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DFS-KeyLevel: A Two-Layer Test Scenario Generation Approach for uml activity diagram

JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC TESTING-THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 2023年第1期39卷 71-88页

作者： Du, Xiaozhi Zhang, Jinjin Chen, Kai Zhou, Yanrong Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Software Engn Xian Shaanxi Peoples R China

For automatic generation of test scenarios from uml (Unified Modeling Language) activity diagrams (ADs) are very important for improving test efficiency. However, state-of-the-art approaches mainly focus on simple approaches, without specifically considering the case of concurrent activity, which may result in the path explosion problem during the generation of test scenarios. In this paper, we put forward DFS-KeyLevel, a two-layer test scenario generation approach for uml activity diagram. First, the ADs of the software under test are modeled and preprocessed, and each concurrent module in each AD is simplified to a composite node. Then, primary test scenarios are generated from the concurrent activity modules using our proposed KeyLevel method. Next, the high-layer test scenarios are generated from the simplified AD with our improved Depth-First Search (DFS) algorithm. Finally, the primary and high-layer test scenarios are combined to generate the final test scenarios for the AD. The experimental results show that this DFS-KeyLevel is superior to the previous approaches. The DFS-KeyLevel can generate more test scenarios under constraints. Compared with DFS-LevelPermutes, the number of test scenarios generated by our DFS-KeyLevel is 1.13 times higher. Compared with Depth-First Search and Breadth-First Search (DFS-BFS) and Improved-DFS (IDFS), the DFS-KeyLevel produced 2.37 times test scenarios. The average coverage rates of staggered activities and total activity logical path coverage (TALPC) of the DFS-KeyLevel are 83.67% and 84% respectively, which is significantly higher than the above three approaches. In addition, when our method is applied to a real embedded system, it significantly reduces test scenarios generated to avoid path explosion while ensuring enough test scenarios.

关键词： uml activity diagram Test scenario generation Concurrent module Embedded system

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Identifying common and persistent errors made by novice analysts when modeling business processes using uml activity diagram: utilizing a hierarchical error classification

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SOFTWARE QUALITY JOURNAL 2023年第4期31卷 1149-1178页

作者： Beimel, Dizza Tsoury, Arava Lev, Shirly Bar Ruppin Acad Ctr Dept Comp & Informat Sci IL-40250 Emek Hefer Israel Ruppin Acad Ctr Dept Engn & Management IL-40250 Emek Hefer Israel Ruppin Acad Ctr Dror Imri Aloni Ctr Hlth Informat IL-4025000 Emek Hefer Israel

Accurate process modeling is critical to the successful design of information systems. Therefore, learning to design correct, complete, and irredundant process models is an important part of training for systems analysts, yet it is very challenging, especially for novice analysts. To teach high-quality modeling skills, it is essential to identify the common difficulties encountered in designing process models. Motivated by this insight, we formulated two research objectives: (1) identify the errors made by novices during process modeling, and analyze and classify them in light of three quality criteria-completeness, irredundancy, and correctness;(2) identify the most common errors, particularly the most persistent ones, that is, those most resistant to training. To this end, we analyzed 525 models built by 181 students (two or three models per student) during an academic course. We classified the students' modeling errors, based on the principles of the modeling language, and carried out a frequency analysis, wherein we counted the prevalence of each error type. Our analysis produced a four-layer hierarchical classification of errors with 52 elements, including 38 error categories, subcategories, and irreducible types. We also identified the most common and most persistent error categories, both of which pertained mainly to difficulties in abstracting from a given scenario. This hierarchical classification plays an important role in establishing ways to improve the quality of process models designed by systems analysts, especially novices. Moreover, identifying persistent errors and "cracking" them is an essential step in designing a learning methodology that will help novice analysts to recognize such errors and, indeed, avoid them in the first place.

关键词： Business processes modeling Modeling quality criteria uml activity diagram Process modeling errors Requirements engineering education

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Institution-based uml activity diagram transformation with semantic preservation

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019年第3期18卷 240-251页

作者： Achouri, Amine Hlaoui, Yousra Bendaly Ben Ayed, Leila Jemni Univ Tunis Lab LaTICE ESSTT Tunis Tunisia

This paper presents a specific tool, called MAV-uml-AD, allowing the specification and the verification of workflow models using uml activity diagrams (uml ADs) and Event-B and based on institutions. The developed tool translates an activity diagram model into an equivalent Event-B specification according to a mathematical semantics. The transformation approach of uml AD models is based on the theory of institutions. In fact, each of uml AD and Event-B specifications is defined by an instance of its corresponding institution. The transformation approach is represented by an institution co-morphism which is defined between the two institutions. Institution theory is adopted as the theoretical framework of the tool essentially for two reasons. First, it gives a locally mathematical semantics for uml AD and Event-B. Second, it defines a semantic preserving mapping between uml AD specification and Event-B machine. Thanks to the B theorem prover, functional proprieties like liveness and fairness can be formally checked. The core of the model transformation approach will be highlighted in this paper and how institution concepts such as category, co-morphism and signature are presented in the two used formalisms. This paper will also illustrate the use of the developed tool MAV-uml-AD through an example of specification and verification.

关键词： formal semantics institution model driven engineering Event-B uml activity diagram uml AD formal verification

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Transformation of uml activity diagram for Enhanced Reasoning

Transformation of UML Activity Diagram for Enhanced Reasonin...

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Future Technologies Conference (FTC)

作者： Chishti, Irfan Basukoski, Artie Chaussalet, Thierry Beeknoo, Neeraj Univ Westminster Dept Comp Sci London England Kings Coll Hosp London NHS Fdn Trust London England

ISBN: (纸本)9783030026837;9783030026820

IT industry has adopted unified modeling language activity diagram (uml-AD) as a de facto standard. uml AD facilitates modelers to graphically represent and document business processes to show the flow of activities and behavior of a system. However, uml AD has many drawbacks such as lack of formal semantics i.e. ontology used for the constructs based on intuition that vaguely describes processes and no provision for verifiability. Petri Net (PN) has been around for decades and used to model the workflow systems but PNs and its variants are too complex for business process modelers with no prior experience. A logical foundation is desirable to construct a business process with a precision that facilitates in transforming uml AD into a formal mechanism supported by verifiability capabilities for enhanced reasoning. Therefore, in this paper, we will provide a framework that will provide formal definitions for uml AD core terms and constructs used for modeling, and subsequently transform them to formal representation called point graph (PG). This will provide an insight into uml AD and will improve the overall functionality required from a modeling tool. A case study is conducted at King's College Hospital trust to improve their patient flows of an accident and emergency (A&E) department.

关键词： Transformation uml activity diagram Ontology Logical foundation Point interval temporal logic Point graph

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Control-Flow Pattern Based Transformation from uml activity diagram to YAWL

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4th International IFIP Working Conference (IWEI)

作者： Han, Zhaogang Zhang, Li Ling, Jiming Huang, Shihong Beihang Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Beijing 100191 Peoples R China Florida Atlantic Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Boca Raton FL 33431 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9783642330681;9783642330674

Business process verification is an important topic in business process management (BPM). The verification of standard uml activity diagram is not easy due to lack of mature tools. YAWL (yet another workflow language) has a formal semantics based on Petri net;verification of YAWL model seems easier than other modeling languages such as uml-AD. A series of mature verification tools has been released (Woflan, WofYAWL, ProM) based on YAWL to find structural errors, such as deadlocks in the model. These tools can be used for verifying uml-AD models if they can be transformed to YAWL models. The most challenging problem is that some control-flow patterns in uml-AD can't be transformed via an element-to-element mapping. To solve this problem we provide a control-flow pattern based method for transforming a uml-AD model to YAWL. We regard these patterns that need to be transformed as whole model segments, pick them out from the uml-AD model and transform the left part using an element-to-element mapping as well as an object flow transforming method. We subsequently transform the picked-out patterns via patterns-based transformation and combine all the transformed YAWL segments to a new YAWL net.

关键词： Business Process Verification uml activity diagram YAWL Transformation Control-flow Pattern

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Prioritization of Test Scenarios using Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Based on uml activity diagram 6

Prioritization of Test Scenarios using Hybrid Genetic Algori...

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6th IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS)

作者： Wang, Xinying Jiang, Xiajun Shi, Huibin Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Comp Sci & Technol Nanjing Jiangsu Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781479983537

Software testing is an essential part of the SDLC(Software Development Life Cycle). Test scenarios are used to derive test cases for model based testing. However, with the software rapidly growing in size and complexity, the cost of software will be too high if we want to test all the test cases. So this paper presents an approach using Hybrid Genetic Algorithm(HGA) to prioritize test scenarios, which improves efficiency and reduces cost as well. The algorithm combines Genetic Algorithm(GA) with Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) algorithm and uses Local Search Strategy to update the local and global best information of the PSO. The proposed algorithm can prioritize test scenarios so as to find a critical scenario. Finally, the proposed method is applied to several typical uml activity diagrams, and compared with the Simple Genetic Algorithm(SGA). The experimental results show that the proposed method not only prioritizes test scenarios, but also improves the efficiency, and further saves effort, time as well as cost.

关键词： Software testing Test scenarios prioritization Hybrid Genetic Algorithm uml activity diagram

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Model-Based Test Case Prioritization Using uml activity diagram and Design Level Attributes 4th

Model-Based Test Case Prioritization Using UML Activity Diag...

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4th International Conference on Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications (INDIA)

作者： Dash, Shaswati Panda, Namita Acharya, Arup Abhinna KIIT Univ Sch Comp Engn Bhubaneswar Odisha India

ISBN: (纸本)9789811075124;9789811075117

This paper presents a prioritization technique that prioritizes the test cases using different design attributes like cohesion, coupling, the number of database access, and non-functional requirements. First, the system requirements are modeled using uml activity diagram (AD). The AD is turned into activity diagram graph (ADG), and the ADG is traversed to find out the test scenarios that are identified by the linearly independent paths in the ADG. Depending upon the different design attributes, weights for each node in the graph are identified and a final priority value is assigned to each node. The nodes executed for every test are identified, the priority value (PV) of the nodes is summed up, and the test case is assigned with a final priority value. Finally, depending on the priority value, the test cases are prioritized. The efficiency of the suggested approach is evaluated using the APFD metric.

关键词： Average Percentage of Faults Detected (APFD) Regression testing Testing Test cases uml activity diagram

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Test Case Generation for Access Control Based on uml activity diagram 24

Test Case Generation for Access Control Based on UML Activit...

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24th IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security (QRS)

作者： Fan, Ao Liao, Li Wang, Lulu Li, Bixin Southeast Univ Nanjing 211189 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350365634

Access control is a vital component of information system security, ensuring that resources are only accessible to authorized users with specific permissions. However, traditional testing methods still face challenges when solving complex access control scenarios, such as third-party login and authorization/authentication. To address these challenges, this paper presents a method for generating access control test cases based on uml activity diagrams. The method focuses on two key scenarios in access control: third-party login and authorization/authentication. For the third-party login scenario, the method incorporates the OAuth 2.0 protocol and conducts a detailed analysis of security issues associated with third-party login processes. For the authorization and authentication scenario, the method models the permission control workflow and performs a comprehensive parse and traversal of the activity diagram structure. Lastly, an empirical study utilizing seven distinct combinations of third-party login and two widely used authentication frameworks provides successful validation of the proposed method. This validation demonstrates the significant impact of the method in uncovering seven specific security issues. Furthermore, the method exhibits efficient problem identification capabilities for potential vulnerabilities within the authorization authentication system. It effectively exposes three types of security flaws that are commonly difficult to detect.

关键词： uml activity diagram access control OAuth 2.0 test case generation

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EPC vs. uml activity diagram - Two Experiments Examining their Usefulness for Requirements Engineering

EPC vs. UML Activity Diagram - Two Experiments Examining the...

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17th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference

作者： Gross, Anne Doerr, Joerg Fraunhofer Inst Expt Software Engn D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780769537610

Business process modeling notations are used in requirements engineering to specify;business processes that should be supported by the system under development. Comparisons of business process modeling notations with regard to their concepts do exist, but to our knowledge, little evaluation has taken place regarding their effectiveness and efficiency for typical requirements engineering tasks. Therefore, we set up experiments examining uml activity diagrams (ACTs) and Event-driven Process Chains (EPCs) both from a requirements engineer's perspective with a focus on model creation and from a customer's or end user's perspective with a focus on model understandability. The experiments were conducted as a blocked subject-object study, where the participants had to solve several characteristic tasks. The results were then analyzed by means of statistical analysis methods. In the case of the requirements engineer, we were able to show that ACTs perform better than EPCs. In the case of the customer or end user, we cannot make a clear statement.

关键词： Process Modeling Requirements Specification Experiment Event-driven Process Chain uml activity diagram

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A Memorization Approach for Test Case Generation in Concurrent uml activity diagram 2019

A Memorization Approach for Test Case Generation in Concurre...

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2nd International Conference on Geoinformatics and Data Analysis (ICGDA) / 2nd International Conference on Software and Services Engineering (ICSSE)

作者： Kamonsantiroj, Suwatchai Pipanmaekaporn, Luepol Lorpunmanee, Siriluck King Mongkuts Univ Technol North Bangkok Dept Comp & Informat Sci Bangkok Thailand Suan Dusit Univ Dept Data Sci & Analyt Bangkok Thailand

ISBN: (纸本)9781450362450

Test case generation is the most important part of software testing. Currently, researchers have used the uml activity diagram for test case generation. Testing concurrent system is difficult task due to the concurrent interaction among the threads and the system results in test case explosion. In this paper, we proposed a novel approach to generate test cases for concurrent systems using a dynamic programming technique with tester specification to avoid the path explosion. The tester can configure the concurrency specifications that follow the business flow constraints. In order to evaluate the quality of test cases, activity coverage and causal ordering coverage were measured. By experimental results, the proposed approach is superior as compared to DFS and BFS algorithms. Finally, the proposed approach helps to avoid generating all possible concurrent activity paths which are able to minimize test cases explosion.

关键词： Test Cases Generation uml activity diagram Software Testing Concurrency in uml Dynamic Programming

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