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A video coding algorithm using vector-based techniques

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR video TECHNOLOGY 1997年第1期7卷 146-157页

作者： Li, WP Cao, HQ Li, SP Ling, F Segan, SA Sun, HQ Wus, JP Zhang, YQ DAVID SARNOFF RES CTR PRINCETON NJ 08543 USA

This paper presents an algorithm proposal submitted to MPEG-4 for video coding. The proposed algorithm addresses the functionality of improved coding efficiency for compression. It uses vector-based techniques for coding intraframes (the first frame and subsequent refreshing key frames) and motion-compensated difference frames. It uses the same motion estimation and motion compensation techniques as H.263. A video frame (I or P frame) is first decomposed into a set of vector bands using a vector wavelet transform. This stage of vector-based signal processing makes subsequent vector quantization in the vector bands very efficient. Lattice vector quantization is then used in the vector bands. A 100% labeling efficiency is achieved for lattice vector quantization by using a set of generalized labeling algorithms for various important lattices with pyramid and sphere boundaries. Finally, entropy coding is used to code the indexes generated from lattice vector quantization. Our coding results have shown that a gain in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) up to 8 dB for intraframe coding and up to 6 dB for interframe coding can be achieved over H.263. Subjective quality improvement of the proposed algorithm over H.263 can be easily observed.

关键词： data compression entropy coding international standard lattice labeling quantization signal processing vector processing vector quantization video coding wavelet transform

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A video coding SCHEME WITH A HIGH COMPRESSION RATIO FOR CONSUMER DIGITAL VCRS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 1993年第3期39卷 192-198页

作者： YANAGIHARA, N SIU, C KANOTA, K KUBOTA, Y Advanced Development Department Consumer Video Development Group Sony Corporation Japan

A video coding scheme based on an intra-2frame DCT coding is described. This scheme is intended to reduce the bit rate of 4:2:2 component signal down to 12.5 Mbps, keeping a reasonable quality for consumer digital VCR... 详细信息

关键词： video coding video recording Bit rate Decoding Discrete cosine transforms Hardware Motion estimation Redundancy video compression Robustness

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video coding for Machines: A Paradigm of Collaborative Compression and Intelligent Analytics

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2020年 29卷 8680-8695页

作者： Duan, Lingyu Liu, Jiaying Yang, Wenhan Huang, Tiejun Gao, Wen Peking Univ Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Cooperat Medianet Innovat Ctr Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Natl Engn Lab Video Technol Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Dept Comp Sci Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Comp Sci Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

video coding, which targets to compress and reconstruct the whole frame, and feature compression, which only preserves and transmits the most critical information, stand at two ends of the scale. That is, one is with compactness and efficiency to serve for machine vision, and the other is with full fidelity, bowing to human perception. The recent endeavors in imminent trends of video compression, e.g. deep learning based coding tools and end-to-end image/video coding, and MPEG-7 compact feature descriptor standards, i.e. Compact Descriptors for Visual Search and Compact Descriptors for video Analysis, promote the sustainable and fast development in their own directions, respectively. In this article, thanks to booming AI technology, e.g. prediction and generation models, we carry out exploration in the new area, video coding for Machines (VCM), arising from the emerging MPEG standardization efforts. (1) Towards collaborative compression and intelligent analytics, VCM attempts to bridge the gap between feature coding for machine vision and video coding for human vision. Aligning with the rising Analyze then Compress instance Digital Retina, the definition, formulation, and paradigm of VCM are given first. Meanwhile, we systematically review state-of-the-art techniques in video compression and feature compression from the unique perspective of MPEG standardization, which provides the academic and industrial evidence to realize the collaborative compression of video and feature streams in a broad range of AI applications. Finally, we come up with potential VCM solutions, and the preliminary results have demonstrated the performance and efficiency gains. Further direction is discussed as well. (1) https://***/mailman/listinfo/mpeg-vcm

关键词： Image coding video coding Machine learning Visualization Encoding Collaboration Transform coding video coding for machine video compression feature compression generative model prediction model

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video coding Focusing on Block Partitioning and Occlusion

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2010年第3期19卷 691-701页

作者： Paul, Manoranjan Murshed, Manzur Monash Univ Gippsland Sch Informat Technol Churchill Vic 3842 Australia

Among the existing block partitioning schemes, the pattern-based video coding (PVC) has already established its superiority at low bit-rate. Its innovative segmentation process with regular-shaped pattern templates is very fast as it avoids handling the exact shape of the moving objects. It also judiciously encodes the pattern-uncovered background segments capturing high level of interblock temporal redundancy without any motion compensation, which is favoured by the rate-distortion optimizer at low bit-rates. The existing PVC technique, however, uses a number of content-sensitive thresholds and thus setting them to any predefined values risks ignoring some of the macroblocks that would otherwise be encoded with patterns. Furthermore, occluded background can potentially degrade the performance of this technique. In this paper, a robust PVC scheme is proposed by removing all the content-sensitive thresholds, introducing a new similarity metric, considering multiple top-ranked patterns by the rate-distortion optimizer, and refining the Lagrangian multiplier of the H. 264 standard for efficient embedding. A novel pattern-based residual encoding approach is also integrated to address the occlusion issue. Once embedded into the H. 264 Baseline profile, the proposed PVC scheme improves the image quality perceptually significantly by at least 0.5 dB in low bit-rate video coding applications. A similar trend is observed for moderate to high bit-rate applications when the proposed scheme replaces the bi-directional predictive mode in the H. 264 High profile.

关键词： Block partitioning H.264 motion estimation occlusion pattern-based coding rate-distortion optimisation sub-blocking uncovered background coding video coding

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video coding using geometry based block partitioning and reordering discrete cosine transform

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science C(Computers and Electronics) 2012年第1期13卷 71-82页

作者： Yi-xiong ZHANG Jiang-hong SHI Wei-dong WANG Department of Communication Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China Department of information Science and Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China

Geometry based block partitioning （GBP） has been shown to achieve better performance than the tree structure based block partitioning （TSBP） of H.264. However, the residual blocks of GBP mode after motion compensation still present some non-vertical/non-horizontal orientations, and the conventional discrete cosine transform （DCT） may generate many high-frequency coefficients. To solve this problem, in this paper we propose a video coding approach by using GBP and reordering DCT （RDCT） techniques. In the proposed approach, GBP is first applied to partition the macroblocks. Then, before performing DCT, a reordering operation is used to adjust the pixel positions of the residual macroblocks based on the partition information. In this way, the partition information of GBP can be used to represent the reordering information of RDCT, and the bitrate can be reduced. Experimental results show that, compared to H.264/AVC, the proposed method achieves on average 6.38% and 5.69% bitrate reductions at low and high bitrates, respectively.

关键词： Geometry based block partitioning Reordering DCT Motion compensation video coding

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video coding with Rate-Distortion Optimized Transform

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR video TECHNOLOGY 2012年第1期22卷 138-151页

作者： Zhao, Xin Zhang, Li Ma, Siwei Gao, Wen Chinese Acad Sci Inst Comp Technol Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Peking Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Inst Digital Media Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

Block-based discrete cosine transform (DCT) has been successfully adopted into several international image/video coding standards, e. g., MPEG-2, H.264/AVC, as it can achieve a good tradeoff between performance and complexity. Although DCT theoretically approximates the optimum Karhunen-Loeve transform under first-order Markov conditions, one fixed set of transform basis functions (TBF) cannot handle all the cases efficiently due to the non-stationary nature of video contents. To further improve the performance of block-based transform coding, in this paper, we present the design of rate-distortion optimized transform (RDOT) which contributes to both intraframe and interframe coding. The most important property which makes a difference between RDOT and the conventional DCT is that, in the proposed method, transform is implemented with multiple TBF candidates which are obtained from off-line training. With this feature, for coding each residual block, the encoder is capable to select the optimal set of TBF in terms of rate-distortion performance, and better energy compaction is achieved in the transform domain. To obtain an optimum group of candidate TBF, we have developed a two-step iterative optimization technique for the off-line training, with which the TBF candidates are refined at each iteration until the training process becomes converged. Moreover, analysis on the optimal group of candidate TBF is also presented in this paper, with a detailed description of a practical implementation for the proposed algorithm on the latest VCEG key technical area software platform. Extensive experimental results show that, compared with the conventional DCT-based transform scheme adopted into the state-of-the-art H.264/AVC video coding standard, significant improvement of coding performance has been achieved for both intraframe and interframe coding with our proposed method.

关键词： Directional transform H.264/AVC Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) mode-dependent directional transform (MDDT) video coding

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video coding using global motion and brightness-variation compensation with complexity reduction

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART I-COMMUNICATIONS 2003年第2期86卷 80-93页

作者： Kamikura, K Watanabe, H Kobayashi, N Ichinose, S Yasuda, H NTT Corp Human Interface Labs Yokosuka Kanagawa 2390847 Japan Univ Tokyo RCAST Tokyo 1538904 Japan

Global motion compensation and global brightness-variation compensation are proposed in order to deal with motion or brightness variation over the whole image. It is expected that the coding efficiency will be greatly improved by these techniques. The purpose of this investigation is to reduce the tremendous amount of computation which has especially hindered global brightness-variation compensation. A simple method is introduced for blockwise motion estimation processing and brightness-variation parameter estimation processing. A coding scheme is proposed, with the motion estimation procedure shared between global motion compensation and local motion compensation, so that the two functions are realized simultaneously with smaller complexity. In the case of the block size and the range of motion search in the experiment, the number of multiplications is reduced to about 1/400 as many as when the conventional compensation procedures are simply combined. As regards the coding efficiency, we demonstrate improvement integrating the effects obtained when global motion compensation and brightness-variation compensation are separately applied. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： video coding motion compensation brightness-variation compensation complexity reduction

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video coding using fast geometry-adaptive partitioning and an elastic motion model

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2012年第1期23卷 31-41页

作者： Muhit, Abdullah A. Pickering, Mark R. Frater, Michael R. Arnold, John F. Univ New S Wales Australian Def Force Acad Sch Engn & Informat Technol Canberra ACT Australia

Effective motion-compensated prediction is the key to high-performance video coding. To ensure continuous improvement of video coders, emerging motion-compensation technologies will need to be successfully integrated into future standards. Higher order elastic motion models and geometry-adaptive block partitioning are such advanced techniques that are good candidates for integration into future generations of video coders. However, it is vital that these techniques are additive in performance, non-interfering and maintain justifiable complexity. In this paper, we propose an efficient block-partitioning scheme that incorporates both geometry-adaptive partitioning and an elastic motion model as extensions to the standard motion estimation procedure. Our experiments suggest that geometric partitioning in combination with the use of an elastic motion model can provide enhanced performance, although the increased complexity is of some concern for real-time applications. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： video coding Elastic motion model Geometry-adaptive partition Motion estimation Motion compensation H.264 H.265 Sliced blocks

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video coding using motion compensation with polynomial motion vector fields

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 1997年第1-3期10卷 63-91页

作者： Karczewicz, M Nieweglowski, J Haavisto, P Nokia Research Center P.O. Box 100 Sinitaival 6 FIN-33721 Tampere Finland

This paper describes a method for motion-compensated compression of video sequences. The proposed method enables very efficient encoding of video frames partitioned into arbitrary-shaped regions. The implementation described in this paper employs simple quadtree-based segmentation of video frames and a polynomial model of the motion vector field. Polynomial motion vector fields an estimated using an iterative minimization method. Application of complex polynomial motion vector fields to coding of video requires their compact encoding, especially for low bit-rate applications. The paper proposes novel algorithms enabling low-complexity encoding of polynomial motion vector fields which are optimal in least mean square error sense. Specifically, an efficient method for merging of regions resulting from quadtree segmentation is presented, The advantage of this method is its ability to achieve large reduction in the number of regions in typical coded sequences with only a minor increase of prediction error. An algorithm for reduction of the number of polynomial motion vector field coefficients is also presented. This algorithm enables adaptation of the motion vector field model to the complexity of motion in the coded scene. The problem of quantization of polynomial motion coefficients is also addressed. Performance of the proposed algorithms has been evaluated in a simple motion-compensated DCT codec and compared to an ITU-T H.263 codec. Simulations show that a consistent reduction of bit-rate in excess of 25% can be achieved over a wide range of sequences, Depending on the envisaged application the described algorithms can be used together with segmentation of desired accuracy and therefore provide simultaneously high coding efficiency as well as ability of content-based encoding of video. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

关键词： motion-compensated prediction video coding polynomial motion model

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video coding SCHEME USING DCT-PYRAMID VECTOR QUANTIZATION

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 1995年第3期4卷 309-319页

作者： DALESSANDRO, P LANCINI, R CEFRIEL MILAN ITALY

A new and effective video coding scheme for contribution quality is proposed, The CMTT/2, a joint committee of CCIR and CCITT, has proposed a video coding scheme (already approved at European level by ETS) working at 34-45 Mbit/s. Basically this proposal includes a DCT transform for spatial correlation removal and a motion compensation for temporal correlation removal, The individual transform coefficients are then scalar quantized with a non uniform bit assignment. Starting from the CMTT/2 proposal, this study presents a new video coding scheme designed using a vector quantizer solution instead of the scalar one, Specifically, the Pyramid Vector Quantization (PVQ) has been chosen as the Vector Quantization method as it is able to reduce the DCT coefficients Laplacian distribution, Simulation results show that the proposed video coding scheme gives the same contribution quality at 22 Mbit/s as the one obtained with the CMTT/2 proposal at 45 Mbit/s.

关键词： video coding Vector quantization Proposals Discrete cosine transforms Image coding Laplace equations Motion compensation Frequency Bit rate

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