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On the virtual array concept for higher order array processing

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING 2005年第4期53卷 1254-1271页

作者： Chevalier, P Albera, L Ferréol, A Comon, P Thales Commun EDS SPM SBP F-92704 Colombes France Rennes Univ INSERM LTSI U642 F-35042 Rennes France I3S Algorithmes Euclide B F-06903 Sophia Antipolis France

For about two decades many fourth order (FO) array processing methods have been developed for both direction finding and blind identification of non-Gaussian signals. One of the main interests in using FO cumulants only instead of second-order (SO) ones in array processing applications relies on the increase of both the effective aperture and the number of sensors of the considered array, which eventually introduces the FO Vitual array concept presented elsewhere and allows, in particular, a better resolution and the processing of more sources than sensors. To still increase the resolution and the number of sources to be processed from a given array of sensors, new families of blind identification, source separation, and direction finding methods, at an order M = 2q (q >= 2) only, have been developed recently. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to provide some important insights into the mechanisms and, more particularly, to both the resolution and the maximal processing capacity, of numerous 2qth order array processing methods, whose previous methods are part of, by extending the virtual array concept to an arbitrary even order for several arrangements of the data statistics and for arrays with space, angular and/or polarization diversity.

关键词： blind source identification higher order HO direction finding identifiability space angular and polarization diversities 2q-MUSIC virtual array

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4-D Gesture Sensing Using Reconfigurable virtual array Based on a 60-GHz FMCW MIMO Radar Sensor

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES 2022年第7期70卷 3652-3665页

作者： Li, Yuchen Gu, Changzhan Mao, Junfa Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Key Lab High Speed Elect Syst MOE Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Key Lab Artificial Intelligence MOE Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China

A novel 4-D gesture sensing technique using reconfigurable virtual array method with a 60-GHz frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar is presented. The 4-D sensing includes the 3-D spatial positioning and the 1-D motion tracking, which combines detection in both spatial and temporal domains. The proposed technique can be used for gesture sensing for both macro gestures such as handwriting letters and numbers, hand drawing different patterns in space and micro gestures such as the fingers' actions of virtual slider, finger tap, and finger wave. Moreover, this work presents a method to reconfigure the working modes of different transmitting and receiving channels in the multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) architecture, which effectively increases the sensing range of the radar sensor and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the beat signal. For various gestures at different distances or in different environments, the proposed technique can adaptively achieve the best detection by reconstructing the virtual array of the MIMO radar. A series of experiments are carried out in both microwave anechoic chamber and office environments to validate the proposed technique. The experimental results show that the proposed technique performs well in sensing a variety of both macro gestures and millimeter-level micro gestures. Compared with the conventional MIMO method, the proposed technique increases the sensing range by 3.5 times, and the SNR is also greatly improved by 12 dB when the radar performs gesture sensing at the distance of 0.65 m.

关键词： Radar Sensors Antenna arrays Radar antennas MIMO communication MIMO radar Radar detection Frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar gesture recognition millimeter-wave multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) radar sensing virtual array

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Antenna Deembedding in Directional Channel Measurements With virtual array Concept and Experimental Validation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION 2024年第1期72卷 1063-1068页

作者： Li, Mengting Zhang, Fengchun Lyu, Yejian Yuan, Zhiqiang Fan, Wei Aalborg Univ Antenna Propagat & Millimeter Wave Syst APMS Sect DK-9220 Aalborg Denmark Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Dept Informat & Commun Engn Beijing 100088 Peoples R China Aalborg Univ APMS Sect DK-9220 Aalborg Denmark Southeast Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Natl Mobile Commun Res Lab Nanjing 211189 Peoples R China

Directional scanning sounding (DSS), where a directional antenna centered at the rotation table is mechanically rotated to record the channel spatial profile directly, is the most popular channel sounding scheme at the millimeter and sub-Terahertz (sub-THz) frequency bands (e.g., from 30 to 300 GHz), largely due to the high gain, low cost, and simplicity offered by the DSS system. However, the employed directional antenna pattern will be inherently embedded in the radio channels, leading to distorted measured spatial profiles. State-of-the-art antenna deembedding strategies typically necessitate knowledge of the complex radiation pattern of the employed directional antenna, which is challenging at high-frequency bands. In this work, a novel antenna deembedding strategy based on the virtual array concept is proposed. The proposed solution only requires the gain pattern of the employed antenna, and can be implemented with the same measurement system as for DSS, thus highly attractive in practice. The proposed method is experimentally validated at 100 GHz using corrugated and horn antennas in a large indoor hall scenario.

关键词： Channel measurements channel modeling sub-terahertz (sub-THz) virtual array

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On the virtual array concept for the fourth-order direction finding problem

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING 1999年第9期47卷 2592-2595页

作者： Chevalier, P Férréol, A Thomson CSF Gennevilliers France

For more than a decade, fourth-order (FO) direction finding (OF) methods have been developed for non-Gaussian signals. Recently, it has been shown, through the introduction of the virtual cross-correlation (VCC) concept, that the use of FO cumulants fur the DF problem increases the effective aperture of an arbitrary antenna array, which eventually introduces the virtual array concept. The purpose of this correspondence is first to present this virtual array (VA) concept through an alternative way that is easier and more direct to handle than the VCC tool and, second, to present further results associated with this concept, not only for arrays with space diversity but also for arrays with angular and/or polarization diversity.

关键词： angular and polarization diversity fourth-order direction finding virtual array virtual cross-correlation

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Moving virtual array Measurement Scheme in High-Speed Railway

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IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS 2016年 15卷 706-709页

作者： Chen, Binghao Zhong, Zhangdui Ai, Bo Michelson, David G. Beijing Jiaotong Univ State Key Lab Rail Traff Control & Safety Beijing 100044 Peoples R China Univ British Columbia Radio Sci Lab Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada

The moving virtual array measurement scheme, which means several adjacent samples from one single receiving antenna on a moving train or vehicle can be considered as the reception of multiple antennas, is proposed to overcome the difficulties of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channel measurement in high-speed railway scenario. This idea is similar to the virtual array measurement in static environment. Furthermore, the number of the equivalent elements in moving virtual array is derived by combining with the principle of switch multiplexed array scheme used in time-variant channel measurement. To verify this scheme, a 1X3 single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) channel sounder is built, and the measurements are carried out in a moving environment. The results show that moving virtual array scheme can reflect the spatial channel characteristics, especially in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) range. Finally, the applications of this scheme are discussed.

关键词： High-speed railway multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) measurement virtual array

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DOA Estimation Using virtual array Technique for Noncirlular Signals

DOA Estimation Using Virtual Array Technique for Noncirlular...

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4th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)

作者： Lin, Min Cao, Ling-Ling Ouyang, Jian Shi, Wei An, Kang Nanjing Telecommun Technol Inst Nanjing 210007 Jiangsu Peoples R China PLA Univ Sci & Technol Inst Commun Engn Nanjing 210007 Jiangsu Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Elect & Informat Engn Nanjing 210016 Jiangsu Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Comp Sci & Technol Nanjing 210016 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467358293;9781467358309

In this paper, a modified MUSIC algorithm, namely, VA-MUSIC is presented for the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of noncircular signal sources. By using the conjugate counterpart of the array output, a virtual array is formed to extend the equivalent array aperture, so that it can handle more sources than sensors. Then, based on dividing the virtual array into many subarrays, and composing a new covariance matrix, the new algorithm is capable of estimating both uncorrelated and correlated signals simultaneously. Moreover, the performance of the new DOA algorithm is investigated and compared with the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). Finally, computer simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm.

关键词： DOA estimation Noncircular signals virtual array MUSIC algorithm

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Extending ESPRIT algorithm by using virtual array and Moore-Penrose general inverse techniques

Extending ESPRIT algorithm by using virtual array and Moore-...

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IEEE Southeastcon 99 Conference on Technology on the Brink of 2000

作者： Wang, S Zhou, XL Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Dept Elect Engn Shanghai Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)0780352378

High-resolution signal parameter estimation is frequently studied in many signal processing applications. In this paper, we present a new high-resolution direction and frequency simultaneous estimation algorithm, which extends ESPRIT algorithm by using Moore-Penrose general inverse and virtual array techniques. By using this new algorithm, the parameter pair (theta(i), f(i)) of each source can be easily obtained and automatically combined from the eigenvectors and eigenvlues. The proposed approach is simple and direct, and does not require a search procedure. It can even work well with only two sensors, no matter how many sources it is detecting. Computer simulation results are also presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach.

关键词： array signal processing ESPRIT algorithm DOA estimation frequency estimation virtual array Moore-Penrose general inverse

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Computation of Weight Function of 2qth Order virtual array to Analyse the Estimation Performance 11

Computation of Weight Function of 2qth Order Virtual Array t...

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IEEE 11th Sensor array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM)

作者： Gupta, Payal Agrawal, Monika Indian Inst Technol Ctr Appl Res Elect New Delhi 110016 India

ISBN: (纸本)9781728119465

Increasing the number of sources to be processed from a given array of sensors is an important problem in sensor array signal processing and of interest to many researchers. This problem has also been tackled with the virtual array based approach where the covariance and cumulant lags provide a virtual sensor. Here, an important parameter which affects the parameter estimation accuracy and latency is weight function. The weight function is defined as the frequency of occurrence of each virtual sensor in the virtual array. We provide the close-form expression of virtual array corresponding to linear array. We have also analytically evaluated the weight function of virtual array and have also studied the effect of the weight function on parameter estimation. Simulation results show the parameter estimation accuracy is significantly improve with high weight function.

关键词： DoA estimation Non-circular Signals Sparse array virtual array Cumulants Underdetermined System Weight function Covariance Matrix

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SUPPER RESOLUTION RADAR IMAGING: A virtual array CONCEPT APPROACH

SUPPER RESOLUTION RADAR IMAGING: A VIRTUAL ARRAY CONCEPT APP...

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IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)

作者： Lv, Gaohuan Wang, Kaizhi Liu, Xingzhao Yu, Wenxian Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Dept Elect Engn Shanghai Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781457710056

A virtual array concept is proposed to get supper-resolution in synthetic aperture radar imagery. Two kinds of virtual arrays called virtual frequency array and virtual azimuth array are constructed, combining with phased array signal processing methods, to bring out better imaging performance than traditional range-Doppler and reciprocal spectrum algorithms used in previous literatures.

关键词： Synthetic Aperture Radar virtual array Beamforming

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Waveform Degradation of the MIMO virtual array

Waveform Degradation of the MIMO Virtual Array

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IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf)

作者： Jackson, Matthew J. Melvin, William L. Williams, Douglas B. Georgia Inst Technol Georgia Tech Res Inst Atlanta GA 30332 USA Georgia Inst Technol Sch Elect & Comp Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350329216;9798350329209

Under scenarios with sufficient signal power, coherent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar potentially offers enhanced detection and estimation performance compared to the traditional phased array due to the formation of a virtual array. While performance is well-documented for ideal orthogonal waveforms, these assumptions do not hold in deployment of realistic MIMO systems, where processing errors and waveform cross-correlation complex-valued cross terms are introduced. The latter is shown to introduce angle- and timevarying changes to the transmit gain, perceivable as a steering vector mismatch in virtual array beamforming. This paper highlights the effects of virtual array phase errors caused by unintended spatial interactions of non-orthogonal waveforms and provides considerations for MIMO array placement.

关键词： coherent MIMO radar non-orthogonal waveforms virtual array MIMO transmit gain

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