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visual sensor network stimulation model identification via Gaussian mixture model and deep embedded features

ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2022年第0期114卷

作者： Varotto, Luca Fabris, Marco Michieletto, Giulia Cenedese, Angelo Univ Padua Dept Informat Engn Via Gradenigo 6-B I-35131 Padua Italy Univ Padua Dept Management & Engn Stradella San Nicola 3 I-36100 Vicenza Italy

visual sensor networks (VSNs) constitute a fundamental class of distributed sensing systems, with unique complexity and appealing performance features, which correspondingly bring in quite active lines of research. An important research direction consists in the identification and estimation of the VSN sensing features: these are practically useful when scaling with the number of cameras or with the observed scene complexity. With this context in mind, this paper introduces for the first time the idea of Stimulation Model (SM), as a mathematical relation between the set of detectable events and the corresponding stimulated cameras observing those events. The formulation of the related SM identification problem is proposed, along with a proper network observations model, and a solution approach based on deep embedded features and soft clustering. In detail: first, the Gaussian Mixture Modeling is employed to provide a suitable description for data distribution, while an autoencoder is used to reduce undesired effects due to the so-called curse of dimensionality emerging in case of large scale networks. Then, it is shown that a SM can be learnt by solving Maximum A-Posteriori estimation on the encoded features belonging to a space with lower dimensionality. Numerical results on synthetic scenarios are reported to validate the devised estimation algorithm.

关键词： visual sensor networks Gaussian mixture model Dimensionality reduction Feature embedding

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visual sensors Hardware Platforms: A Review

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IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2020年第8期20卷 4025-4033页

作者： Costa, Daniel G. State Univ Feira de Santana Dept Technol BR-44036900 Feira De Santana BA Brazil

In the last two decades, visual sensor networks have been developed to gather visual data from different monitoring scenarios, directly contributing to the maturation of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications landscape. Such developments have evolved according to the releasing of new hardware platforms for the construction of sensor nodes, as well as the availability of low-power compatible cameras. Since sensor networks deployed for visual data sensing are inherently complex and resource-demanding, knowing how visual sensors have been created can give a better perception of how those networks have evolved and which innovations are expected for the next years. This article reviews past developments of visual sensors concerning the employed hardware platforms and cameras, providing a taxonomy for them and discussing how to choose the most appropriate hardware when designing and implementing modern (wireless) visual sensor networks.

关键词： visualization Hardware sensor phenomena and characterization Wireless sensor networks Cameras Performance evaluation sensors hardware platforms visual sensor networks sensors designing camera visual sensing

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visual node module: An open-source extension to the ns-3 network simulator

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2020年第12期33卷 e4451-e4451页

作者： Mosaif, Afaf Rakrak, Said Cadi Ayyad Univ Lab Appl Math & Comp Sci LAMAI Marrakech Morocco

A wireless visual sensor network is a collective network of directional and battery-operated sensor nodes equipped with cameras. The field of view of these nodes depends on the camera opening angle, its direction, and its depth of view. Therefore, coverage and object detection in this type of networks are more challenging compared with the traditional wireless sensor networks. Thus, many researchers propose algorithms and solutions in this field that need tests and simulations. In this paper, we focus on network simulator 3 (ns-3), which is an open-source and discrete-event tool suitable for wireless network simulation targeted primarily for research and educational use. The lack of models that can simulate visual sensor nodes in this simulator motivated us to design and develop a new visual node module as an extension of the ns-3 core libraries and also to adapt the NetAnim tool to present these nodes graphically. This module will help researchers to simulate, test, and visualize their solutions in wireless visual sensor networks field. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the proposed module. Furthermore, we show how it can be used in ns-3 to simulate different scenarios of object detection and visualize the results in NetAnim tool.

关键词： coverage network simulation ns-3 object detection target tracking visual sensor networks

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Comparison of two paradigms for image analysis in visual sensor networks 13

Comparison of two paradigms for image analysis in visual sen...

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Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked sensor Systems

作者： A. Canclini L. Baroffio M. Cesana A. Redondi M. Tagliasacchi Politecnico di Milano

This interactive demo presents and compares two different paradigms for image analysis in visual sensor networks (VSN), using a testbed based on battery-operated Beagle-Bone platforms with sight and wireless communica... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320276

关键词： visual features image analysis visual sensor networks

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TransSec: Security Image Tansportation in visual sensor networks

TransSec: Security Image Tansportation in Visual Sensor Netw...

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4th International Conference on Multimedia Information Networking and Security (MINES)

作者： Ye, Songtao Liu, Junfei Zhang, Jin Peking Univ Natl Engn Res Ctr Software Engn Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Hunan Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Changsha Hunan Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780769548524;9781467330930

Distributed imaging using sensor arrays has grown rapidly over past several years. Because image data is characterized by is high volume, an architecture of two tiered visual sensor network is proposed, where storage nodes gather image data from nearby sensors and process sink's query to transmit a time-specific image. However the importance of storage nodes is attractive to attackers. In this paper, we propose a TransSec protocol to prevent attackers from deleting or distorting a time-specific image. To preserve privacy, we use a binary quadratic equation based technique to encode each image timestamp such that attackers cannot delete sensitive images without knowing their exact timestamp. To preserve integrity, we propose a new checksum chain that allows a sink to verify whether the result of a query contains exactly the data items and recover missing data items.

关键词： visual sensor networks compromising nodes privacy integrity checksum chain

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A Routing Mechanism Based on the Sensing Relevancies of Source Nodes for Time-Critical Applications in visual sensor networks

A Routing Mechanism Based on the Sensing Relevancies of Sour...

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IFIP Wireless Days (WD)

作者： Costa, Daniel G. Guedes, Luiz Affonso Vasques, Francisco Portugal, Paulo Univ Fed Rio Grande do Norte Dept Comp & Automat BR-59072970 Natal RN Brazil Univ Feira Santana Dept Technol Feira De Santana Brazil Univ Porto Fac Engn IDMEC ISR P-4100 Oporto Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9781467344043

Wireless sensor networks may be deployed to retrieve visual information from the monitored field, enriching monitoring and control applications. Whenever a set of camera-enabled sensor nodes are deployed for time-critical monitoring, visual information as still images and video streams may need to reach the sink as soon as possible, requiring a differentiated treating of the network when compared with non-critical visual data. In such way, considering that source nodes may have different sensing relevancies for the application, according to the desired monitoring tasks and the current sensors' poses and fields of view, we propose a delay-aware multihop routing mechanism where higher relevant visual data packets are routed through paths with lower end-to-end delay. As sensor nodes are expected to be energy-constrained, transmitting only high-relevant packets through shorter/faster paths may prolong their lifetime and assure longer time-critical delivering, with low impact to the overall monitoring quality.

关键词： Multihop routing Energy-efficiency Sensing relevance Time-critical transmission visual sensor networks

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QUALITY-DRIVEN POWER CONTROL AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN WIRELESS MULTI-RATE visual sensor networks

QUALITY-DRIVEN POWER CONTROL AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN WIRE...

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19th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)

作者： Katsenou, Angeliki V. Kondi, Lisimachos P. Parsopoulos, Konstantinos E. Bentley, Elizabeth S. Univ Ioannina Dept Comp Sci GR-45110 Ioannina Greece Air Force Res Lab Rome NY 13441 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467325332;9781467325349

In the present paper, we deal with the problem of allocating the network resources in multi-rate Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) visual sensor networks (VSNs). We consider a single-cell system where each node uses the same chip rate, but can transmit at a different bit rate. In wireless VSNs, we face the constraints of limited power lifetime and of an error-prone environment, mainly due to attenuation and interference. The proposed cross-layer scheme enables the Centralized Control Unit (CCU) to jointly allocate the transmission power, the transmission bit rate and the source-channel coding rates for each VSN node in order to optimize the delivered video quality. The transmission power of each visual sensor assumes values from a continuous range, while the rest of the resources take values chosen from an available discrete set. The numerical results demonstrate the performance of the proposed multi-rate scheme vs a single-rate system.

关键词： Multi-rate DS-CDMA Power Control Resource Allocation visual sensor networks

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The k-Barrier Coverage Mechanism in Wireless visual sensor networks

The <i>k</i>-Barrier Coverage Mechanism in Wireless Visual S...

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IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)

作者： Chang, Chih-Yung Hsiao, Chih-Yao Chang, Chao-Tsun Tamkang Univ Dept Comp Informat Sci Engn Taipei Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781467304375;9781467304368

Wireless visual sensor networks (WVSNs) consist of a set of camera sensor nodes each of which equips with a camera and is capable of communicating with the other camera sensors within a specific distance range. As an extension of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the WVSNs can provide richer information such as image and picture during executing targets monitoring and tracking tasks. Since the sensing area of each camera sensor is fan-shaped, existing barrier-coverage algorithms developed for WSNs cannot be applied to the WVSNs. This paper is considering to address the k-barrier coverage problems in WVSNs and to propose a barrier-coverage approach aiming at finding a maximal number of distinct defense curves with each of which consists of as few camera sensors as possible but still guarantees k-barrier coverage. Compared with the related work, experimental study reveals that the proposed k-barrier coverage mechanism constructs more defense curves than the k-barrier coverage and the number of camera sensors participating in each defense curve is smaller.

关键词： k-barrier coverage visual sensor networks wireless sensor networks

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sensor Selection and Configuration in visual sensor networks

Sensor Selection and Configuration in Visual Sensor Networks

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6th International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST) with Emphasis on Information and Communication Technology

作者： Hosseini, Mojtaba Dehghan, Mehdi Pedram, Hossein Amirkabir Univ Technol Dept Comp Engn Tehran Iran

ISBN: (纸本)9781467320733

In this article, the problem of selection and configuration of visual sensors in visual sensor networks (VSNs) is studied for coverage of the existing targets in the three-dimensional network area. It is assumed that visual sensors are capable of Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) ability and able to choose the covered area and desirable target through configuration of the angle of view in two horizontal and vertical dimensions and alteration of the enlargement scale. In order to solve the problem of selection and configuration, a method is presented according to Binary Integer Programming (BIP). It ensures to find the best solution. In addition, it has less calculation complexity compared with other optimization methods. Applying the proposed solution, two problems of k-coverage and full angle coverage have been assessed using two models of point target model and circular target model. The perceived results properly confirm the efficiency of the proposed method in terms of execution speed and decreasing the computation complexity.

关键词： visual sensor networks Directional sensor PTZ Capability sensor Selection sensor Configuration Circular Target Model Full Angle Coverage Binary Integer Programming

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Quorum Based Image Retrieval in Large Scale visual sensor networks

Quorum Based Image Retrieval in Large Scale Visual Sensor Ne...

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11th International Conference on Ad-Hoc networks and Wireless (ADHOC-NOW)

作者： Milovanovic, Stojan Stojmenovic, Milos Singidunum Univ Belgrade Serbia

ISBN: (纸本)9783642316388

A recent publication by [SPKK] introduces a framework and set of rules by which object recognition can work on a visual sensor network. Extracted features of the detected object are flooded (with reduced dimensionality at each hop) in the network. The sensor will match the corresponding feature of the new object with a locally stored one, and send the query on the backward link toward the original detector for matching. Based on their framework we introduce an algorithm which attempts to minimize the number of messages passed within the network when performing an image retrieval task. Extracted features are distributed along a row, while query matching progresses along a column. We compare our results to the algorithm proposed by [SPKK] and achieve fewer transmissions in the retrieval step, and avoid flooding in the pre-processing phase. We expand our algorithm by constructing an information mesh of multiple detections of the same object, to achieve matching with the nearest copy. We also propose a novel feature reduction method, by diving the image into k2 subimages, and extracting features in each subimage. This allows replacing histogram based features with a wide range of other options.

关键词： visual sensor networks computer vision object recognition

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