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video coding with optimal inter/intra-mode switching for packet loss resilience

IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 2000年第6期18卷 966-976页

作者： Zhang, R Regunathan, SL Rose, K Univ Calif Santa Barbara Dept Elect & Comp Engn Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA

Resilience to packet loss is a critical requirement in predictive video coding for transmission over packet-switched networks, since the prediction loop propagates errors and causes substantial degradation in video quality. This work proposes an algorithm to optimally estimate the overall distortion of decoder frame reconstruction due to quantization, error propagation, and error concealment. The method recursively computes the total decoder distortion at pixel level precision to accurately account for spatial and temporal error propagation. The accuracy of the estimate is demonstrated via simulation results. The estimate is integrated into a rate-distortion (RD)-based framework for optimal switching between intra-coding and inter-coding modes per macroblock. The cost in computational complexity is modest. The framework is further extended to optimally exploit feedback/acknowledgment information from the receiver/network. Simulation results both with and without a feedback channel demonstrate that precise distortion estimation enables the coder to achieve substantial and consistent gains in PSNR over known state-of-the-art RD- and non-RD-based mode switching methods.

关键词： intra-mode intra-refresh packet loss packet video rate-distortion video coding

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video coding and processing: A survey

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NEUROCOMPUTING 2020年 408卷 331-344页

作者： Liu, Yunxia Liu, Si Wang, Yonghao Zhao, Hongguo Zhengzhou Normal Univ Coll Informat Sci & Technol Zhengzhou Peoples R China Birmingham City Univ Comp & Digital Technol Birmingham W Midlands England

Vision is the main way for people to perceive and recognize the world. In this paper, four categories of the redundant information of video encoding, spatial redundancy, time redundancy, visual redundancy and statistical redundancy, are first introduced. Spatial redundancy is redundant information existing in static frames, time redundancy is the luminance and chrominance correlation between adjacent frames in the video sequence, visual redundancy is information that the human visual system cannot perceive, statistical redundancy is the expression redundancy of the information source symbols. Then the performance assessment of video coding are introduced. And the future development of video coding and conclusion are finally discussed in this paper. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： video coding Redundant information Intra prediction Inter prediction Transform Entropy coding

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video coding for Machines: Compact Visual Representation Compression for Intelligent Collaborative Analytics

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 2024年第7期46卷 5174-5191页

作者： Yang, Wenhan Huang, Haofeng Hu, Yueyu Duan, Ling-Yu Liu, Jiaying Peking Univ Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peng Cheng Lab Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong Peoples R China Peking Univ Natl Engn Res Ctr Visual Technol Sch Comp Sci Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

As an emerging research practice leveraging recent advanced AI techniques, e.g. deep models based prediction and generation, video coding for Machines (VCM) is committed to bridging to an extent separate research tracks of video/image compression and feature compression, and attempts to optimize compactness and efficiency jointly from a unified perspective of high accuracy machine vision and full fidelity human vision. With the rapid advances of deep feature representation and visual data compression in mind, in this paper, we summarize VCM methodology and philosophy based on existing academia and industrial efforts. The development of VCM follows a general rate-distortion optimization, and the categorization of key modules or techniques is established including feature-assisted coding, scalable coding, intermediate feature compression/optimization, and machine vision targeted codec, from broader perspectives of vision tasks, analytics resources, etc. From previous works, it is demonstrated that, although existing works attempt to reveal the nature of scalable representation in bits when dealing with machine and human vision tasks, there remains a rare study in the generality of low bit rate representation, and accordingly how to support a variety of visual analytic tasks. Therefore, we investigate a novel visual information compression for the analytics taxonomy problem to strengthen the capability of compact visual representations extracted from multiple tasks for visual analytics. A new perspective of task relationships versus compression is revisited. By keeping in mind the transferability among different machine vision tasks (e.g. high-level semantic and mid-level geometry-related), we aim to support multiple tasks jointly at low bit rates. In particular, to narrow the dimensionality gap between neural network generated features extracted from pixels and a variety of machine vision features/labels (e.g. scene class, segmentation labels), a codebook hyperprior i

关键词： Task analysis Machine vision Feature extraction Image coding video coding Optimization Encoding video coding for machines analytics taxonomy compact visual representation multiple tasks codebook-hyperprior

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video coding using a vector wavelet framework

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 1998年第3期7卷 558-570页

作者： Wus, J Li, WP Sarnoff Corp Multimedia Technol Lab Princeton NJ 08543 USA Lehigh Univ Packard Lab 19 Bethlehem PA 18015 USA

In traditional video coding, motion estimation is used to generate motion compensated difference frames and a texture coding method is then used to code the motion compensated difference frames. A general problem in using a training-based vector quantization technique for coding motion compensated difference frames is the training-coding loop. Vector wavelet coding (VWC) has been shown to provide good performance for image coding. In order to implement VWC for video coding, the training-coding loop has to be examined. This paper reports the results of our study on a method of dealing with this training-coding loop. (C) 1998 SPIE and IS&T. [S1017-9909(98)01103-9].

关键词： video Motion estimation video coding Wavelets Distortion Quantization Image compression Image processing video compression Image quality

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video coding on Multicore Graphics Processors

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IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 2010年第2期27卷 79-89页

作者： Cheung, Ngai-Man Fan, Xiaopeng Au, Oscar C. Kung, Man-Cheung Stanford Univ Informat Syst Lab Stanford CA 94305 USA Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China Intel China Software Lab Shanghai Peoples R China Appl Sci & Technol Res Inst Co Ltd Shatin Hong Kong Peoples R China

In this article, we investigate using multi-core graphics processing units (GPUs) for video encoding and decoding. After an overview of video coding and GPUs, we review some previous work on structuring video coding modules so that the massive parallel processing capability of GPUs can be harnessed. We also review previous work on partitioning the video decoding flow between the central processing unit (CPU) and GPU. After that, we discuss in detail a GPU based fast motion estimation to illustrate some design considerations in using GPUs for video coding, and the tradeoff between speedup and rate-distortion performance. Our results highlight the importance to expose as much data parallelism as possible in designing algorithms for GPUs.

关键词： video coding Multicore processing Graphics Decoding Central Processing Unit Encoding Parallel processing Motion estimation Rate-distortion Algorithm design and analysis

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video coding Using a Simplified Block Structure and Advanced coding Techniques

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR video TECHNOLOGY 2010年第12期20卷 1667-1675页

作者： Bossen, Frank Drugeon, Virginie Francois, Edouard Jung, Joel Kanumuri, Sandeep Narroschke, Matthias Sasai, Hisao Sole, Joel Suzuki, Yoshinori Thiow Keng Tan Wedi, Thomas Wittmann, Steffen Yin, Peng Zheng, Yunfei DOCOMO Commun Labs Palo Alto CA 94304 USA Panasonic Corp Osaka 5718501 Japan Technicolor F-35576 Cesson Sevigne France Orange Labs R&D F-92794 Issy Les Moulineaux France NTT DOCOMO Inc Res Labs Kanagawa 2398536 Japan M Sphere Consulting Pte Ltd Singapore 808379 Singapore

This paper describes a new video coding scheme based on a simplified block structure that significantly outperforms the coding efficiency of the ISO/IEC 14496-10 vertical bar ITU-T H.264 advanced video coding (AVC) standard. Its conceptual design is similar to a typical block-based hybrid coder applying prediction and subsequent prediction error coding. The basic coding unit is an 8 x 8 block for inter, and an 8 x 8 or a 16 x 16 block for intra, instead of the usual 16 x 16 macroblock. No larger block sizes are considered for prediction and transform. Based on this simplified block structure, the coding scheme uses simple and fundamental coding tools with optimized encoding algorithms. In particular, the motion representation is based on a minimum partitioning with blocks sharing motion borders. In addition, compared to AVC, the new and improved coding techniques include: block-based intensity compensation, motion vector competition, adaptive motion vector resolution, adaptive interpolation filters, edge-based intra prediction and enhanced chrominance prediction, intra template matching, larger transforms and adaptive switchable transforms selection for intra and inter blocks, and nonlinear and frame-adaptive de-noising loop filters. Finally, the entropy coder uses a generic flexible zero-tree representation applied to both motion and texture data. Attention has also been given to algorithm designs that facilitate parallelization. Compared to AVC, the new coding scheme offers clear benefits in terms of subjective video quality at the same bit rate. Objective quality improvements are equally significant. At the same quality, an average bit-rate reduction of 31% compared to AVC is reported.

关键词： High-efficiency video coding (HEVC) ITU-T MPEG standards video video coding

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video coding with motion-compensated lifted wavelet transforms

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2004年第7期19卷 561-575页

作者： Flierl, M Girod, B Stanford Univ Informat Syst Lab Stanford CA 94305 USA

This article explores the efficiency of motion-compensated three-dimensional transform coding, a compression scheme that employs a motion-compensated transform for a group of pictures. We investigate this coding scheme experimentally and theoretically. The practical coding scheme employs in temporal direction a wavelet decomposition with motion-compensated lifting steps. Further, we compare the experimental results to that of a predictive video codec with single-hypothesis motion compensation and comparable computational complexity. The experiments show that the 5/3 wavelet kernel outperforms both the Haar kernel and, in many cases, the reference scheme utilizing single-hypothesis motion-compensated predictive coding. The theoretical investigation models this motion-compensated subband coding scheme for a group of K pictures with a signal model for K motion-compensated pictures that are decorrelated by a linear transform. We utilize the Karhunen-Loeve transform to obtain theoretical performance bounds at high bit-rates and compare to both optimum intra-frame coding of individual motion-compensated pictures and single-hypo thesis motion-compensated predictive coding. The investigation shows that motion-compensated three-dimensional transform coding can outperform predictive coding with single-hypothesis motion compensation by up to 0.5 bit/sample. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： video coding motion compensation adaptive wavelets lifting three-dimensional subband coding of video

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video coding and delivery challenges for next generation IPTV

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BT TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2006年第2期24卷 174-179页

作者： Appleby, S. Crabtree, B. Jeffery, R. Mulroy, P. Nilsson, M. BT Video Coding & Streaming Res Team Ipswich Suffolk England

Current generation, large-scale, Internet protocol television (IPTV) systems borrow heavily from the broadcast industry, which makes a number of delivery assumptions that do not apply to IP networks. Consequently we can perceive major improvements if we better match the delivery of IPTV services with the underlying network transport. We can expect next generation IPTV systems to adapt video streams dynamically to maximise throughput, allow constant quality delivery, and degrade gracefully in congested networks. This paper outlines the challenges in optimising IPTV delivery and the contribution that BT's research has made to overcoming some of these.

关键词： Internet Protocol Television video coding Broadcast Industry Obstetric Delivery Internet Protocol networks Throughput

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video coding FOR EQTV DISTRIBUTION WITH A RATE OF APPROXIMATELY 135 MB/S

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 1988年第1期34卷 147-155页

作者： RZESZEWSKI, TS AT and T Bell Laboratories Inc. Naperville IL USA

Digital video coding for extended-quality television (EQTV) distribution over a broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN) at a payload rate of approximately 135 Mb/s is considered. The contribution signal will be either the CCIR Recommendation 601 signal or a minor modification of it to maximize horizontal resolution, and the scanning parameters will be the same as NTSC so that the same monitor can be used to display either EQTV or NTSC TV. A compatible vertical improvement can be added initially, or in the future, that will provide additional vertical resolution beyond the capability of the present NTSC TV or Recommendation 601. Several coding techniques for video distribution are presented to maximize horizontal resolution, given the above constraints. Two of these video coding techniques allow extra bandwidth by using sub-Nyquist sampling techniques together with comb filtering.< >

关键词： video coding B-ISDN Bandwidth Sampling methods TV Interconnected systems Frequency Signal processing video compression Crosstalk

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video coding with a variable block-sizing technique in the wavelet transform domain

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 1998年第3期7卷 539-547页

作者： Lee, MH Ngan, KN Univ Western Australia Visual Commun Res Grp Dept Elect & Elect Engn Nedlands WA 6907 Australia

In this paper, we present an efficient video coding technique based on a variable block-sizing (VBS) technique and the wavelet transform. Quadtrees are used for VBS segmentation on the wavelet-transformed frame which is decomposed into pyramid multiresolution subbands. Feature areas are extracted during the growth of the quadtree on each subband. Motion estimation/compensation and vector quantization are performed on only the extracted feature areas in the subband. Since the VBS technique is very effective in lowering overall coding rates, the proposed coder is designed for very low bit-rate video coding. Simulation results are presented at 14.4 kbits/s for videoconferencing sequences. To evaluate the performance of the proposed coder, comparisons are made with results obtained by the H.263 standard (C) 1998 SPIE and IS&T. [S1017-9909(98)01003-4].

关键词： Feature extraction video coding Wavelet transforms Motion estimation Quantization Wavelets Image compression Image segmentation video Image filtering

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