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Hardware Acceleration of MUSIC Algorithm for Sparse arrays and uniform linear arrays

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS I-REGULAR PAPERS 2022年第7期69卷 2941-2954页

作者： Li, Zeying Wang, Weijiang Jiang, Rongkun Ren, Shiwei Wang, Xiaohua Xue, Chengbo Beijing Inst Technol BIT Sch Integrated Circuits & Elect Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Beijing Inst Technol Chongqing Ctr Microelect & Microsyst Chongqing 401332 Peoples R China Beijing Inst Technol Chongqing Innovat Ctr Chongqing 401135 Peoples R China

Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) is a high-performance Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm, which has been widely used. The algorithm needs to calculate the covariance matrix, eigenvalue decomposition and spectral peak search. In the paper, the hardware structure of the existing Jacobi algorithm for Hermitian matrices is proposed. On this basis, a novel hardware acceleration of the MUSIC algorithm for sparse arrays and uniform linear arrays is proposed, and the sparse array is a nested array. There are two designs, Design 1 supports 1 similar to 10 nested array elements or 1 similar to 32 uniform linear array elements, distinguishes 1 similar to 32 sources, configures snapshots 1 similar to 2048, and the maximum number of iterations and iteration accuracy of the complex Jacobi algorithm. Design 2 only needs 101.8 mu s to complete a DOA estimation when the number of array elements is 8, the number of sources is 1, and the snapshots is 128. In more detail, the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of both can reach 0.03 degrees. The logic resources on the Zynq-7000 development board are 14,761 and 28,305 Look-Up Tables (LUTs), respectively.

关键词： MUSIC algorithm FPGA hardware implementation sparse arrays uniform linear arrays DOA estimation Jacobi algorithm

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Sparse Scatter/Target Detection with Spatial Wideband uniform linear arrays 97

Sparse Scatter/Target Detection with Spatial Wideband Unifor...

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97th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring)

作者： Rai, Chandrashekhar Sen, Debarati IIT Kharagpur GS Sanyal Sch Telecommun Kharagpur W Bengal India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350311143

We extend a scatter/target detection framework for the uniform linear Array (ULA) with non-negligible spatial delay across its aperture length. We present a simple yet effective Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) based approach for detecting sparsely distributed targets. We investigate and develop the system model for observing controlled leakage at the low subcarrier-antenna index and exploit this fact to avoid path overlapping. In order to detect the number of targets correctly, we develop a peak finding-based (unlike clustering-based) target detection algorithm by identifying the peaks present in the noisy DFT spectrum. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of percentile-based threshold for sparse wireless scenarios. We show the criterion of selecting among various percentile thresholds under different noise levels through evaluations of appropriate numerical metrics in simulations.

关键词： Dirichlet Kernel Discrete Fourier Transform Millimeter-Wave uniform linear arrays Spatial Wideband Target Detection Tera-Hertz

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ENHANCED BLIND CALIBRATION OF uniform linear arrays WITH ONE-BIT QUANTIZATION BY KULLBACK-LEIBLER DIVERGENCE COVARIANCE FITTING

ENHANCED BLIND CALIBRATION OF UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAYS WITH ONE...

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IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

作者： Weiss, Amir Yeredor, Arie Weizmann Inst Sci Dept Comp Sci & Appl Math Rehovot Israel Tel Aviv Univ Sch Elect Engn Tel Aviv Israel

ISBN: (纸本)9781728176055

One-bit quantization has recently become an attractive option for data acquisition in cutting edge applications, due to the increasing demand for low power and higher sampling rates. Subsequently, the rejuvenated one-bit array processing field is now receiving more attention, as "classical" array processing techniques are adapted / modified accordingly. However, array calibration, often an instrumental preliminary stage in array processing, has so far received little attention in its one-bit form. In this paper, we present a novel solution approach for the blind calibration problem, namely, without using known calibration signals. In order to extract information within the second-order statistics of the quantized measurements, we propose to estimate the unknown sensors' gains and phases offsets according to a Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) covariance fitting criterion. We then provide a quasi-Newton solution algorithm, with a consistent initial estimate, and demonstrate the improved accuracy of our KLD-based estimates in simulations.

关键词： Blind calibration uniform linear arrays one-bit quantization Kullback-Leibler divergence

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DOA estimation and self-calibration in partially calibrated subarray-based uniform linear arrays

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SIGNAL IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING 2020年第2期14卷 233-239页

作者： Xi, Zaifang Zhang, Wei Hunan Univ Sci & Technol Sch Informat & Elect Engn Xiangtan 411201 Peoples R China Sci & Technol Elect Informat Control Lab Chengdu 610036 Peoples R China

The problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation in partially calibrated arrays composed of multiple uniform linear arrays is studied. We assume that each subarray is calibrated well, so that the steering vectors of all subarrays are exactly known. However, the intersubarray calibration errors are unknown. The proposed method first obtains a set of initial DOA results by employing a rotational invariance property between two sets of received data, and then more accurate DOA estimation and self-calibration are performed by using the MUSIC-based method through a local searching algorithm. We also derive the corresponding stochastic Cramer-Rao bound to which we compare the performance of the proposed estimator.

关键词： DOA estimation Subarray uniform linear arrays Array calibration

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A Simple Theory and New Method of Differential Beamforming With uniform linear Microphone arrays

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IEEE-ACM TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO SPEECH AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING 2020年 28卷 1079-1093页

作者： Huang, Gongping Benesty, Jacob Cohen, Israel Chen, Jingdong Technion Israel Inst Technol Andrew & Erna Viterby Fac Elect Engn IL-3200003 Haifa Israel Univ Quebec INRS EMT Montreal PQ H5A 1K6 Canada Northwestern Polytech Univ Ctr Intelligent Acoust & Immers Commun Xian 710072 Shaanxi Peoples R China

This article presents a theoretical study of differential beamforming with uniform linear arrays. By defining a forward spatial difference operator, any order of the spatial difference of the observed signals can be represented as a product of a difference operator matrix and the microphone array observations. Consequently, differential beamforming is implemented in two stages, where the first one obtains spatial difference of the observations and the second stage optimizes the beamformer. The major contributions of this article are as follows. First, we propose a new theory of differential beamforming with uniform linear arrays, which shows clearly the connection between the conventional differential beamforming and the null-constrained differential beamforming methods. This provides some new insight into the design of differential beamformers. Second, we deduce some new differential beamformers, where conventional beamforming may be seen as a particular case. Specifically, we derive the maximum white noise gain (MWNG), maximum directivity factor (MDF), parameterized MDF, and parameterized maximum front-to-back ratio differential beamformers. Third, we further extend the idea of how to design optimal differential beamformers by combining both the observed signals and their spatial differences.

关键词： Array signal processing Microphone arrays Sensor arrays Acoustics White noise Microphone arrays uniform linear arrays differential beamforming fixed beamformer forward spatial difference operator

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Mixed microwave-digital and multi-rate approach for wideband beamforming applications using 2-D IIR beam filters and nested uniform linear arrays

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MULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING 2018年第2期29卷 703-718页

作者： Ariyarathna, Viduneth Madanayake, Arjuna Agathoklis, Panajotis Bruton, Len T. Univ Akron Dept Elect & Comp Engn Akron OH 44325 USA Univ Victoria Dept Elect & Comp Engn Victoria BC Canada Univ Calgary Dept Elect & Comp Engn Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada

The presented work explores novel methods for synthesizing approximately frequency independent array factors at lower hardware complexity for wideband beamforming applications. The proposed approach employs 2-D infinite impulse response (IIR) digital beam filters together with nested uniform linear arrays (ULAs). The array is designed to have multiple levels of nesting. Each level of nesting consists of a ULA covering a temporal subband of the incident wideband signal. The use of nested arrays provides the required aperture size using a smaller number of elements compared to using a single ULA to capture the entire wideband signal. The use of different levels of nesting allows the operation of the digital processor for each sub-band at different clock rates. This is a hierarchical approach that saves both digital VLSI hardware and power consumption. The 2-D IIR digital beam filters that process each subband signal from each of the nested subarray achieves wideband beamforming. Simulations illustrate approximately frequency independent passbands as required in wideband beamforming.

关键词： broadband signal Beamforming Butyl rubber Filters subband subband signal aperture size Logic arrays array factor nesting uniform linear arrays broadband

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Spectral Efficiency of Multi-User mmWave Systems with uniform linear arrays and MRT 83

Spectral Efficiency of Multi-User mmWave Systems with Unifor...

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IEEE 83rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)

作者： Tan, Weiqiang Smith, Peter J. Suraweera, Himal A. Matthaiou, Michail Jin, Shi Southeast Univ Natl Mobile Commun Res Lab Nanjing 210096 Jiangsu Peoples R China Victoria Univ Wellington Sch Math & Stat Wellington 6140 New Zealand Univ Peradeniya Dept Elect & Elect Engn Peradeniya 20400 Sri Lanka Queens Univ Belfast Sch Elect Elect Engn & Comp Sci Belfast BT3 9DT Antrim North Ireland

ISBN: (纸本)9781509016983

This paper investigates the achievable spectral efficiency (SE) of millimeter wave downlink cellular systems accounting for both small and large-scale fading effects. The base station (BS) employs a uniform linear array (ULA) and maximal ratio transmission. We derive the expectation of the squared inner product for different channel links under the assumption that the users are randomly distributed within a circular-shaped cell. Using this result, a new lower bound on the achievable SE, valid for arbitrary numbers of antennas is derived. The analytical results show that the achievable SE increases with the number of BS antennas, whilst it converges to a saturated value in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime and larger inter-antenna spacing.

关键词： maximum ratio transmission mmWave communications uniform linear arrays spectral efficiency

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Robust transmit beampattern design for uniform linear arrays using correlated LFM waveforms

Robust transmit beampattern design for uniform linear arrays...

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IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing

作者： G. Hua S. S. Abeysekera Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng. Nanyang Technol. Univ. Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781467369985

This paper presents a robust design of the transmit beampattern for uniform linear antenna arrays. Existing designs are usually completed at the stage of achieving an optimal transmit covariance matrix from identifying a weighting matrix with the assumption of ideally orthogonal waveforms. However, we propose a compensation technique to achieve the optimal covariance matrix without the requirement of orthogonality. The corresponding solutions identify a set of weighting matrices that are robust against the imperfection of the waveforms. As a result, a set of easy-to-generate partially correlated linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveforms can be used to achieve identical transmit beampatterns which could be synthesized by ideally orthogonal multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar waveforms. The proposed robust design is evaluated via numerical examples.

关键词： uniform linear arrays waveforms variance covariance matrix TRANSMITTING LFM Robustness Covariance matrix

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Design Optimization of SIMO Receivers with Compact uniform linear arrays and Limited Precision A/D Conversion

Design Optimization of SIMO Receivers with Compact Uniform L...

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WSA 2015;19th International ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas

作者： Qing Bai Josef A. Nossek Institute for Circuit Theory and Signal Processing Technische Universitat Munchen

Antenna arrays can be made compact when the spacing between adjacent antennas is reduced to less than half of the wavelength. This facilitates the deployment of multiple antennas to communication devices that are limited in their physical dimensions, yet introduces significant spatial correlation between the channels as well as antenna mutual coupling. With careful design of a matching network at the receiver front-end, the antennas can be decoupled and superior performance can be achieved as compared to half-wavelength arrays. In this work, we investigate the design optimization of a multi-antenna receiver with a compact uniform linear array, where we try to find the optimal antenna spacing and the number of antennas that lead to the maximal channel capacity and energy efficiency of the system. Moreover, we take into account the impact of A/D conversion with limited precision, which results in a trade-off between quantization error and power consumption. Simulation results accentuate the advantage of using small compact antenna arrays and low bit resolutions for the A/D converters.

关键词： Optimal design ANTENNA uniform linear arrays analog digital converter multiple antenna Antenna arrays half-wave Energy efficiency Compact Compact Pattern communication equipment matching network Mutual coupling Quantization Receivers

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Wideband DOA Estimation for uniform linear arrays Based on the Co-Array Concept

Wideband DOA Estimation for Uniform Linear Arrays Based on t...

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European Signal Processing Conference

作者： Qing Shen Wei Liu Wei Cui Siliang Wu Yimin D. Zhang Moeness G. Amin School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Sheffield Center for Advanced Communications Villanova University

ISBN: (纸本)9781479988518

A novel design for wideband uniform linear arrays (ULAs) with the associated group-sparsity based direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation method is proposed. This design allows the number of source signals to significantly exceed the number of sensors. linear frequency modulated continuous wave (LFMCW) is used as the transmitted signal to ensure the required correlation property among different frequencies. The received echo signals from multiple targets are decomposed into different frequencies by discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Then these frequency bins are divided into several pairs to increase the degrees of freedom (DOFs) based on the co-array concept in the spatio-spectral domain. Group sparsity based signal reconstruction method is employed to jointly estimate the DOA results across multiple frequency pairs. Simulation results demonstrate a significantly improved performance achieved by the proposed method.

关键词： uniform linear arrays discrete Fourier transform multiple-frequency Direction of arrival estimation United States Department of Agriculture frequency modulated continuous wave broadband Simulation results

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