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Improving accessibility with user-tailored interfaces

APPLIED INTELLIGENCE 2009年第1期30卷 65-71页

作者： Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Martin Manrubia, Jorge Vidau, Agueda Gonzalez-Gallego, Marcos Univ Oviedo Dept Comp Sci HCI RG Oviedo Spain

The first stage in the design of a user interface is the quest for its 'typical user', an abstract generalization of each user of the application. However, in web systems and other scenarios where the application can be used by dozens of different kinds of users, the identification of this 'typical user' is quite difficult, if not impossible. Our proposal is to avoid the construction of interactive dialogs during the design stage, building them dynamically once the specific cognitive, perceptual and motor requirements of the current user are known: that is, during the execution stage. This is the approach used by GADEA, an intelligent user interface management system (UIMS) able to separate the functionality of an application from its interface in real time. The system adapts the components of the interface depending on the information stored in a user model which is continuously updated by a small army of data-gathering agents.

关键词： user interface management system Data-gathering agents Low-level adaptation Interactive dialogs

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A Specification Paradigm for the Design and Implementation of Tangible user interfaces

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-HUMAN INTERACTION 2009年第4期16卷 20-20页

作者： Shaer, Orit Jacob, Robert J. K. Wellesley Coll Dept Comp Sci Wellesley MA 02481 USA Tufts Univ Dept Comp Sci Medford MA 02155 USA

Tangible interaction shows promise to significantly enhance computer-mediated support for activities such as learning, problem solving, and design. However, tangible user interfaces are currently considered challenging to design and build. Designers and developers of these interfaces encounter several conceptual, methodological, and technical difficulties. Among others, these challenges include: the lack of appropriate interaction abstractions, the shortcomings of current user interface software tools to address continuous and parallel interactions, as well as the excessive effort required to integrate novel input and output technologies. To address these challenges, we propose a specification paradigm for designing and implementing Tangible user interfaces (TUIs), that enables TUI developers to specify the structure and behavior of a tangible user interface using high-level constructs which abstract away implementation details. An important benefit of this approach, which is based on user interface Description Language (UIDL) research, is that these specifications could be automatically or semi-automatically converted into concrete TUI implementations. In addition, such specifications could serve as a common ground for investigating both design and implementation concerns by TUI developers from different disciplines. Thus, the primary contribution of this article is a high-level UIDL that provides developers from different disciplines means for effectively specifying, discussing, and programming a broad range of tangible user interfaces. There are three distinct elements to this contribution: a visual specification technique that is based on Statecharts and Petri nets, an XML-compliant language that extends this visual specification technique, as well as a proof-of-concept prototype of a Tangible user interface management system (TUIMS) that semi-automatically translates high-level specifications into a program controlling specific target technologies.

关键词： Tangible interaction user interface description language user interface management system tangible user interfaces

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Towards a Universal Toolkit Model for Structures

Towards a Universal Toolkit Model for Structures

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Engineering Interactive systems (EIS 2007) - Joint Working Conferences EHCI 2007, DSV-IS 2007, HCSE 2007

作者： Dewan, Prasun Univ N Carolina Dept Comp Sci Chapel Hill NC 27516 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9783540926979

Model-based toolkit widgets have the potential for (i) increasing antomation and (ii) making it easy to substitute a user-interface with another one. Current toolkits, however, have focused only oil the automation benefit as they do not allow different kinds of widgets to share a common model. Inspired by programming languages, operating systems and database systems that support a single data Structure, we present here all interface that call serve as a model for not only the homogeneous model-based structured-widgets identified so far - tables and trees - but also several heterogeneous structured-widgets such as forms, tabbed panes, and multi-level browsers. We identify all architecture that allows this model to be added to an existing toolkit by automatically creating adapters between it and existing widget-specific models. We present several full examples to illustrate how such a model can increase both the automation and Substitutability or the toolkit, We show that our approach retains model purity and, in comparison to current toolkits, does not increase the effort to create existing model-aware widgets.

关键词： Tree table form tab browser hashtable vector sequence toolkit model view controller user interface management system

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The TAC paradigm: specifying tangible user interfaces

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PERSONAL AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING 2004年第5期8卷 359-369页

作者： Shaer, Orit Leland, Nancy Calvillo-Gamez, Eduardo H. Jacob, Robert J. K. Tufts Univ Dept Comp Sci Medford MA 02155 USA Univ Politecn San Luis Potosi San Luis Potosi Mexico

This paper introduces a paradigm for describing and specifying tangible user interfaces (TUIs). The proposed Token and Constraints (TAC) paradigm captures the core components of TUIs while addressing many of the conceptual challenges unique to building these interfaces. The paradigm enables the description of a broad range of TUIs by providing a common set of constructs. Thus, the TAC paradigm lays the foundation for a high-level description language and a software toolkit for TUIs. We evaluate the proposed paradigm by testing its ability to specify a wide variety of existing TUIs.

关键词： Tangible user interface Physical computing Token and constraints user interface management system user interface description language Software toolkit

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Flexible dynamic models for user interfaces

Flexible dynamic models for user interfaces

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Conference on Visual Data Exploration and Analysis IV

作者： Vogelsang, H Brinkschulte, U Siormanolakis, M Univ. Karlsruhe (Germany)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424285

This paper describes an approach for a platform- and implementation-independent design of user interfaces using the UIMS idea. It is a result of a detailed examination of object-oriented techniques for program specification and implementation. This analysis leads to a description of the requirements for man-machine interaction from the software-developers point of view. On the other hand, the final user of the whole system has a different view of this system, He needs metaphors of his own world to fulfill his tasks. It's the job of the user interface designer to bring these views together The approach, described in this paper, helps bringing both kinds of developers together, using a well defined interface with minimal communication overhead.

关键词： graphical user interface behavior model dynamic model interpreter user interface management system

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TOOLS FOR BUILDING THE HUMAN-COMPUTER interface OF A DECISION-SUPPORT system

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DECISION SUPPORT systemS 1995年第1期13卷 35-59页

作者： RATHNAM, S MANNINO, MV UNIV WASHINGTON DEPT MANAGEMENT SCI SEATTLE WA 98185 USA

There has been a recent trend towards using graphical, direct-manipulation interfaces in Decision Support systems (DSS). The development of graphical, direct-manipulation interfaces for a DSS is often expensive in programming resources and elapsed time. To reduce the time and cost of interface development, user interface management systems (UIMS) have been developed. The guiding principles of UIMSs are the re-use of interface code, the promotion of interfaces with a consistent ''look and feel'', and the separation of the functional part of an application from its interface. UIMSs have not been as successful as expected, even if due consideration is given to the immaturity of the technology. We feel this is due to a poor understanding of the basic theoretical formalisms and software design principles for UIMSs as well as the variety of competing standards. This expository paper surveys UIMSs and their role in the construction of the human-computer interface of DSSs. It covers the formalisms underlying UIMSs and describes representative systems. It then describes the direction DSS interfaces are headed towards by presenting illustrative examples of recent systems. Finally, we raise a set of six issues that need to be addressed if UIMSs are to become a standard tool to build DSSs.

关键词： user interface user interface management system INTERACTION MODELING DSS IMPLEMENTATION

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Implementation of multiple specialization in logic programs 95

Implementation of multiple specialization in logic programs

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Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Partial Evaluation and Semantics-Based Program Manipulation

作者： Puebla, German Hermenegildo, Manuel Computer Science Department Technical University of Madrid (UPM)

ISBN: (纸本)9780897917209

We study the multiple specialization of logic programs based on abstract interpretation. This involves in general generating several versions of a program predicate for different uses of such predicate, making use of information obtained from global analysis performed by an abstract interpreter, and finally producing a new, '~multiply specialized" program. While the topic of multiple specialization of logic programs has received considerable theoretical attention, it has never been actually incorporated in a compiler and its effects quantified. We perform such a study in the context of a parallelizing compiler and show that it is indeed a relevant technique in practice. Also, we propose an implementation technique which has the same power as the strongest of the previously proposed techniques but requires little or no modification of an existing abstract interpreter. © 1995 ACM.

关键词： user interface management system logic programming multiple program specialization direct manipulation optimization compile-time analysis multimedia distributed computing graphical user interfaces abstract interpretation reconfiguration

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The Programmers' Playground: A Demonstration 95

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ACM International Conference on Multimedia

作者： Kenneth J. Goldman T. Paul McCartney Ram Sethuraman Bala Swaminathan Department of Computer Science Washington University St. Louis Missouri 63130

ISBN: (纸本)0201877740

We demonstrate The Programmers' Playground, a programming environment that supports end-user construction of distributed multimedia applications. Features include separation of communication and computation, dynamic end-user configuration of distributed applications, separation of active & reactive control, and migration of running modules. Applications include a process control simulation, planetary orbits visualization, medical image processing pipeline, a multimedia conferencing application, and a user interface management system for constructing customized graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

关键词： direct manipulation distributed computing graphical user interfaces multimedia reconfiguration user interface management system graphical user interfaces direct manipulation Distributed computing Reconfiguration MULTI-MEDIA system Sports grounds Computer personnel programming environments MULTIMEDIA APPLICATION End users

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ALGEBRAIC APPROACHES FOR NETS USING FORMULAS TO DESCRIBE PRACTICAL SOFTWARE systemS

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 1993年第10期E76A卷 1580-1590页

作者： OHMAKI, K SATO, Y OGATA, I FUTATSUGI, K Electrotechnical Lab Tsukuba Japan

We often use data flow diagrams or state transition diagrams to design software systems with concurrency. We call those diagrams as nets in this paper. Semantics of any methods to describe such software systems should be defined in some formal ways. There would be no doubts that any nets should be supported by appropriate theoretical frameworks. In this paper, we use CCS as a typical algebraic approach of using formulas to express concurrent behaviors and point out the different features of CCS from Petri nets. Any approaches should be not only theoretically beautiful but also practically useful. We use a specification language LOTOS as such example which has two features, CCS and ADT, and is designed to specify practical communication protocols. Algebraic approaches of using formulas, like LOTOS, can be considered as a compact way to express concurrent behaviors. We explore our discussions of net-oriented approaches into UIMS research fields. After mentioning state transition models of UIMS, we exemplify a practically used example, VIA-UIMS, which has been developed by one of authors. VIA-UIMS employs a net-oriented architecture. It has been designed to reconstruct tools which have already been widely used in many sites.

关键词： PETRI NET PROCESS ALGEBRA CCS LOTOS user interface management system

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TOWARDS A NEW QUALITY OF AUTOMATION IN COMPLEX MAN-MACHINE systemS

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AUTOMATICA 1992年第2期28卷 355-373页

作者： JOHANNSEN, G Laboratory for Man-Machine Systems (IMAT-MMS) University of Kassel (GhK) D- W-3500 Kassel Mönchebergstr. 7 Germany

Supervisory control of dynamic technical systems can be changed towards a new quality of automation and cooperative man-machine decision making. This will be achieved by using technologies of knowledge-based support systems and cognitive engineering. Human-centred design approaches are needed for building such advanced automation systems for process supervision and control. Appropriate function and task allocations between human operators and computers as well as between computer control and computer support have to be found. A conceptual structure and a mathematical framework for describing the human-automation synergism in future technical systems are proposed in this paper. The conceptual structure differentiates between the general task categories of controlling and problem solving for both human and automation. It is further based on the structure of an extended user interface management system (UIMS) which suggests a separation into presentation, dialogue, user or operator model, application model, and tasks to be performed. Human operator behaviour, supervision and control, decision support (both application and operator oriented), and man-machine interfaces (with presentation and dialogue) are related to each other on different levels. Four examples from recent projects demonstrate the applicability of the human-centred approach towards advanced automation. Heuristic control of industrial processes as well as diagnosis of causes of technical failures in power plants are explained as examples for application oriented functionalities. Human error detection and flexible automation in aircraft guidance as well as procedural support for information search are described as possibilities for human operator oriented support.

关键词： ADVANCED AUTOMATION system MAN MACHINE system HUMAN-CENTERED DESIGN CONTROLLING AND PROBLEM SOLVING COGNITIVE ENGINEERING user interface management system SUPERVISION AND CONTROL system KNOWLEDGE-BASED system DECISION SUPPORT system OPERATOR MODEL DIALOG system MAN MACHINE interface HEURISTIC CONTROL FAULT DIAGNOSIS HUMAN ERROR DETECTION PROCEDURAL SUPPORT

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