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Two-Dimensional Real-Time Direction-Finding System for UAV RF Signals Based on uniform circular array and MUSIC-WAA

DRONES 2025年第4期9卷 278-278页

作者： Zhu, Jizan Fan, Kuangang He, Qing Ye, Jingzhen Fan, Aigen Jiangxi Univ Sci & Technol Sch Elect Engn & Automat Ganzhou 341000 Peoples R China Jiangxi Prov Key Lab Multidimens Intelligent Perce Ganzhou 341000 Peoples R China Shenzhen Inst Radio Testing & Tech Shenzhen 100041 Peoples R China

To address the growing security risks posed by unauthorized unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) activities, this paper proposes a real-time two-dimensional direction-finding (DF) system for UAVs based on radio frequency (RF) signals. This system employs a six-element uniform circular array (UCA), synchronized HackRF One receivers, and a hybrid algorithm integrating the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method with a novel weighted average algorithm (WAA). By optimizing the MUSIC spectrum search process, the WAA reduces the computational complexity by over 99.9% at a resolution of 0.1 degrees (from 3,240,000 to 1200 spectral function calculations), enabling real-time estimation of the azimuth and elevation angles. The experimental results demonstrate an average azimuth error of 7.0 degrees and elevation error of 7.7 degrees for UAV hovering distances of 30-200 m and heights of 20-90 m. Real-time flight tracking further validates the system's dynamic monitoring capabilities. The hardware platform, featuring omnidirectional coverage (0-360 degrees azimuth, 0-90 degrees elevation) and dual-band operation (2.4 GHz/5.8 GHz), offers scalability and cost-effectiveness for low-altitude security applications. Despite limitations in the elevation sensitivity due to the UCA's geometry, this work establishes a practical foundation for UAV monitoring, emphasizing computational efficiency, real-time performance, and adaptability to dynamic environments.

关键词： UAV monitoring direction-finding MUSIC algorithm weighted average algorithm uniform circular array real-time tracking radio frequency

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Low-Complexity Reconstruction of Covariance Matrix in Hybrid uniform circular array

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China Communications 2024年第3期21卷 66-74页

作者： Fu Zihao Liu Yinsheng Duan Hongtao Information School Communication University of ChinaBeijing 100024China Beijing Institute of Electronic System Engineering Beijing 100854China School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijing 100044China Beijing Radio Monitoring Station of State Radio Monitoring Center(SRMC) Beijing 100037China

Spatial covariance matrix(SCM) is essential in many multi-antenna systems such as massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO). For multi-antenna systems operating at millimeter-wave bands, hybrid analog-digital structure has been widely adopted to reduce the cost of radio frequency *** this situation, signals received at the antennas are unavailable to the digital receiver, and as a consequence, traditional sample average approach cannot be used for SCM reconstruction in hybrid multi-antenna systems. To address this issue, beam sweeping algorithm(BSA) which can reconstruct the SCM effectively for a hybrid uniform linear array, has been proposed in our previous works. However, direct extension of BSA to a hybrid uniform circular array(UCA)will result in a huge computational burden. To this end, a low-complexity approach is proposed in this paper. By exploiting the symmetry features of SCM for the UCA, the number of unknowns can be reduced significantly and thus the complexity of reconstruction can be saved accordingly. Furthermore, an insightful analysis is also presented in this paper, showing that the reduction of the number of unknowns can also improve the accuracy of the reconstructed SCM. Simulation results are also shown to demonstrate the proposed approach.

关键词： hybrid array millimeter-wave spatial covariance matrix uniform circular array

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NOVEL BLIND JOINT DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL AND POLARIZATION ESTIMATION FOR POLARIZATION-SENSITIVE uniform circular array

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PROGRESS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH-PIER 2008年 86卷 19-37页

作者： Zhang, X. Shi, Y. Xu, D. Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Dept Elect Engn Nanjing 210016 Peoples R China

A novel blind Direction of arrival (DOA) and polarization estimation method for polarization-sensitive uniform circular array is investigated in this paper. An analysis of the received signal of the polarization-sensitive uniform circular array shows that the received signal has trilinear model characteristics, and hence trilinear decomposition-based blind DOA and polarization estimation for polarization sensitive uniform circular array is proposed in this paper. Our proposed algorithm has better DOA and polarization estimation performance. Our proposed algorithm can be thought of as a generalization of ESPRIT, and has wider application than ESPRIT method. The useful behavior of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulations.

关键词： .trilinear ESPRIT DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL NOVEL BLIND uniform circular array blind DOA polarization estimation performance

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MUSIC AND MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD TECHNIQUES ON 2-DIMENSIONAL DOA ESTIMATION WITH uniform circular array

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IEE PROCEEDINGS-RADAR SONAR AND NAVIGATION 1995年第3期142卷 105-114页

作者： CHAN, AYJ LITVA, J Commun. Res. Lab. McMaster Univ. Hamilton Canada

The authors describe the application of multiple signal classification (MUSIC) and maximum likelihood (ML) techniques to the joint azimuthal and elevational directions-of-arrival (AEDOA) estimation with a uniform circular array. Both deterministic and random source signal models are considered. The asymptotic statistical properties of MUSIC and ML estimation error vectors for AEDOA parameters are investigated. In particular, explicit analytical expressions are derived for asymptotic MUSIC and ML covariance matrices as well as Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs). These analytical formulae are employed in the theoretical performance study. Computer simulation results are presented to validate theoretical predictions and compare the performance of MUSIC and ML methods. It is shown that the performance of unconditional ML is superior to that of deterministic ML, which is, in turn, better than that of MUSIC.

关键词： uniform circular array 2-DIMENSIONAL DOA ESTIMATION

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Orbital Angular Momentum Backhaul Link Transmission Based on Combination of Parabolic Antenna and uniform circular array

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2024年第8期72卷 5047-5057页

作者： Wu, Qiuli Zhang, Chao Tsinghua Univ Sch Aerosp Engn Labs Avion Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

In the upcoming beyond fifth generation mobile communications (B5G) and sixth generation mobile communications (6G), orbital angular momentum (OAM) can be used as the new dimension for data transmission between the base-station (BS) and the self-backhauled small cell (SBSC) station. However, the OAM beam is not suitable for the long distance transmission due to its inverted cone shape. Moreover, the commonly used uniform circular array (UCA) communication system with fixed radius can only obtain limited channel capacity. In order to obtain higher channel capacity, this paper proposes an optimized transmission system combining UCA and non-twisted parabolic antenna (PA). The optimization of UCA deployment radius enables the combined system to obtain the maximum channel capacity for the transmission at a specific distance. Compared with the traditional OAM system and the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, the channel capacity can be increased nearly up to two and four times respectively without increasing the bit error rate (BER) and complexity significantly.

关键词： Backhaul networks MIMO communication Demodulation Receiving antennas Hardware Channel capacity Transmitting antennas Orbital angular momentum parabolic antenna uniform circular array backhaul link combined system

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Source Enumeration Based on a uniform circular array in a Determined Case

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2019年第1期68卷 700-712页

作者： Pan, Qing Mei, Chao Tian, Nili Ling, Bingo Wing-Kuen Wang, Everett X. Guangdong Univ Technol Fac Informat Engn Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Peoples R China

The performance of the source enumeration with the uniform circular array (UCA) is deteriorated considerably by the colored noise. This effect becomes more obvious especially when the total number of the sources is lower and closed to that of the array sensors. To address this problem, this paper proposes a source enumeration modeling based on a UCA having M antennas (M-UCA). The M-UCA is operated in a narrow band far field environment with the arbitrary azimuth and elevation angles. First, the Hilbert Huang transformation is employed to derive the phase sequence of each selected intrinsic mode function (IMF) of the signal acquired by each antenna of the M-UCA. Then, the phase sequences of the selected IMFs of the signal acquired by all the antennas of the M-UCA are employed to construct an instantaneous phase covariance matrix (IPCM) among the antennas in the UCA. An IPCM is constructed for each order of the selected IMFs. After performing the eigenvalue decomposition of the all IPCMs, a set of eigenvalues carrying useful information for the estimation of the total number of the sources is acquired. This set is served as the training set. Finally, the training set is used to derive the mathematical model via the support vector machine. The trained model can be used to perform the sources number detection. Both the computer numerical simulations and the radio frequency anechoic chamber experiments validate that the source estimation accuracy of the constructed M-UCA mathematical model based on our proposed method has a high robustness to the incident angles variations, the SNR variations, and the snapshot number variations in the colored noise environment in the determined case, especially in the case of that the total number of the signal sources is only one less than the number of the antennas in the UCA.

关键词： Source enumeration uniform circular array modeling approach Hilbert Huang transformation feature extraction support vector machine radio frequency anechoic chamber

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Evaluation of the interference rejection capability of a uniform circular array

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JOURNAL OF THE CHINESE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS 2007年第5期30卷 775-780页

作者： Panduro, Marco A. Andrade, Angel G. Covarrubias, David H. Mendez, Aldo L. Dominguez, Rene Romero, Gerardo Reynosa-Rhode Multidisciplinary Academic Center University of Tamaulipas (UAT) Carretera Reynosa-San Fernando Reynosa Tamaulipas 88779 Mexico Engineering Faculty University of Baja California (UABC) Mexicali Baja California 21280 Blvd. Benito Juarez s/n. Col. Insurgentes Mexico CICESE Research Center Ensenada Baja CA 22860 Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Mexico

This paper deals with the interference rejection capability of circular antenna arrays, as base stations of wireless communications systems. In general, this figure of merit depends strongly on the array configuration and is a function of the direction of arrival of the desired signal, the number of antenna elements, and their spacing. The main goal and contribution of this paper is to provide a detailed presentation of the behavior of the interference rejection capability of uniform circular arrays. The effect of varying the number of elements and inter-element spacing on the SIR (signal-to-interference ratio) performance is considered. In addition, the effect of mutual coupling is taken into account. Analytical results, for the total average of spatial interference suppression coefficient for circular arrays, as a function of inter-element spacing when mutual coupling is known and without mutual coupling are provided.

关键词： uniform circular array interference rejection capability radiation pattern

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Multi-dimensional parameter estimation of uniform circular array electromagnetic vector sensor based on polarization-direction of arrival matrix

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED REMOTE SENSING 2023年第3期17卷

作者： Wang, Liyuan He, Huafeng Han, Xiaofei He, Yaomin Li, Zheng Rocket Force Univ Engn Coll Missile Engn Xian Peoples R China

uniform circular array electromagnetic vector sensor (UCA-EVS) can provide omni-directional and high-resolution azimuth information and polarization information, which has been widely concerned in the field of radar signal processing. Aiming at the joint estimation of direction of arrival (DOA) and polarization parameters of coherent sources via UCA-EVS, a multi-dimensional parameter estimation method with low complexity-polarization-DOA matrix method-is proposed. First, the rank of array covariance matrix is recovered by axial virtual translation, and then the direction and polarization parameters of the signal are estimated by using the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix based on constructing polarization-DOA matrix. Different from the traditional DOA matrix method, the proposed algorithm can not only estimate the azimuth information of the signals but also provide the polarization information of the targets, and the estimated parameters can be matched automatically. At the same time, it can estimate the parameters only by using the information of three elements, which can save hardware resources. In addition, the proposed method does not need to search for spectral peaks, which not only greatly reduces the computational complexity but also loses the estimation accuracy. Simulation results verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.

关键词： array signal processing uniform circular array coherent source parameter estimation polarization-direction of arrival matrix

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Spatial and temporal fading correlations of a uniform circular array smart antenna in urban vehicular propagation

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MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2004年第1期40卷 61-65页

作者： Kavak, A Kocaeli Univ Dept Comp Engn TR-41040 Izmit Turkey

For smart antenna systems, the space-time correlation of received signals at an antenna array is a crucial parameter in most adaptive beamforming techniques. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the variation of spatial and temporal fading correlations and the eigenspread of a space-time correlation matrix for a seven-element uniform circular array (UCA) under the line-of-sight (LOS) and the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) urban propagation conditions. A space-time fading correlation model for the UCA, which depends on angular distribution of multipaths, array geometry,, Doppler shift, and time offset, is also proposed. The results show that spatial correlations between any pair of antenna elements in the NLOS propagation are less than those in the LOS propagation, and temporal correlations are approximately the some for both propagation conditions. The NLOS propagation causes larger eigenspread for the space-time correlation matrix, as compared to the NLOS propagation. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： adaptive beamforming eigenspread line-of-sight non-line-of-sight space-time correlation smart antenna uniform circular array

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Pattern analysis of uniform circular array

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION 2004年第4期52卷 1125-1129页

作者： Du, KL Concordia Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Montreal PQ H3G 1M8 Canada

The radiation characteristics of a uniform circular array with linear centrally-fed dipole elements, used for smart antenna systems, are analyzed in this paper. The radiation patterns of the array and the gain of the array over a single element are derived based on the thin-wire model. Numerical simulations using the thin-wire model and the method of moments (MoM) have been conducted and compared for a half-wavelength dipole array. Simulations using the MoM demonstrate that the wire diameter of the elements has no significant effect on normalized azimuthal and elevation patterns for a given pattern design. Normalized azimuthal patterns by the thin-wire model and the MoM are in good agreement with each other, while normalized elevation patterns by the thin-wire model are inaccurate since mutual coupling is not considered in the model. Wire diameter affects the radiation resistance and thus determines the amplitude of the radiation field.

关键词： method of moments (MoM) mutual coupling radiation pattern thin-wire model uniform circular array

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