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Blockchain for Video Streaming: Opportunities, Challenges, and Open Issues

COMPUTER 2020年第7期53卷 45-56页

作者： Barman, Nabajeet Deepak, G. C. Martini, Maria G. Kingston Univ London ON Canada Kingston Univ Sch Comp Sci & Math London ON Canada Kingston Univ Fac Sci Engn & Comp London ON Canada

While industry has adopted blockchain-based video-streaming platforms, other stakeholders could contribute more to grow the technology and support its implementation. This article reviews current blockchain-based video streaming applications and industrial advancements and identifies today's research activities and future opportunities for investigation.

关键词： Cryptography Video Streaming Blockchain Industrial Advancements Research Activities Video Streaming Platforms Blockchain Streaming Media Quality Of Experience Media Distributed Ledger transcoding

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Video quality in AVC homogenous transcoding

Video quality in AVC homogenous transcoding

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21st International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP)

作者： Grajek, Tomasz Stankowski, Jakub Wegner, Krzysztof Domanski, Marek Poznan Univ Tech Chair Multimedia Telecommun & Microelect Ul Polanka 3 PL-60965 Poznan Poland

ISBN: (纸本)9789531841917

In this paper the results obtained for homogenous Cascaded Pixel Domain Transcoder of AVC bitstreams are reported in order to show the expected transcoding efficiency gain/loss. A wide set of test video sequences has been used in experiments and in total 19200 bitstreams have been encoded and examined. It has been proved that there is a universal dependency between the quality, defined as Delta PSNR and bitstream reduction. Delta PSNR is described as the difference between quality of the transcoded material and the original material that could potentially be encoded at the same bitrate as the transcoded one.

关键词： video compression video coding transcoding AVC H.264 MPEG CPDT

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A Version Adaptive transcoding (VAT) Mechanism for Wireless Mobile Coverage Networking

A Version Adaptive Transcoding (VAT) Mechanism for Wireless ...

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World Automation Congress (WAC) on Emerging Technologies for a New Paradigm in System of Systems Engineering

作者： Lee, Chongdeuk Lee, Gordon Chonbuk Natl Univ Div Elect Engn Jeonju Si 561756 Jeollabuk Do South Korea San Diego State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn San Diego CA 92182 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781889335490

Several factors affect the performance of streaming media services in the wireless mobile network including the handoff rate, high channel error rate, and available resources. In this paper, we further investigate the strategy of employing fuzzy similarities to a version adaptive transcoding (VAT) mechanism previously developed, by studying how the average startup latency, average response ratio, and average cache-hit ratio affect performance. To do this, we vary the media object size and the cache size;we also compare the approach to three classical schemes for media streaming. The goals of the VAT approach are to reduce network traffic, resulting from high network bandwidth demand and streaming constraints, and to enhance the performance of streaming media services. The proposed VAT mechanism tracks the relationship of partitioned object versions, performs the fuzzy similarity among versions and, considering the fuzzy similarity relationship, media object characteristics, cache capacity, and object version synchronization, minimizes the streaming distortion. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme has better streaming performance, in terms of such quality-of-service (QoS) metrics as average service response ratio, startup latency, and cache-hit ratio, when compared to existing server-only schemes, progressive schemes, and layered schemes.

关键词： transcoding fuzzy similarity cache hit

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Fast AVS to HEVC transcoding Based on ROI Detection Using Visual Characteristics

Fast AVS to HEVC Transcoding Based on ROI Detection Using Vi...

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IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB)

作者： Luo, Rui Xie, Rong Zhang, Liang Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Inst Image Commun & Network Engn Shanghai Key Lab Digital Media Proc & Transmiss Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781479916542

Video transcoding technique is essentially needed to meet the demands of different multimedia applications. The latest video coding standard HEVC has been finalized. It can achieve much higher coding efficiency than previous coding standards. AVS, Chinese advanced video coding standard, has been widely used in all kinds of applications. To convert AVS encoded video contents into HEVC coding format, a region-based transcoding algorithm is proposed in this paper, which exploits visual characteristics to divide video images into regions of different interest levels. According to the sensitivity of visual system to video contents, the proposed algorithm first utilizes the decoded information, such as macroblock (MB) partition mode, motion vector (MV) and transform coefficients, to segment a frame into three regions, namely: region of the most interest (mostROI), region of interest (ROI) and region of less interest (lessROI). Different transcoding strategies are then applied to those three regions, especially, search depth ranges for CTU partition are restricted correspondingly and prediction modes of coding units (CUs) are differently selected on the basis of the detected regions. Experimental results with different video contents are presented to show the performance of the proposed AVS-to-HEVC transcoding. It concluded that the proposed algorithm can save more than 50% of encoding time for HEVC while keeping a good transcoding performance.

关键词： transcoding HEVC ROI Visual Characteristics

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PAINT: Partial In-Network transcoding for Adaptive Streaming in Information Centric Network 22

PAINT: Partial In-Network Transcoding for Adaptive Streaming...

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IEEE 22nd International Symposium of Quality of Service (IWQoS)

作者： Jin, Yichao Wen, Yonggang Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Engn Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781479948529

Information centric network (ICN) has emerged as a promising architecture to efficiently distribute content over the future Internet. However, ICN proposals may still not be cost efficient enough for adaptive video streaming. The problem is, each ICN node caches duplicated copies of the same content for each bitrate version in its limited storage space. Thus the cache hit ratio drops, and the bandwidth cost of serving the cache missed requests increases. This paper proposes PAINT (Partial In-Network transcoding) scheme to reduce the operational cost of delivering adaptive video streaming over ICN. Specifically, we consider both the in-network caching and transcoding services at each ICN node, where the storage and transcoding resources can be dynamically scheduled. Then we formulate an optimization problem to balance the trade-off between the transcoding and bandwidth costs. Next we analytically derive the optimal strategy, and quantify cost savings compared with existing schemes. Finally, we verify our solution by intensive numerical evaluations. The results indicate PAINT can achieve significant cost savings (e.g., up to 50% in typical scenarios). Besides, we find the optimal strategy and the cost savings can be affected by the cache capacity, the unit price ratio, the hop distance to origin server, and the Zipf parameter of users' request patterns.

关键词： Bandwidth Bit rate Internet Paints Servers Streaming media transcoding transcoding Paint Bit rate Streaming Video cost analysis Bandwidth Servers Internets optimal strategy Video streaming Cache memory

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VIDEO transcoding TIME PREDICTION FOR PROACTIVE LOAD BALANCING

VIDEO TRANSCODING TIME PREDICTION FOR PROACTIVE LOAD BALANCI...

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IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW)

作者： Deneke, Tewodors Haile, Habtegebreil Lafond, Sebastien Lilius, Johan Abo Akad Univ Turku Finland Turku Ctr Comp Sci Turku Finland

ISBN: (纸本)9781479947614

In this paper, we present a method for predicting the transcoding time of videos given an input video stream and its transcoding parameters. Video transcoding time is treated as a random variable and is statistically predicted from past observations. Our proposed method predicts the transcoding time as a function of several parameters of the input and output video streams, and does not require any detailed information about the codec used. We show the effectiveness of our method via comparing the resulting predictions with the actual transcoding times on unseen video streams. Simulation results show that our prediction method enables a significantly better load balancing of transcoding jobs than classical load balancing methods.

关键词： transcoding Prediction Machine Learning Load Balancing

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PERCEPTULLY LOSSLESS VIDEO RE-ENCODING FOR CLOUD transcoding 2

PERCEPTULLY LOSSLESS VIDEO RE-ENCODING FOR CLOUD TRANSCODING

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2nd IEEE China Summit / International Conference on Signal and Information Processing (IEEE ChinaSIP)

作者： Kao, Chieh-Kai Huang, Tsung-Yau Chen, Homer H. Wu, Ja-Ling Natl Taiwan Univ Taipei Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781479954032

In this paper, we present a perceptually loss less video re-encoding approach to cloud transcoding based on a just noticeable distortion (JND) model. The bitrate is minimized by adaptive step size and dynamic rounding offset adjustment. On the average, the proposed approach achieves 9.7% overall bitrate reduction compared to the H.264/AVC JM reference encoder under the same coding condition. The performance of the resulting cloud transcoding is further verified by a subjective test.

关键词： human visual system perceptual video coding quantization JND model transcoding

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Optimizing QoE and Latency of Live Video Streaming Using Edge Computing and In-Network Intelligence 21

Optimizing QoE and Latency of Live Video Streaming Using Edg...

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12th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference (MMSys)

作者： Erfanian, Alireza Alpen Adria Univ Klagenfurt Christian Doppler Lab ATHENA Inst Informat Technol ITEC Klagenfurt Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781450384346

Live video streaming traffic and related applications have experienced significant growth in recent years. More users have started generating and delivering live streams with high quality (e.g., 4K resolution) through popular online streaming platforms such as YouTube, Twitch, and Facebook. Typically, the video contents are generated by streamers and watched by many audiences, which are geographically distributed in various locations far away from the streamers' locations. The resource limitation in the network (e.g., bandwidth) is a challenging issue for network and video providers to meet the users' requested quality. In this thesis, we will investigate optimizing QoE and end-to-end (E2E) latency of live video streaming by leveraging edge computing capabilities and in-network intelligence. We present four main research questions aiming to address the various challenges in optimizing live streaming QoE and E2E latency by employing edge computing and in-network intelligence.

关键词： video streaming live streaming NFV SDN transcoding edge computing

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Units-first or tens-first: Does language matter when processing visually presented two-digit numbers?

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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020年第5期73卷 726-738页

作者： Poncin, Alexandre Van Rinsveld, Amandine Schiltz, Christine Univ Luxembourg Fac Language & Literature Humanities Arts & Educ Inst Cognit Sci & Assessment COSA Maison Sci Humaines 11 L-4366 Esch Sur Alzette Luxembourg Univ Libre Bruxelles CRCN Brussels Belgium

The linguistic structure of number words can influence performance in basic numerical tasks such as mental calculation, magnitude comparison, and transcoding. Especially the presence of ten-unit inversion in number words seems to affect number processing. Thus, at the beginning of formal math education, young children speaking inverted languages tend to make relatively more errors in transcoding. However, it remains unknown whether and how inversion affects transcoding in older children and adults. Here we addressed this question by assessing two-digit number transcoding in adults and fourth graders speaking French and German, that is, using non-inverted and inverted number words, respectively. We developed a novel transcoding paradigm during which participants listened to two-digit numbers and identified the heard number among four Arabic numbers. Critically, the order of appearance of units and tens in Arabic numbers was manipulated mimicking the "units-first" and "tens-first" order of German and French. In a third "simultaneous" condition, tens and units appeared at the same time in an ecological manner. Although language did not affect overall transcoding speed in adults, we observed that German-speaking fourth graders were globally slower than their French-speaking peers, including in the "simultaneous" condition. Moreover, French-speaking children were faster in transcoding when the order of digit appearance was congruent with their number-word system (i.e., "tens-first" condition) while German-speaking children appeared to be similarly fast in the "units-first" and "tens-first" conditions. These findings indicate that inverted languages still impose a cognitive cost on number transcoding in fourth graders, which seems to disappear by adulthood. They underline the importance of language in numerical cognition and suggest that language should be taken into account during mathematics education.

关键词： Numerical cognition transcoding language number word transparency

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Designing a Web Accessibility Environment for the Visually Impaired

Designing a Web Accessibility Environment for the Visually I...

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International Conference on Embedded & Distributed Systems (EDiS)

作者： Meriem Zeboudj Khaled Belkadi SIMPA dept. Informatique Facutlté des Mathématiques et Informatique Université des sciences et de la technologie d'Oran (USTO-MB) Oran Algerie

ISBN: (数字)9798350397543

ISBN: (纸本)9798350397550

The growth development of communication tools and storage technologies, as well as the technical simplicity of publishing information on the Internet, have enabled the production of a giant mass of Web information for which visually impaired users often do not have a guarantee of quality or reliability; They review a lot of data to sort out the results found and finally access their need. For this, mapping information needs to a relevant and accessible document is even more complex today. In this article, we propose an approach for visually impaired people to facilitate their navigating tasks while optimizing them, in which we focus on query reformulation by metaheuristics in the Web context and the accessibility of the latter.

关键词： Navigation Text recognition Publishing Metaheuristics transcoding Production Internet

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