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9th IEEE International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces (IWASI)

作者： Verykios, Theodoros D. Balsamo, Domenico Merrett, Geoff V. Univ Southampton Sch Elect & Comp Sci Southampton England Newcastle Univ Sch Engn MicroSyst Res Grp Newcastle Upon Tyne England

ISBN: (纸本)9798350336948

transient computing systems, also known as intermittent computing systems, are batteryless systems powered by energy harvesting (EH) sources that do not require large energy storage for system operations. Instead, they rely on retaining their state, i.e. a snapshot, in non-volatile memory (NVM) in the event of a power outage and restoring it when the power recovers. In this paper, we first discuss the limitations of stateof-the-art techniques that attempt to minimize the amount of system state saved to NVM. Therefore, we propose a novel energy-efficient system-level approach for state retention through memory tracing based on a custom hardware module named MeTra that traces changes in the main (volatile) memory between power outages. MeTra allows the voltage threshold that activates the state retention process to be dynamically adjusted according to the energy requirement of each snapshot. Thus, a great proportion of the energy harvested can be spent on useful operations. Experimental results show that the system's active time can be extended up to 17x for Flash-based systems and 92.2% for FRAM-based systems, compared to saving the entire system state, with an area overhead of as little as 2.48%.

关键词： transient computing state retention memory tracing energy harvesting energy efficiency

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Stateful Energy Management for Multi-Source Energy Harvesting transient computing Systems

Stateful Energy Management for Multi-Source Energy Harvestin...

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Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE)

作者： Mileiko, Sergey Cetinkaya, Oktay Shafik, Rishad Balsamo, Domenico Newcastle Univ Sch Engn MicroSyst Res Grp Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU Tyne & Wear England Univ Oxford Dept Engn Sci Oxford E Res Ctr Oxford OX1 3QG England

ISBN: (纸本)9798350396249

The intermittent and varying nature of energy harvesting (EH) entails dedicated energy management with large energy storage, which is a limiting factor for low-power/cost systems with small form factors. transient computing allows system operations to be performed in the presence of power outages by saving the system state into a non-volatile memory (NVM), thereby reducing the size of this storage. These systems are often designed with a task-based strategy, which requires the storage to be sized for the most energy consuming task. That is, however, not ideal for most systems since their tasks have varying energy requirements, i.e., energy storage size and operating voltage. Hence, to overcome this issue, this paper proposes a novel energy management unit (EMU), tailored for multi-source EH transient systems, that allows selecting the storage size and operating voltage for the next task to be performed at run-time, thereby optimizing task-specific energy needs and startup times based on application requirements. For the first time in literature, we adopted a hybrid NVM+VM approach allowing our EMU to reliably and efficiently retain its internal state, i.e., stateful EMU, under even the most severe EH conditions. Extensive empirical evaluations validated the operation of the proposed stateful EMU at a small overhead (0.07mJ of energy to update the EMU state and a. 4 mu A of static current consumption of the EMU).

关键词： Energy management unit energy harvesting transient computing energy efficiency low-power design

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transient computing for energy harvesting systems: A survey

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 2022年 132卷

作者： Jia, Min Sha, Edwin Hsing. -M. Zhuge, Qingfeng Gu, Shouzhen East China Normal Univ Sch Comp Sci & Technol Shanghai Peoples R China East China Normal Univ Engn Res Ctr Software Hardware Codesign Technol & Minist Educ Shanghai Peoples R China

Battery-powered, ultra-low-power embedded devices are often limited by the size and maintenance costs of batteries, giving rise to battery-less devices and the emergence of energy harvesting systems. Energy harvesters obtain enough energy from the environment in order to satisfy program execution. However, the difference in the harvesting source and the size of the energy storage makes the program not execute continuously due to frequent interruptions due to power failures. Frequent power failures make the program lose volatile state, inconsistent data, and non-termination, so the energy harvesting system has to preserve the storage of volatile logic, maintain data consistency, and avoid non-termination. In this paper, we show the transient computing techniques for energy harvesting systems. We hope that this research will provide researchers with insights into transient computing and help them address the remaining challenges.

关键词： transient computing Energy harvesting systems Checkpoint Atomic task Idempotency

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Harvester-aware transient computing: Utilizing the mechanical inertia of kinetic energy harvesters for a proactive frequency-based power loss detection

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INTEGRATION-THE VLSI JOURNAL 2020年 75卷 122-130页

作者： Rheinlaender, Carl C. Wehn, Norbert Univ Kaiserslautern Microelect Syst Design Res Grp D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany

Power-neutral system design avoids energy buffers by directly powering the load by the energy harvester. In case of a power loss, checkpointing methods ensure forward progress by preserving the volatile system state using non-volatile memories. The timely detection of upcoming power losses is essential for a reliable checkpointing process. Moreover, various applications require early detections to, e.g., ensure the finalization of atomic operations. However, common voltage threshold-based methods only allow short-term detections. In this paper we propose a new methodology that allows early detections by exploiting physical characteristics of the harvester. To this end, small-scale kinetic energy harvesters are considered that employ rotatably mounted mechanical masses to drive electromagnetic generators. Due to the inertia of these masses, the power output does not stop abruptly, but gradually decays after the excitation of the harvester is over. We investigate the relationship between the initial excitation intensity as it is reflected in the output frequency, the load current and the remaining period of power availability. Our results indicate that this relationship allows to predict the power duration based on the output frequency of the harvester. We show that power losses can be detected up to one order of magnitude earlier with our frequency-based method than with state-of-the-art voltage-based methods.

关键词： transient computing Power-Neutral systems Energy Harvesting transiently-powered embedded devices

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Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks: Implementation of transient computing and Energy Prediction for Improved Node Performance and Link Quality

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COMPUTER JOURNAL 2019年第6期62卷 820-837页

作者： Ahmed, Faisal Kervadec, Corentin Le Moullec, Yannick Tamberg, Gert Annus, Paul Tallinn Univ Technol Thomas Johann Seebeck Dept Elect Ehitajate Tee 5 EE-19086 Tallinn Estonia Inst Natl Sci Appl Rennes 20 Ave Buttes de Coesmes F-35700 Rennes France Tallinn Univ Technol Dept Cybernet Ehitajate Tee 5 EE-19086 Tallinn Estonia

Over the last decades, research and development in energy harvesting significantly changed the traditional way of powering electronic devices, as exemplified by the emergence of battery-less wireless sensor nodes. In contrast to existing works that consider energy prediction and transient computing separately, we present a novel approach for the joint implementation of these two modalities aimed at improving the adaptability and robustness of applications running on battery-less nodes. The proposed approach performs online energy measurements and store them as energy profiles. Based on these, we use our recently proposed LINE-P (Case-II) model to estimate the energy availability in the near future. These energy estimates are exploited in a transient computing mechanism that manages the operation of the nodes, in particular their wireless communication functions. We present an implementation thereof for a peer-to-peer application on FRAM-based wireless sensor nodes (TI MSP430FR5739 MCU and TI CC2500 transceiver) that operate without energy storage. In a first set of experiments, the nodes are powered by a power supply programmed to mimic the intermittent nature of harvested energy;in a second set, they are powered by a solar panel yielding real datasets (profiles) at 1, 5 and 10-min data intervals. The experimental results show how the proposed combined transient computing and energy prediction approach addresses various issues such as time failure of the node and system shutdown, as well as how the link quality and overall performance of the peer-to-peer application are improved.

关键词： transient computing energy harvesting battery-less autonomous system link quality and jitter

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A 130-nm Ferroelectric Nonvolatile System-on-Chip With Direct Peripheral Restore Architecture for transient computing System

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2019年第3期54卷 885-895页

作者： Liu, Yongpan Su, Fang Yang, Yixiong Wang, Zhibo Wang, Yiqun Li, Zewei Li, Xueqing Yoshimura, Ryuji Naiki, Takashi Tsuwa, Takashi Saito, Takahiko Wang, Zhongjun Taniuchi, Koji Yang, Huazhong Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Unicore Commun Inc Beijing 100094 Peoples R China Wuhan Xinxin Semicond Mfg Co Ltd Wuhan 430205 Hubei Peoples R China ROHM Semicond Kyoto 6158585 Japan Toyo Business Engn Corp Tokyo 1000004 Japan Tsinghua ROHM Joint Res Ctr Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

Owing to its unique capability to sustain computation progress over power outages, a nonvolatile processor (NVP) is promising for energy-harvesting-powered Internet-of-Things devices. However, the widespread application of NVP is continually blocked by the system integration issues and the configuration overheads of peripheral devices. This paper presents a nonvolatile system-on-chip (NVSoC) with improved integration level, power management flexibility, and system wake-up speed. An on-chip power management subsystem is designed to minimize the number of external components while supporting versatile power policies. And a direct peripheral restore architecture is outlined, which enables a fast and parallel re-configuration of peripheral devices after the resumption of power supply. A test chip is fabricated in a 130-nm ferroelectric-CMOS process with 22.09-mm(2) area. Measurement results show 6x higher data throughput as compared with a conventional NVP when facing power failures.

关键词： Energy harvesting nonvolatile processor (NVP) transient computing

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Energy Harvesting Meets IoT: Fuelling Adoption of transient computing in Embedded Systems 5

Energy Harvesting Meets IoT: Fuelling Adoption of Transient ...

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5th IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (IEEE WF-IoT)

作者： Balsamo, Domenico Magno, Michele Kubara, Kacper Lazarescu, Bogdan Merrett, Geoff V. Univ Southampton Ctr IoT & Pervas Syst Southampton SO17 1BJ Hants England Swiss Fed Inst Technol Integrated Syst Lab CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781538649800

The emerging class of transient computing systems enables computation to be sustained despite power outages due to the variable nature of energy harvesting. However, existing approaches are largely designed for specific architectures, and hence are not broadly applicable across different IoT devices. Emerging platforms based on portable, hardware-independent software should rely on lightweight operating systems (OSs) designed specifically for embedded IoT applications, such as Arm mbed OS and Contiki OS. To enable the widespread use of transient computing, transient approaches need to be integrated into these operating systems. In this paper, we discuss the challenges of providing software primitives for transient computing to facilitate hardware-independent implementation using standard OS APIs, and present the integration of a state-of-art transient approach, Hibernus into mbed OS. This OS is chosen due to the large community of developers and the open-source IoT code availability. transient computing is offered through a modular and layered structure that uses the available mbed OS APIs, including different strategies for retaining the system state designed for different types of flash memory. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed design, we implemented Hibernus on two mbed platforms with different flash memories, which respectively requires 4.7mF and 4.9mF of additional storage.

关键词： Energy harvesting transient computing Internet of Things Arm mbed programming framework

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Efficient State Retention through Paged Memory Management for Reactive transient computing 19

Efficient State Retention through Paged Memory Management fo...

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56th ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)

作者： Sliper, Sivert T. Balsamo, Domenico Nikoleris, Nikos Wang, William Weddell, Alex S. Merrett, Geoff, V Univ Southampton Sch Elect & Comp Sci Southampton Hants England Arm Res Cambridge England

ISBN: (纸本)9781450367257

Reactive transient computing systems preserve computational progress despite frequent power failures by suspending (saving state to nonvolatile memory) when detecting a power failure, and restoring once power returns. Existing methods inefficiently save and restore all allocated memory. We propose lightweight memory management that applies the concept of paging to load pages only when needed, and save only modified pages. We then develop a model that maximises available execution time by dynamically adjusting the suspend and restore voltage thresholds. Experiments on an MSP430FR5994 microcontroller show that our method reduces state retention overheads by up to 86.9% and executes algorithms up to 5.3x faster than the state-of-the-art.

关键词： transient computing Internet of Things Batteryless computing

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ENZYME: An Energy-Efficient transient computing Paradigm for Ultralow Self-Powered IoT Edge Devices

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018年第11期37卷 2440-2450页

作者： Pan, Chen Xie, Mimi Hu, Jingtong Univ Pittsburgh Dept Elect & Comp Engn Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA

Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices usually work under power-constrained scenarios like outdoor environmental monitoring. Considering the cost and sustainability in a long run, energy harvesting technology is preferable for edge devices. Nevertheless, the harvesting power is generally weak and unstable, making it difficult for edge devices to maintain the normal functionality. Hence, it is crucial to improve the energy efficiency of edge devices. This paper proposes a software paradigm, ENZYME, to improve the energy efficiency of edge devices for transient computing with ultralow energy harvesting power supplies. ENZYME consists of two lightweight yet highly efficient software modules including Routine Handler and frequency modulator (FM). Routine Handler assists power regulator to maximize power extraction from energy harvesters with proper operation routines. Further, FM maximizes the utility of the extracted energy for program execution via efficient runtime clock frequency modulation. The lightweight and highly efficient natures enable ENZYME to be integrated into low-power IoT edge devices easily and efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate that ENZYME achieves more than 8.8% energy efficiency over state-of-the-art techniques with Routine Handler, and 35.71% extra energy utility with FM upon applying Routine Handler.

关键词： Edge computing energy harvesting Internet of Things (IoT) nonvolatile processor (NVP) transient computing

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Applications of Energy-Driven and transient computing: A Wireless Bicycle Trip Counter 17

Applications of Energy-Driven and Transient Computing: A Wir...

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15th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys)

作者： Senkans, Uvis Balsamo, Domenico Verykios, Theodoros D. Merrett, Geoff V. Univ Southampton Dept Elect & Comp Sci Southampton Hants England

ISBN: (纸本)9781450354592

Energy harvesting is an efficient solution to power embedded systems instead of using batteries. However, it has been traditionally coupled with large energy buffers to tackle the temporal variation of the source. These buffers require time to charge and introduce a cost, size and weight overhead. Energy-driven and transiently-powered systems can operate from an energy harvesting source, while containing little or no additional energy storage. However, few real-life applications have been considered for such systems to demonstrate that they can actually be realised. This poster presents a transiently-powered wireless bicycle trip counter which measures distance, speed and active cycling time, and transmits data wirelessly. The system sustains operation by harvesting energy from the rotation of the wheel, operating from 6kph.

关键词： transient computing Embedded Systems Energy Harvesting

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