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Content Media Retrieval using virtual network functions in Multi-access Edge Computing architecture

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF network MANAGEMENT 2022年第5期32卷

作者： Bastos, Ian Vilar Moraes, Igor Monteiro Thi-Mai-Trang Nguyen Pujolle, Guy Univ Fed Fluminense Inst Comp Lab Midiacom Niteroi RJ Brazil Sorbonne Univ Paris Lab Informat Paris 6 Paris France

The mobile traffic grows every year. Resource requirements of mobile applications, as processing power and storage capacity, transformed the architecture of cellular networks into a centralized infrastructure, the C-RANs. On the other hand, providing resources close to base stations, as the multi-access edge computing suggests, allows an immediate processing for delay sensitive applications. In this work, we formulate as a mixed integer linear programming the retrieval of media contents through caches acting as virtual network functions. The optimization model minimizes both the media contents' retrieval cost and the number of instantiated virtual network functions. Results show that the characteristic that has most impact on caching is the high throughput between the node that stores the virtual network function images and the virtualized environment that hosts the image, where up to 70% of the requests are satisfied. When caches have low storage capacity and incurs high transferring delay cost for deployment, the most important characteristic is the throughput distribution between the virtualized environment and the base stations.

关键词： caching mobile networks virtual network functions

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Bayesian Coalition Formation Game for virtual 5G Core network functions

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IEEE ACCESS 2019年 7卷 29805-29817页

作者： Li, Chuanyin Li, Jiandong Li, Yuzhou Han, Zhu Xidian Univ State Key Lab ISN Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Elect Informat & Commun Wuhan 430074 Hubei Peoples R China Univ Houston Dept Elect & Comp Engn Houston TX 77004 USA Univ Houston Dept Comp Sci Houston TX 77004 USA Kyung Hee Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Seoul 446701 South Korea

The network function virtualization (NFV) enables the virtual network functions (VNFs) to run as software components upon a virtualization system hosted in a cloud. Recently, due to its high flexibility and elasticity in terms of network services and functions deploying, NFV has been considered as one of the key enabling techniques of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems. Moreover, the creation of the core network functions is the key to the implementation of 5G. Currently, there are extensive studies researching into how to deploy cooperatively VNFs over a federated cloud for multiple cloud providers (CPs) to create the 5G Core. These studies have a critical assumption that each CP participating in the cooperation is fully informed of all the information about other CPs. However, the assumption may not hold in practice. Since CPs adopt diverse virtualization technologies (e.g., XEN, KVM, or containers), the cost to create an instance of one VNF for each CP may be different. Moreover, the cost information is private and will not be shared with each other. Consequently, it is difficult for each CP to determine whether to cooperate with others and the way of cooperation. Therefore, in this paper, we utilize the Bayesian coalition formation game (BCFG) to tackle this challenging situation with the unknown information about CPs and formulate the optimal coalition that can deploy cooperatively each VNFs of 5G Core. Specifically, we address the optimal number of VNF instances to instantiate, the number of virtual resources for each instance, and the placement decision in a specific CP over a federated cloud. We propose a BCFG-based non-myopic and full negotiation approach for the creation of the virtual 5G Core network functions. Simulation results demonstrate the comprehensive performance of the proposed method in terms of convergence properties and the profits that each participating CP can obtain.

关键词： virtual network functions VNF network function virtualization NFV federated cloud 5G Core Bayesian coalition format network slice

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Achieving topology generalization without retraining in service function chaining through cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning

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COMPUTER networkS 2025年 263卷

作者： Ai, Yintan Li, Hua Ruan, Hongwei Liu, Hanlin Wang, Xianrong Inner Mongolia Univ Coll Comp Sci Hohhot 010021 Peoples R China

The accelerating growth in mobile devices, along with advancements in technologies like 5G, IoT, and cloud computing, has driven a rising demand for flexible and diverse network services. Service Function Chaining (SFC) has emerged as a pivotal technique to address these demands, leveraging the capabilities of Software Defined networking (SDN) and network Function virtualization (NFV) to enable dynamic service deployment. However, deploying SFCs across dynamic and heterogeneous network topologies remains a formidable challenge, as current solutions are often constrained by their reliance on specific network structures. In this paper, we propose Topo-G, a novel framework for SFC deployment, built upon Cooperative Multi- Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), designed to achieve topology generalization under a "train once, run anywhere" paradigm. Unlike existing methods that necessitate retraining for new network topologies, Topo-G is inherently adaptable, efficiently generalizing across diverse topologies without retraining. The framework leverages a decentralized partially observable Markov decision process (Dec-POMDP) to decouple the routing and placement tasks while preserving their interdependence. By incorporating a shortest-path routing algorithm and a candidate pool selection method for VNF placement, Topo-G efficiently coordinates the decision-making process, independent of the underlying network topology. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Topo-G significantly outperforms existing methods in both deployment efficiency and adaptability across various topologies. Additionally, when retraining is required, Topo-G achieves a marked improvement in convergence speed, further underscoring its potential to enhance the scalability and flexibility of SFC deployment in dynamic, large-scale networks.

关键词： Multi-agent reinforcement learning Service function chaining Topology generalization virtual network functions

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End-to-end latency upper bounds and service chain deployment algorithm based on industrial internet network

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SIMULATION MODELLING PRACTICE AND THEORY 2025年 138卷

作者： Wang, Min Gao, Ziyi Wang, Haoyuan Qiao, Sibo Wang, Jinhai Tiangong Univ Sch Life Sci Tianjin 300387 Peoples R China Tiangong Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Tianjin 300387 Peoples R China Tiangong Univ Sch Control Sci & Engn Tianjin 300387 Peoples R China Tiangong Univ Sch Software Tianjin 300387 Peoples R China

The diverse service requests in industrial Internet networks require flexible and efficient service chain deployment to ensure the quality of service (QoS). However, current deployment algorithms for service chains are primarily designed to guarantee only low end-to-end latency;they often overlook the amount of service chains that can be accommodated by the network and could lead to severe network load imbalances, significantly reducing service efficiency and causing serious network congestion issues. To address the above issues, we develop a mathematical model of the network topology and service request chains by integrating network Function virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined networking (SDN). Utilizing network calculus theory, we derive the upper bound of end-to-end delay for service chain routing and analyzed the relationship between the upper bound of service chain routing delay and the resource allocation of virtual network Function (VNF) nodes. Based on the aforementioned model, we propose a novel service chain deployment algorithm named the Delay-Aware Load- Balanced Routing Algorithm (DLBRA). DLBRA comprehensively considers network traffic load balancing and end-to-end latency of service chains, rationally allocating VNF node resources to complete the determined service chain routing deployment. Experimental results indicate that, compared to the shortest path and load balancing algorithms, DLBRA not only ensures that the end-to-end delay of the service chain meets its QoS requirements, but also effectively reduces network load imbalance, significantly increasing the number of service chain requests that the network can accommodate. Additionally, DLBRA provides tailored deployment guidance for different types of service chains, such as latency-sensitive and data-intensive service chains, ensuring optimal utilization of network resources. This algorithm enhances the efficiency of service chain deployment in industrial internet scenarios and possesses b

关键词： Service chain deployment network calculus virtual network functions

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A Survey of 5G Core network User Identity Protections, Concerns, and Proposed Enhancements for Future 6G Technologies

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FUTURE INTERNET 2025年第4期17卷

作者： Scalise, Paul Hempel, Michael Sharif, Hamid Univ Nebraska Lincoln Dept Elect & Comp Engn Lincoln NE 68588 USA

Fifth-Generation (5G) cellular networks extensively utilize subscriber identifiers throughout the protocol stack, thereby linking subscribers to their activities on the network. With the inherent use of linked identifiers comes the potential capability to track subscribers' location and behavior, which poses critical challenges for user identity protections and privacy in sensitive applications like military or healthcare operating over public 5G infrastructure. The reliance on such personal identifiers threatens a user's right to privacy and brings to light the importance of proper mechanisms to mitigate these risks for current and future cellular network technologies. In this paper, we explore the 5G specifications to understand the most important list of identifiers and their use across virtual network functions (VNF), and points of exposure within the Core network (CN). We also examine the existing literature regarding identity protections and efforts to mitigate privacy concerns targeted in the CN. Findings include the need for a trust relationship between users and their network providers to protect and safeguard their identity. While 5G technology has greater user identity protections compared to previous cellular generations, our analysis shows that several areas of concern remain, particularly in the exchange of subscriber metadata. This work also finds that new technologies adopted in 5G networks add further complexity to maintaining a strict posture for safeguarding user identity and privacy protections. This paper also reviews the scientific community's proposed enhancements for future 6G networks' user identity and privacy protections, with a focus on emerging Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) applications. The ethical implications of private or anonymous communications are also carefully weighed and examined to understand the multifaceted nature of this topic. Our work is concluded by proposing important further research to reduce

关键词： privacy 5G core network supi virtual network functions service-based architecture personal identifiers anonymity responsible privacy protection

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Optimizing resource and power consumption in a cloud environment via consolidation and placement investigation: A survey

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ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2025年 141卷

作者： Khemili, Wided Hajlaoui, Jalel Eddine Omri, Mohamed Nazih Univ Sousse Higher Inst Comp Sci & Commun Technol MARS Res Lab Sousse Tunisia Univ Sousse Natl Engn Sch Sousse MARS Res Lab Sousse Tunisia

network Function virtualization (NFV) is the latest technological innovation in which anew structure has been introduced to make a network more flexible, more controllable, and more cost-effective. This technology ensures the sharing of physical resources while reducing losses. The NFV technology enables the simultaneous execution of a variety of network functions over a shared network. Additionally, it imposes various challenges, such as placement, orchestration, and consolidation. Despite the considerable importance of the use of NFVs, several technical problems remain to be identified and addressed. The consolidation of virtual network functions (VNF) can be considered one of the main challenges for the better operation and management of VNF. This consolidation consists of allocating certain virtual resources to the same physical machine or between two virtual resources to balance the exploitation of resources and minimize energy consumption. In this article, we present a detailed and comprehensive comparative study of consolidation problems by presenting a new and original classification of the main approaches proposed in the literature. Our goal is to give scholars and practitioners more experience from the literature on how to consolidate and place elements to optimize energy consumption and resources in a cloud environment.

关键词： virtual network functions network function virtualization virtual Machine Services placement Consolidation Orchestration

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Choreography-Defined networks: A Case Study on DoS Mitigation 22nd

Choreography-Defined Networks: A Case Study on DoS Mitigatio...

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22nd International Conference on Service Oriented Computing

作者： Giallorenzo, Saverio Mauro, Jacopo Melis, Andrea Montesi, Fabrizio Peressotti, Marco Prandini, Marco Univ Bologna Bologna Italy INRIA Sophia Antipolis France Univ Southern Denmark Odense Denmark

ISBN: (纸本)9789819608072;9789819608089

Software-defined networking and network function virtualization have brought unparalleled flexibility in defining and managing network architectures. With the widespread diffusion of cloud platforms, more resources are available to execute virtual network functions concurrently, but the current approach to defining networks in the cloud development is held back by the lack of tools to manage the composition of more complex flows than simple sequential invocations. In this paper, we advocate for the usage of choreographic programming for defining the multiparty workflows of a network. When applied to the composition of virtual network functions, this approach yields multiple advantages: a single program expresses the behavior of all components, in a way that is easier to understand and check;a compiler can produce the executable code for each component, guaranteeing correctness properties of their interactions such as deadlock freedom;and the bottleneck of a central orchestrator is removed. We describe the proposed approach and show its feasibility via a case study where different functions cooperatively solve a security monitoring task.

关键词： Software-defined networks virtual network functions Choreographic Programming network Security Denial-of-Service

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Addressing Security Orchestration Challenges in Next-Generation networks: A Comprehensive Overview

IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society

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IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society 2025年第1期6卷 669-687页

作者： Batewela, Sadeep Ranaweera, Pasika Liyanage, Madhusanka Zeydan, Engin Ylianttila, Mika University of Oulu Center for Wireless Communications Finland School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Ireland School of Computer Science Ireland Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya Castelldefels Barcelona08860 Spain

Security Orchestration (SO) plays a pivotal role in ensuring robust, scalable, and efficient management of security mechanisms in next-generation 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the technical challenges related to SO in these advanced network technologies, focusing on key areas such as network security monitoring, interface standardization, privacy, scalability, multi-domain orchestration, and policy implementation. Additionally, we discuss lessons learned from existing works, identify remaining research gaps, and propose future directions for enhancing SO in 5G and B5G environments. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, quantum computing and trusted execution environments (TEE) are also examined for their potential to address these challenges. The paper provides a taxonomy of SO-related issues and offers a roadmap for researchers and practitioners to navigate the evolving landscape of security in 5G and B5G networks. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Security 5 G Mobile Communication Surveys Organizations Monitoring Reviews Privacy Focusing Taxonomy Security Management Security Orchestration 5 G And Beyond Zero Touch networks Security Automation Security Orchestration Intelligence Scalable Technical Challenges Security Policy Quantum Computing 5 G networks Security Monitoring Internet Of Things Privacy Issues Security Issues Security Challenges network Management Artificial Intelligence Models Security Management Policy Model 5 G Technology Security Solutions Intrusion Detection System virtual network functions Monitoring Component network Slicing Distributed Ledger Technology Self Healing Capability Control Plane Security Attacks Security functions Interpretation Of Policy Fog Computing

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Optimal network Function virtualization and Service Function Chaining:A Survey

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2018年第4期27卷 704-717页

作者： MIRJALILY Ghasem LUO Zhiquan Department of Electrical Engineering Yazd University Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data The Chinese University of Hong Kong

network function virtualization(NFV) and Service function chaining(SFC) can fulfill the traditional network functions by simply running special softwares on general-purpose computer servers and switches. This not only provides significantly more agility and flexibility in network service deployment, but can also greatly reduce the capital and operating cost of networks. In this paper,a comprehensive survey on the motivations and state of the art efforts towards implementing the NFV and SFC is provided. In particular, the paper first presents the main concepts of these new emerging technologies; then discusses in details various stages of SFC, including the description, composition, placement and scheduling of service chains. Afterwards, existing approaches to SFC are reviewed according to their application environments, parameters used, and solution strategies. Finally, the paper points out a number of future research directions.

关键词： network function virtualization(NFV) virtual network functions Service function chaining(SFC)

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Edge Computing in the Internet of Things: A 6G Perspective

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IT PROFESSIONAL 2024年第5期26卷 62-70页

作者： Ishtiaq, Mariam Saeed, Nasir Khan, Muhammad Asif Univ Sci & Technol Korea Railroad Res Inst Uiwang 16105 Gyepnggi Do South Korea United Arab Emirates Univ Dept Elect & Commun Engn Al Ain U Arab Emirates Qatar Mobil Innovat Ctr Innovat Ctr Doha Qatar

Edge computing is one of the key driving forces to enable beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G networks. To cope with the unprecedented increase in traffic volumes and computation demands of future networks, multiaccess (or mobile) edge computing (MEC) is considered a promising solution that provides cloud computing capabilities within the radio access network. There exists a significant amount of research on MEC and its potential applications;however, very little has been said about the key factors of MEC deployment to meet the diverse demands of future applications. This article presents key considerations for edge deployments in B5G/6G networks, including edge architecture, server location, capacity, user density, security, etc. We further present state-of-the-art edge-centric services in future B5G/6G networks, including experimental evaluation of edge-based computing. Lastly, we present some interesting insights and open research problems in edge computing for 6G networks.

关键词： 6 G Mobile Communication Cloud Computing Multi Access Edge Computing 5 G Mobile Communication Computer Architecture Servers Security Radio Access networks Internet Of Things Edge Cloud Infrastructure Data Center Cloud Computing Open Research network Operators Internet Of Things Devices Computational Capabilities 5 G networks Edge Server Mobile Edge Computing Radio Access network Computation Offloading Microservices 6 G networks Ultra Low Latency High Degree Of Mobility Future Of Humanity Open Research Problem Mobile Edge Computing Server Local Edge Distributed Energy Resources Predictive Maintenance Smart Manufacturing Mobile network Intelligent Transportation Systems Mobile network Operators virtual network functions Edge Caching

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