmigrants constitute dissent or counter-hegemony. Next, it presents and analyses specific articulations by postmigrants against the background of the theory. As the results of the study show, members of the postmuslim generation face discrimination, racism and socially produced non-belonging in various areas of society. However, they do not, I contend, allow themselves to be forced into a victim role, instead taking varied and proactive approaches to their experiences, and taking a stand.

关键词： Othering postmigrant articulations political subjectivation dissent humour as resistance transcoding

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AI-based content-aware encoding at scale utilizing hardware resources in video ASICs for data center 47

AI-based content-aware encoding at scale utilizing hardware ...

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Conference on Applications of Digital Image Processing XLVII

作者： Kim, Jongju Kim, Sijung Oh, Syehoon Jeon, Minyong BLUEDOT Inc 527 Eonju Ro Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781510679344;9781510679351

This paper presents a method to simplify content-aware encoding for streaming services using AI, to enhance viewing experience and efficiency in bandwidth-limited environments. Unlike traditional encoding, which uses fixed bitrates, this AI-driven approach optimizes the bitrate based on the content's complexity, significantly reducing the necessary computational steps and bitrates. It is achieved by predicting an optimized Adaptive Bitrate (ABR) ladder through minimal encoding steps and lightweight analysis, resulting in substantial bitrate savings and streamlined workflow. The approach also fits well with the trend of adopting video ASICs in data centers, further enhancing cost-effectiveness and scalability.

关键词： video AI transcoding adaptive bitrate streaming content-aware encoding video ASIC

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Quality-Aware Joint Caching, Computing and Communication Optimization for Video Delivery in Vehicular Networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2023年第4期72卷 5240-5256页

作者： Kuo, Ting-Yen Lee, Ming-Chun Kim, Ji-He Lee, Ta-Sung Natl Yang Ming Chiao Tung Univ Inst Commun Engn Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan

As being clear that the joint optimization of caching, computing, and communication (3C) can significantly improve vehicular network performance, this paper investigates the quality-aware 3C optimization for video delivery in vehicular networks. By incorporating the quality-awareness into 3C models, we formulate both the quality-aware joint 3C optimization problem and the quality-aware joint computing and communication (2C) optimization problem with predetermined caching. By observing that the proposed 2C and 3C problems can be interpreted as submodular maximization problems with constraints, we propose a solution methodology using the submodularity and knapsack interpretation. Based on the proposed methodology, we then propose efficient solution approaches assuming batch input and streaming input, respectively. Complexity of the proposed solution approaches is analyzed. In addition, extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed solution approaches. Results show that our proposed approaches can outperform the reference schemes and improve the video delivery of vehicular networks.

关键词： Optimization Streaming media Wireless communication Delays Complexity theory Automobiles transcoding Computing and communication optimization edge-caching and edge computing joint caching quality-aware design vehicular networks

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On the Optimal Delay Growth Rate of Multi-Hop Line Networks: Asymptotically Delay-Optimal Designs and the Corresponding Error Exponents

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 2023年第10期69卷 6167-6193页

作者： Ogbe, Dennis O. Wang, Chih-Chun Love, David J. NASA Jet Prop Lab Pasadena CA 91109 USA Purdue Univ Sch Elect & Comp Engn W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

Multi-hop line networks have emerged as an important abstract model for modern and increasingly dense communication networks. In addition, the growth of real-time and mission-critical services has created high demand for and increased research interest in low-latency communications. The combination of these facts motivates a new investigation of data transmission schemes for L-hop line networks from a delay-vs-throughput perspective. To this end, this work defines a metric called the delay amplification factor for a target throughput R, denoted by DAF(R), which characterizes the growth rate of the (asymptotic) delay with respect to the number of hops. We show that all existing relay schemes, e.g., Decode-&-Forward (DF), have lim(R NE arrow C) DAF(R) = Omega(L), which is consistent with the decades-old perception that delay grows linearly with respect to L. We then design a scheme satisfying lim(R NE arrow C) DAF(R) = 1, if the bottleneck hop is the last hop, i.e., its asymptotic delay does not grow with respect to L. The results imply that this linearly growing delay is an artifact of the existing DF designs, and it is possible to surpass it and attain the true fundamental limit with a new delay-centric solution. In the second half of this work, we further show that if variable-length coding and one-bit stopfeedback are allowed, we can relax the condition bottleneck being the last hop and attain lim(R NE arrow C) DAF(R) = 1 for any arbitrary line networks.

关键词： Low-latency communication relay channel line network error exponent transcoding delay-throughput tradeoff finite-length analysis

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Hardware Accelerators for AI-based Video Enhancement and Optimization in Video ASICs for Data Center 47

Hardware Accelerators for AI-based Video Enhancement and Opt...

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Conference on Applications of Digital Image Processing XLVII

作者： Lee, Ungwon Kim, Jungtae Kim, Sijung Kim, Dong-gyu Jeon, Minyong BLUEDOT Inc 527 Eonju Ro Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781510679344;9781510679351

Advanced AI and new compression standards are needed to improve the viewing experience and reduce service costs, but the explosion in computational complexity is a significant barrier to adoption. This paper proposes AI algorithms and corresponding hardware accelerators for super-resolution and perceptual quality optimization. Super-resolution is for video upscaling and visual quality enhancement, while perceptual quality optimization is a pre-process to improve the coding efficiency of the encoders. Video ASICs for data centers include hardware decoders and encoders with high throughput to handle large amounts of data. The proposed algorithm is designed with dedicated hardware accelerators to maximize the efficiency of on-chip resources. These advances are essential to balancing high-quality streaming services with operational efficiency.

关键词： video AI super-resolution perceptual quality optimization transcoding video ASIC video streaming AV1

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QoE-Aware Edge Computing Through Service Function Chaining

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IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING 2022年第2期26卷 53-60页

作者： Foukalas, Fotis Tziouvaras, Athanasios UCL London WC1N 3BG England Univ Thessaly Volos 38221 Greece

Mobile multimedia Internet services, such as mobile virtual reality (VR), request for advanced quality of experience (QoE) provision. In the future Internet, such a QoE provision will be leveraged through edge computing, which can be facilitated through advanced programmable frameworks, such as service function chaining (SFC). To this direction, we provide in this work, the design, development, and experimentation of a QoE-aware edge computing framework using SFC. In particular, the QoE-aware edge computing is provided by a network function virtualization-enabled SFC architecture. The SFC architecture provides adaptive media services through programmable service functions (SFs). Our solution provides multimedia dynamic adaptive streaming HTTP services with QoE under certain network conditions. The proposed QoE-aware edge computing is guaranteed with both data and computation offloading techniques, including a required QoE-aware edge resource management. Specific use cases are designed in order to test our solution that shows better QoE in comparison with the baseline use case, where neither data nor computational offloading is considered.

关键词： Streaming media Quality of experience Edge computing Computer architecture Media transcoding Servers Multimedia communication Quality of Experience Edge Computing Service Function Chaining Network Function Virtualization

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Warehouse-Scale Video Acceleration

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IEEE MICRO 2022年第4期42卷 18-26页

作者： Ranganathan, Parthasarathy Stodolsky, Daniel Calow, Jeff Dorfman, Jeremy Guevara, Marisabel Smullen, Clinton Wills Google Inc Mountain View CA 94043 USA YouTube San Mateo CA 94043 USA

Video processing is foundational to a spectrum of important workloads: video sharing, video conferencing, photos/video archival, virtual/augmented reality, cloud gaming, and live streaming. The exponential growth in these workloads, coincident with a slowing Moore's law, poses significant challenges to deliver more computing at higher efficiencies. In this article, we present the design of a new accelerator-the video coding unit-targeted at warehouse-scale (cloud) video transcoding. Our deployment at scale in Google, the first of its kind, has demonstrated significant benefits on several products (YouTube, Meet, Stadia, Photos, etc.) serving billions of users.

关键词： Streaming Media Software Engineering transcoding Throughput Data Centers Costs Software Algorithms

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