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Zero-Quantized Inter DCT Coefficient Prediction for Real-Time video coding

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR video TECHNOLOGY 2012年第2期22卷 249-259页

作者： Li, Jin Gabbouj, Moncef Takala, Jarmo Panasonic Singapore Singapore Tampere Univ Technol Dept Signal Proc FIN-33101 Tampere Finland Tampere Univ Technol Dept Comp Syst FIN-33101 Tampere Finland

Several algorithms were proposed to predict the zero-quantized DCT coefficients and reduce the computational complexity of transform and quantization. It is observed that these prediction algorithms achieve good performance for all-zero-quantized DCT blocks. However, the efficiency is much lower for non-all-zero-quantized DCT blocks. This paper proposes an algorithm to improve the prediction efficiency for non-all-zero-quantized DCT blocks. The proposed method extends the prediction to 1-D transforms by developing new Gaussian distribution based thresholds for 1-D transformation. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can perform the prediction on 1-D transforms in both the pixel domain and the transform domain. The prediction for the first stage of 1-D transforms is performed in the pixel domain. However, the second stage of 1-D transforms is performed in the 1-D DCT domain. Because after the first stage of 1-D transforms most energy is concentrated to a few low frequency 1-D DCT coefficients, many transforms in the second stage are skipped. Furthermore, the method fits well the traditional row and column transform structure, and it is more implementation friendly. Simulation results show that the proposed model reduces the complexity of transform and quantization more efficiently than competing techniques. In addition, it is shown that the overall video quality achieved by the proposed algorithm is comparable to the references.

关键词： Computational complexity DCT quantization real-time encoding video coding

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Distributed video coding based on part intracoding and soft side information estimation

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2009年第2期41卷 183-195页

作者： Ding, Guiguang Tsinghua Univ Sch Software Minist Educ Tsinghua Natl Lab Informat Sci & TechnolKey Lab Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

Recently, distributed source coding (DSC) has been proposed to implement source compression by exploiting source statistics at the decoder only, which enables low-complexity video coding. However, to date, the video codecs based on DSC have been unable to compress as efficiently as traditional predictive video codecs, such as H.264. So, new techniques have to be investigated to improve the performance of the distributed video coding scheme for practical applications. In this paper, I propose a novel distributed video coding scheme based on part intracoding and soft side information estimation. Firstly, at the encoder side, to improve the compression performance of distributed video coding system, we divide the video data into strongly correlative data encoded by Slepian-Wolf codec and weakly correlative data encoded by Intracoding codec. Secondly, at the decoder side, to improve the accuracy of side information estimation, a soft side information estimation method is proposed, which is more suitable for video coding due to the non-stationary feature of video data. Our experimental results show that the performance of our coding system is better than that of the traditional distributed video coding system while keeping the simple encoding property. Also the concept of soft side information is a new idea in distributed video coding and will significantly influence the side information estimation method.

关键词： Distributed source coding video coding Side information Intracoding mode

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Impact of local coding efficiency on the modelling of flows derived from VBR MPEG2 video coding

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EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS 2004年第1期15卷 55-62页

作者： Corlay, P Gazalet, MG Coudoux, FX Grimbert, L Univ Valenciennes Inst Elect Microelect & Nanotechnol Dept OAE CNRSUMR 8520 F-59313 Valenciennes 9 France

This Letter proposes a cell generation model based on a MMPP(2) process which aims to simulate the unsmoothed data output from a variable bit rate (VBR) MPEG-2 video encoder. By taking into account the coding efficiency in some image zones, we have improved the modelling. This coding efficiency is directly related to the properties of the compression methods used and may lead to a periodic phenomena given the inter-arrival times between data. The developed model integrates this periodicity in order to refine the modelling. Experimental simulations of VBR MPEG video transmission over ATM were performed to validate this approach. The results expressed in terms of the inter-arrival time characteristics show the improvement brought by accounting for local coding efficiency. Copyright (C) 2004 AEI.

关键词： video coding Automatic Teller Machines Flow models arrival time coding variable Bit rate Periodicity Modeling code efficiency

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Multiprocessor Performance for Real-Time Processing of video coding Applications

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR video TECHNOLOGY 1992年第2期2卷 221-230页

作者： Jeschke, Hartwig Gaedke, Klaus Pirsch, Peter Univ Hannover Informat Technol Lab D-3000 Hannover 1 Germany

This contribution discusses the performance of multiprocessor architectures to be applied for video coding algorithms. SIMD, SIMD cluster, and MIMD architectures re studied by a unified performance approach under specific constraints of video coding algorithms. The proposed performance model considers communication and computation times as well as the required silicon area. MIMD architectures are compared to SIMD with regard to their performance. The optimization of architectural parameters for SIMD and MIMD architectures is discussed. It is shown how the proposed performance model can be applied to the design of VLSI-based multiprocessor systems for video coding.

关键词： video coding Signal processing algorithms Computer architecture Image storage Silicon Source coding Clustering algorithms Multiprocessing systems TV Telephony

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Macroblock-level adaptive search range algorithm for motion estimation in multiview video coding

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2009年第3期18卷 033003-033003-8页

作者： Shen, Liquan Feng, Guorui Liu, Zhi Zhang, Zhaoyang An, Ping Shanghai Univ Minist Educ Key Lab Adv Display & Syst Applicat Shanghai 200072 Peoples R China

Multiview video coding (MVC) is an ongoing standard. In the working draft, motion estimation and disparity estimation are both employed in the encoding procedure. It achieves the highest possible coding efficiency, but results in extremely large encoding time, which obstructs it from practical applications. We propose a macroblock (MB) level adaptive search range algorithm utilizing inter-view correlation for motion estimation in MVC to reduce the complexity of the coder. For multi-view sequences, the motion vectors of the corresponding MBs in previously coded view are first extracted to analyze motion homogeneity. On the basis of motion homogeneity, MBs are classified into three types ( MB in the region with homogeneous motion, with medium homogeneous motion, or with complex motion), and search range is adaptively determined for each type MB. Experimental results show that our algorithm can save 75% average computational complexity of motion estimation, with negligible loss of coding efficiency. (C) 2009 SPIE and IS&T. [DOI:10.1117/1.3167850]

关键词： Motion estimation video coding video

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An epipolar geometry-based fast disparity estimation algorithm for multiview image and video coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR video TECHNOLOGY 2007年第6期17卷 737-750页

作者： Lu, Jiangbo Cai, Hua Lou, Jian-Guang Li, Jiang Univ Louvain Dept Elect Engn B-3001 Louvain Belgium IMEC Multimedia Grp B-3001 Louvain Belgium Microsoft Res Asia Media Commun Grp Beijing 100080 Peoples R China

Effectively coding multiview visual content is an indispensable research topic because multiview image and video that provide greatly enhanced viewing experiences often contain huge amounts of data. Generally, conventional hybrid predictive-coding methodologies are adopted to address the compression by exploiting the temporal and interviewpoint redundancy existing in a multiview image or video sequences. However, their key yet time-consuming component, motion estimation (ME), is usually not efficient in interviewpoint prediction or disparity estimation (DE), because interviewpoint disparity is completely different from temporal motion existing in the conventional video. Targeting a generic fast DE framework for interviewpoint prediction, we propose a novel DE technique in this paper to accelerate the disparity search by employing epipolar geometry. Theoretical analysis, optimal disparity vector distribution histograms, and experimental results show that the proposed epipolar geometry-based DE can greatly reduce search region and effectively track large and irregular disparity, which is typical in convergent multiview camera setups. Compared with the existing state-of-the-art fast ME approaches, our proposed DE can obtain a similar coding efficiency while achieving a significant speedup for interviewpoint prediction and coding. Moreover, a robustness study shows that the proposed DE algorithm is insensitive to the epipolar geometry estimation noise. Hence, its wide application for multiview image and video coding is promising.

关键词： disparity estimation (DE) epipolar geometry fast motion estimation (ME) H.264/AVC multiview image multiview image compression multiview video multiview video compression video coding

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Fast mode selection for H.264 video coding standard based on motion region classification

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2012年第3期58卷 453-466页

作者： Wei, Geng Wu, Lenan Wang, Shuihua Qi, Chenhao Hohai Univ Coll Comp & Informat Nanjing 210098 Jiangsu Peoples R China Southeast Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Nanjing 210096 Jiangsu Peoples R China City Colledge New York Grove Sch Engn New York NY 10031 USA

H.264/AVC achieves higher compression efficiency than previous video coding standards. However, the process of selecting the optimal coding mode for each macroblock (MB) results in extremely high computation complexity, which make it difficult for practical use. In this paper, an efficient algorithm is proposed to reduce the complexity of MB mode selection. The proposed algorithm identified the interior region of the motion object by using the motion vectors information firstly. For the interior region surrounded by the identical motion vectors, we skip the mode selection of the MBs and then treat them with large block size modes directly. We also discuss the specific examples in this region. For the boundary region, we classify them into different types according to the coded mode information. After that we process the different regions with different mode set distinctly. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can save the encoding time up to 46% on average compared to the conventional method in the JVT JM8.6 reference encoder with only 0.12 dB performance degradation.

关键词： Mode selection Fast algorithm Motion region classification H.264 video coding

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Developments in International video coding Standardization After AVC, With an Overview of Versatile video coding (VVC)

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 2021年第9期109卷 1463-1493页

作者： Bross, Benjamin Chen, Jianle Ohm, Jens-Rainer Sullivan, Gary J. Wang, Ye-Kui Heinrich Hertz Inst Nachrichtentech Berlin GmbH Fraunhofer Inst Telecommun D-10587 Berlin Germany Qualcomm Inc San Diego CA 92121 USA Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Inst Commun Engn D-52062 Aachen Germany Microsoft Corp Redmond WA 98052 USA Bytedance Inc San Diego CA 92130 USA

In the last 17 years, since the finalization of the first version of the now-dominant H.264/Moving Picture Experts Group-4 (MPEG-4) Advanced video coding (AVC) standard in 2003, two major new generations of video coding standards have been developed. These include the standards known as High Efficiency video coding (HEVC) and Versatile video coding (VVC). HEVC was finalized in 2013, repeating the ten-year cycle time set by its predecessor and providing about 50% bit-rate reduction over AVC. The cycle was shortened by three years for the VVC project, which was finalized in July 2020, yet again achieving about a 50% bit-rate reduction over its predecessor (HEVC). This article summarizes these developments in video coding standardization after AVC. It especially focuses on providing an overview of the first version of VVC, including comparisons against HEVC. Besides further advances in hybrid video compression, as in previous development cycles, the broad versatility of the application domain that is highlighted in the title of VVC is explained. Included in VVC is the support for a wide range of applications beyond the typical standard- and high-definition camera-captured content codings, including features to support computer-generated/screen content, high dynamic range content, multilayer and multiview coding, and support for immersive media such as 360 degrees video.

关键词： video coding video compression Streaming media Decoding Encoding Quantization (signal) Transform coding Compression H265 H266 High Efficiency video coding (HEVC) Joint video Experts Team (JVET) Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) standards versatile supplemental enhancement information (VSEI) Versatile video coding (VVC) video video coding video coding Experts Group (VCEG) video compression

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High Efficiency video coding: The Next Frontier in video Compression

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IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 2013年第1期30卷 152-158页

作者： Ohm, Jens-Rainer Sullivan, Gary J. Microsoft Corp Windows Div Video Image Technol Redmond WA 98052 USA

High Efficiency video coding (HEVC) is a new video compression standard developed jointly by ITU-T video coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) through their Joint Collaborative Team on video coding (JCT-VC). The first version of HEVC will be finalized by the JCT-VC in January 2013. The HEVC project was launched to achieve major savings-e.g., reduction by about half for 1,280 # 720 high-definition (HD) and higher-resolution progressives can video-for equivalent visual quality relative to the bit rate needed by the widely used H.264/ MPEG-4 Advanced video coding (AVC) standard. For high resolution video where such additional compression is most urgently required, implementations of the current draft standard are already meeting or exceeding the targeted goal. We review the architecture and building blocks of HEVC, which were carefully selected with regard to compression capability versus complexity and to enable parallelism for the signal processing operations. Given the benefits that HEVC provides, it is likely to become the new primary reference for video compression.

关键词： video coding video compression Standards

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λ Domain Rate Control Algorithm for High Efficiency video coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2014年第9期23卷 3841-3854页

作者： Li, Bin Li, Houqiang Li, Li Zhang, Jinlei Univ Sci & Technol China Chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Technol Geospatial Informat Proc & Applic Hefei 230027 Peoples R China

Rate control is a useful tool for video coding, especially in real-time communication applications. Most of existing rate control algorithms are based on the R - Q model, which characterizes the relationship between bitrate R and quantization Q, under the assumption that Q is the critical factor on rate control. However, with the video coding schemes becoming more and more flexible, it is very difficult to accurately model the R - Q relationship. In fact, we find that there exists a more robust correspondence between R and the Lagrange multiplier lambda. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel lambda-domain rate control algorithm based on the R - lambda model, and implement it in the newest video coding standard high efficiency video coding (HEVC). Experimental results show that the proposed lambda-domain rate control can achieve the target bitrates more accurately than the original rate control algorithm in the HEVC reference software as well as obtain significant R-D performance gain. Thanks to the high accurate rate control algorithm, hierarchical bit allocation can be enabled in the implemented video coding scheme, which can bring additional R-D performance gain. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed lambda-domain rate control algorithm is effective for HEVC, which outperforms the R - Q model based rate control in HM-8.0 (HEVC reference software) by 0.55 dB on average and up to 1.81 dB for low delay coding structure, and 1.08 dB on average and up to 3.77 dB for random access coding structure. The proposed lambda domain rate control algorithm has already been adopted by Joint Collaborative Team on video coding and integrated into the HEVC reference software.

关键词： video coding rate control rate-distortion function HEVC R - Q model R - lambda model

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