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IEEE Conference on Wireless Communications and Networking

作者： Arnab Raha Subrata Mitra Vijay Raghunathan Sanjay Rao School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University

ISBN: (纸本)9781479984077

Recent years have witnessed a significant rise in the number, duration and variety of video contents, which contribute to the bulk of internet traffic. With increase in smartphone and tablet users, watching videos on mobile devices has become one of its most popular use cases. These devices live on limited battery energy which is still a major bottleneck and a source of user dissatisfaction during video playback. In this paper we introduce an intermediate framework called VIDalizer for power efficient video delivery to smartphones and tablets. This almost transparent to the user, battery aware framework takes away some of the video processing overhead from the device and intelligently tunes its parameters customized for the mobile device while delivering the video using a novel transport protocol. Our preliminary results show that this framework can significantly reduce energy consumption up to 45%-55% of a mobile device without compromising user experience.

关键词： Streaming media Batteries Bandwidth Mobile handsets Power demand transcoding Servers

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A flexible platform for QoE-driven delivery of image-rich web applications

A flexible platform for QoE-driven delivery of image-rich we...

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IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)

作者： P. Ahammad R. Gaunker B. Kennedy M. Reshadi K. Kumar A.K. Pathan H. Kolam Instart Logic Inc. Palo Alto CA USA

The advent of content-rich modern web applications, unreliable network connectivity and device heterogeneity demands flexible web content delivery platforms that can handle the high variability along many dimensions - especially for the mobile web. Images account for more than 60% of the content delivered by present-day webpages and have a strong influence on the perceived webpage latency and end-user experience. We present a flexible web delivery platform with a client-cloud architecture and content-aware optimizations to address the problem of delivering image-rich web applications. Our solution makes use of quantitative measures of image perceptual quality, machine learning algorithms, partial caching and opportunistic client-side choices to efficiently deliver images on the web. Using data from the WWW, we experimentally demonstrate that our approach shows significant improvement on various web performance criteria that are critical for maintaining a desirable end-user quality-of-experience (QoE) for image-rich web applications.

关键词： Optimization transcoding Browsers Streaming media Servers Image coding Mobile communication

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Cost-efficient and QoS-aware Content Management in Media Cloud: Implementation and Evaluation

Cost-efficient and QoS-aware Content Management in Media Clo...

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IEEE International Conference on Communications

作者： Guanyu Gao Yonggang Wen Weiwen Zhang Han Hu School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University

ISBN: (纸本)9781467364300

Adaptive bitrate streaming has been proposed to encode video contents into multiple versions for device heterogeneity and changing network conditions. This solution, however, could consume enormous computing and storage resource. In fact, only a small fraction of videos are frequently requested. Thus, caching multiple versions for unpopular contents is not cost efficient. In this paper, we design a cost-efficient and QoS-aware content management system for video streaming. The system consists of a set of streaming servers and a computing cluster, where streaming servers can cache video contents or transcode them in real time, and the computing cluster can perform transcoding tasks on behalf of streaming servers. Based on this architecture, to provide cost-efficient and QoS-aware video service, first, we design a cost-efficient content cache management module to minimize the operational cost, by dynamically determining whether a segment should be cached or transcoded on fly according to their popularity. Second, to reduce transcoding latency, we design a QoS-aware transcoding task delegation module to determine whether a transcoding task in streaming server should be delegated to the computing cluster according to the streaming server's workload. We implement the system and evaluate the performance in a real environment. The results demonstrate that our method can greatly reduce the operational cost and guarantee the QoS in providing video services.

关键词： Streaming media transcoding Servers Bit rate Content management Quality of service Media

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Energy efficient virtual machine consolidation in mobile media cloud

Energy efficient virtual machine consolidation in mobile med...

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Picture Coding Symposium, PCS

作者： Yi Dong Liang Zhou Jianxin Chen Baoyu Zheng Jingwu Cui Key Lab. of Broadband Wireless Commun. & Sensor Network Technol Nanjing Univ. of Posts & Telecommun Nanjing China

Recently, attracted by the abundant computation and networking resources in the cloud, an increased number of mobile media services have been hosted by the cloud computing platforms. These mobile media clouds (MMCs) run hundreds of thousands of servers and consume megawatts of power with massive carbon emission. Virtualization is adopted to allocate resources elastically from a shared resource pool. Therefore, effective virtual machine (VM) consolidation is of paramount importance to reduce energy consumption. We especially focus on applications with different resource (e.g., CPU, memory, network) demands. In this paper, we formulate this problem as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. We prove that the optimal energy efficiency can be obtained for a homogeneous cloud. Based on this analytical result, we develop an approximation algorithm for VM consolidation and placement which jointly considers CPU and network constraints. Through extensive simulations, we validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

关键词： Servers Media Mobile communication transcoding Streaming media Approximation algorithms Energy consumption

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Towards joint resource allocation and routing to optimize video distribution over future internet

Towards joint resource allocation and routing to optimize vi...

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IFIP Networking Conference

作者： Yichao Jin Yonggang Wen Cedric Westphal School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University Huawei Innovation Center University of California Santa Cruz

ISBN: (纸本)9781479983698

Given the exploding growth of video traffic, efficient video distribution is essential to the future Internet. Therefore, how to optimize its networking cost is a critical research problem. In this paper, we introduce Network Function Virtualization (NFV) in conjunction with Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to minimize the cost via joint orchestration of caching, transcoding and routing functions. Specifically, we propose a two-step iterative approach. First, in NFV-based resource allocation phase, we maximize total cache hits by optimally allocating storage and computing resources for a giving routing policy. Second, in SDN-based routing phase, we minimize the networking cost by optimally configuring the routing matrix for a given resource placement. Finally, we analytically prove their iterative repeat converges to the joint optimum. Through extensive simulations, we verify its convergence, and performance gains compared with the optimal solution of either phase alone. By examining numerical results, we obtain some operational guidelines. From the resource allocation aspect, we should allocate more resources to the node with heavier request rate. From the routing aspect, for each node-server pair, the node should split the traffic across multiple paths with identical shortest hops if there are many, or use the shortest path alone if there is only one.

关键词： Routing Resource management transcoding Streaming media Bit rate Joints Media

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H.264/AVC to HEVC Video Transcoder Based on Dynamic Thresholding and Content Modeling

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2014年第1期24卷 99-112页

作者： Peixoto, Eduardo Shanableh, Tamer Izquierdo, Ebroul Univ Brasilia Dept Engn Eletr BR-70910900 Brasilia DF Brazil Univ London Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci London E1 4NS England Amer Univ Sharjah Coll Engn Sharjah 26666 U Arab Emirates

The new video coding standard, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), was developed to succeed the current standard, H.264/AVC, as the state of the art in video compression. However, there is a lot of legacy content encoded with H.264/AVC. This paper proposes and evaluates several transcoding algorithms from the H.264/AVC to the HEVC format. In particular, a novel transcoding architecture, in which the first frames of the sequence are used to compute the parameters so that the transcoder can learn the mapping for that particular sequence, is proposed. Then, two types of mode mapping algorithms are proposed. In the first solution, a single H.264/AVC coding parameter is used to determine the outgoing HEVC partitions using dynamic thresholding. The second solution uses linear discriminant functions to map the incoming H.264/AVC coding parameters to the outgoing HEVC partitions. This paper contains experiments designed to study the impact of the number of frames used for training in the transcoder. Comparisons with existing transcoding solutions reveal that the proposed work results in lower rate-distortion loss at a competitive complexity performance.

关键词： High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) machine learning transcoding

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Classifying Useful Motion Vectors for Efficient Frame Rate Up Conversion of MC-DCT Encoded Video Streams

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JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014年第6期30卷 1755-1771页

作者： Nang, JongHo Kim, Sangchul Lee, Hyuk-Jun Sogang Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Seoul 121742 South Korea

Frame Rate Up Conversion (FRUC) is a technique that makes natural video playback possible by increasing the frame rates of video streams at the decoder side. Previous FRUC methods estimated the motions of the all blocks between nearby decoded frames to generate an interpolated frame, and hence, required a lot of computational resources. This paper proposes a new frame interpolation method that reuses the motion vectors (MV's) that are generated by MC-DTC based encoder for primarily reducing the bitrate of video stream, but still useful for FRUC. In order to classify the MV to a useful one for FRUC, the visual similarities of two blocks that are located at the same position at the reference and current frames, the visual similarities of two blocks that are connected by the MV, and the visual similarity with the surroundings blocks, are measured. If these similarities exceed some thresholds, the MV will be directly reused for frame interpolation without additional block motion estimation in the proposed method. Additionally, if this decision is ambiguous, the pre-trained SVM (Support Vector Machine) is used to decide its usefulness. Experimental results using MC-DCT encoded videos with various motion energies show that the recall and precision of the proposed classifying method are about 0.72 similar to 0.99 and 0.83 similar to 0.99, respectively. Since the motion estimations for the blocks that have the MV's which are classified as useful ones could be skipped in the frame interpolation process, the total time for FRUC can be reduced by 50-99% without a drastic video image quality loss.

关键词： frame rate up conversion (FRUC) MC-DCT motion vector classify useful motion vector detect useful motion vector processing (DUMP) transcoding

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Mutual Influence of Application- and Platform-Level Adaptations on Energy-Efficient Computing

Mutual Influence of Application- and Platform-Level Adaptati...

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Euromicro Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-Based Processing

作者： Kateryna Rybina Waltenegus Dargie René Schöne Somayeh Malakuti Faculty of Computer Science Technical University of Dresden Dresden Germany

We experimentally investigate the mutual influence of application- and platform-level adaptations in a virtualized cluster environment. At the application level, applications can adapt to a changing execution environment by dynamically exchanging components that enable them to trade energy for utility and vice versa. Likewise, at the platform level, virtual machine monitors can migrate virtual machines from one server to another either to consolidate workloads and switch-off underutilized servers or to distribute the workload of overloaded servers. Our experiment quantify impacts of various types of adaptations on QoS, power consumption, and energy-overhead.

关键词： Servers Virtual machining transcoding Power demand Quality of service Switches Random access memory

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Multimedia contents adaptation by modality conversion with user preference in wireless network

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JOURNAL OF NETWORK AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2014年第1期37卷 25-32页

作者： Lee, Soocheol Rho, Seungmin Park, Jong Hyuk Korean Intellectual Property Off Elect Documentat Div Seoul South Korea Sungkyul Univ Dept Multimedia Anyang Si Gyeonggi Do South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Seoul South Korea

The rapid evolution in the hardware sector has brought up various media end user devices like PDAs or smart phones on which online multimedia content can be consumed. Due to different capabilities of these devices as well as individual user preferences, the original multimedia resources have to be adapted in order to fit the specific devices' constraints and to meet the user's requirements. Adapting multimedia content through user preferences is an important aspect of Quality of Service (QoS). There has been a vast amount of activities in research and standard development in this area. In this paper, we present methods for adapting multimedia contents to accommodate user preference. In addition, we propose the user preference content value model (u-CVM) that relates the content value of different modalities with resources. Experiments demonstrate that modality conversion brings a wider range of adaptation for QoS support. Moreover, the proposed approach has to be effective to be applied in Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) and Telematics. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Multimedia content adaptation Quality of service transcoding Transmoding User preference Wireless network

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Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting in WebRTC PaaS Infrastructures: The Case of Kurento

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IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING 2014年第6期18卷 34-40页

作者： Lopez-Fernandez, Luis Gallego, Micael Garcia, Boni Fernandez-Lopez, David Javier Lopez, Francisco Univ Rey Juan Carlos Telecommun Engn Sch Madrid Spain Univ Rey Juan Carlos Future Networks Lab Res Grp Madrid Spain Univ Rey Juan Carlos Kurento Org Initiat Madrid Spain Univ Rey Juan Carlos Dept Comp Sci Madrid Spain Univ Rey Juan Carlos Future Network Lab Madrid Spain NaevaTec Madrid Spain

WebRTC server infrastructures are useful for creating rich real-time communication (RTC) applications. Developers commonly use them for accessing capabilities such as group communications, archiving, and transcoding. Details on how to implement and use such infrastructures securely are of increasing interest to the engineering community. Kurento is an open source project that provides a WebRTC media server and a platform as a service cloud built on top of it. The authors present the Kurento API and analyze different security models for it, investigating the suitability of using simple access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security schemes to provide authorization. Using minimal implementation, they discuss the advantages and drawbacks of each scheme and conclude that, for the proposed schemes, ACLs are less scalable but provide more granularity.

关键词： Real-time systems WebRTC Servers Authorization Real-time systems Authentication transcoding Media Access control Access protocols capabilities WebRTC infrastructures platform as a service authorization AAA ACLs

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