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visual syntax does matter: improving the cognitive effectiveness of the i* visual notation

REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING 2010年第2期15卷 141-175页

作者： Moody, Daniel L. Heymans, Patrick Matulevicius, Raimundas Univ Twente NL-7500 AE Enschede Netherlands Ajilon Consulting Sydney NSW Australia Univ Namur PReCISE Res Ctr Namur Belgium Univ Tartu Inst Comp Sci EE-50090 Tartu Estonia

Goal-oriented modelling is one of the most important research developments in the requirements engineering (RE) field. This paper conducts a systematic analysis of the visual syntax of i*, one of the leading goal-oriented languages. Like most RE notations, i* is highly visual. Yet surprisingly, there has been little debate about or modification to its graphical conventions since it was proposed more than a decade ago. We evaluate the i* visual notation using a set of principles for designing cognitively effective visual notations (the Physics of Notations). The analysis reveals some serious flaws in the notation together with some practical recommendations for improvement. The results can be used to improve its effectiveness in practice, particularly for communicating with end users. A broader goal of the paper is to raise awareness about the importance of visual representation in RE research, which has historically received little attention.

关键词： Goal modelling i* visualisation visual syntax Evaluation visual notation visual language

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A scientific evaluation of the misuse case diagrams visual syntax

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2015年 66卷 73-96页

作者： Saleh, Faisal El-Attar, Mohamed King Fahd Univ Petr & Minerals Dept Informat & Comp Sci Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia Mississippi State Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Mississippi State MS 39762 USA

Context: Misuse case modeling is a well-known technique in the domain of capturing and specifying functional security requirements. Misuse case modeling provides a mechanism for security analysts to consider and account for security requirements in the early stages of a development process instead of relying on generic defensive mechanisms that are augmented to software systems towards the latter stages of development. Objective: Many research contributions in the area of misuse case modeling have been devoted to extending the notation to increase its coverage of additional security related semantics. However, there lacks research that evaluates the perception of misuse case models by its readers. A misread or misinterpreted misuse case model can have dire consequences downstream leading to the development of an insecure system. Method: This paper presents an assessment of the design of the original misuse case modeling notation based on the Physics of Notations framework. A number of improvements to the notation were suggested. A survey and a controlled experiment were carried out to compare the cognitive effectiveness of the new notation in comparison to the original notation. Results: The survey had 55 participants for have mostly indicated that the new notation is more semantically transparent than the original notation. The results of the experiment show that subjects reading diagrams developed using the new notation performed their tasks an average 6 min quicker, while in general the subjects performed their tasks in approximately 14.5 min. The experimental tasks only required subjects reading diagrams and not creating them. Conclusion: The main finding of this paper is that the use of colors and icons has improved the readability of misuse case diagrams. Software engineering notations are usually black and white. It is expected that the readability of other software notations will improve if they utilize colors and icons. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights res

关键词： Misuse cases diagrams visual syntax Cognitive evaluation

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Evaluating and empirically improving the visual syntax of use case diagrams

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2019年 156卷 136-163页

作者： El-Attar, Mohamed Alfaisal Univ Software Engn Dept POB 50927 Riyadh 11533 Saudi Arabia

Use case modeling is a forefront technique to specify functional requirements of a system. Many research works related to use case modeling have been devoted to improving various aspects of use case modeling and its utilization in software development processes. One key aspect of use case models that has thus far been overlooked by the research community is the visual perception of use case diagrams by its readers. Any model is used transfer a mental idea by a modeler to a model reader. Even if a use case diagram is constructed flawlessly, if it is misread or misinterpreted by its reader then the intrinsic purpose of modeling has failed. This paper provides a two-fold contribution. Firstly, this paper presents an evaluation of the cognitive effectiveness of use case diagrams notation. The evaluation is based on theory principles and empirical evidence mainly from the cognitive science field. Secondly, it provides empirically validated improvements to the use case diagram notation that enhances its cognitive effectiveness. Empirical validation of the improvements is drawn by conducting an industrial survey using business analyst professionals. Empirical validation is also drawn by conducting an experiment using software engineering professionals as subjects. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Use case notation visual syntax Cognitive effectiveness UML

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Views of Nature and the Human-Nature Relations: An Analysis of the visual syntax of Pictures about the Environment in Greek Primary School Textbooks-Diachronic Considerations

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RESEARCH IN SCIENCE EDUCATION 2013年第1期43卷 117-140页

作者： Lemoni, Rea Lefkaditou, Ageliki Stamou, Anastasia G. Schizas, Dimitrios Stamou, George P. Univ Ioannina Dept Environm & Nat Resources Management GR-45110 Ioannina Greece Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki Dept Ecol Thessaloniki 54124 Greece Univ Western Macedonia Dept Early Childhood Educ Florina 53100 Greece Univ Thessaloniki Sch Biol Dept Ecol Thessaloniki 54124 Greece

This paper explores the function of the visual syntax of images in Greek primary school textbooks. By using a model for the formal analysis of the visual material, which will allow us to disclose the mechanisms through which meanings are manifested, our aim is to investigate the discursive transition relating to the view of nature and the human-nature relationship between two series of natural science textbooks. The model is applied to a total of 635 pictures;434 coming from the old series of textbooks introduced in the early 1980s and 201 from the new introduced in 2006. The results show that a) no differences in the codes of the visual representation of nature or human-nature relationship were recorded between the two series of textbooks, b) the environmental rhetoric mediated by the pictorial material of the textbooks appears closer to its lay counterpart than to scientific rhetoric, c) both series of textbooks favor a viewer-picture relation which diverges from the epistemological (subject/object) ideas of the romantic worldview and comes closer to the baroque one that depicts the world as non-linear and disconnected, while gives more freedom to the viewer to proceed to subjective interpretations. Thus, we assert that the baroque approach adopted by both series of textbooks does not aim at the initiation of students to the highly conventionalized ways of expression, and ultimately to the formalized and scientific rhetoric. On the contrary, within a constructionist context, the textbooks' visual mode allows students to equally share power with a quite familiar world.

关键词： Baroque worldview Companion meanings Greece Romantic worldview School textbooks visual analysis visual syntax

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A review of attack graph and attack tree visual syntax in cyber security

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COMPUTER SCIENCE REVIEW 2020年 35卷 100219-100219页

作者： Lallie, Harjinder Singh Debattista, Kurt Bal, Jay Univ Warwick WMG Cyber Secur Ctr Coventry W Midlands England Univ Warwick WMG Coventry W Midlands England

Perceiving and understanding cyber-attacks can be a difficult task, and more effective techniques are needed to aid cyber-attack perception. Attack modelling techniques (AMTs) - such as attack graphs, attack trees and fault trees, are a popular method of mathematically and visually representing the sequence of events that lead to a successful cyber-attack. These methods are useful visual aids that can aid cyber-attack perception. This survey paper describes the fundamental theory of cyber-attack before describing how important elements of a cyber-attack are represented in attack graphs and attack trees. The key focus of the paper is to present empirical research aimed at analysing more than 180 attack graphs and attack trees to identify how attack graphs and attack trees present cyber-attacks in terms of their visual syntax. There is little empirical or comparative research which evaluates the effectiveness of these methods. Furthermore, despite their popularity, there is no standardised attack graph visual syntax configuration, and more than seventy self-nominated attack graph and twenty attack tree configurations have been described in the literature - each of which presents attributes such as preconditions and exploits in a different way. The survey demonstrates that there is no standard method of representing attack graphs or attack trees and that more research is needed to standardise the representation. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Attack graph Attack tree visual syntax Cyber-attack

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Self-Explanatory Interface: Embedding visual and Aural syntax to Improve Usability

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Procedia Computer Science 2020年 171卷 1898-1907页

作者： Nandita Bhanja Chaudhuri Debayan Dhar Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Assam Guwahati and 781039 India

User Interface (UI) acts as a mediator between human and computer or any other system or sub-systems which exhibit its function, structure, and behavior. The complexities of UI are open issues that make it formidable to explore it. Supervision makes any task easier by explaining the elements and intentions of UI. Self-Explanatory User Interfaces (SEUI) traps the complexities of UI and provides assistive tools with it in order to supervise users addressing usability using visual and aural syntax. UIs require adapting to the mental model of users and support them during their task. The study presented in this paper has been administered to adult users (age group: 50-64 years) with minimum exposure to technologies and often requires support to get accustomed to interfaces. To complete a task successfully, it is essential to justify the intent of the design, purpose of any textual entry, the usability of the buttons, importance of the labels, visibility, or blurriness of certain items to end-users. Literature associated with SEUI highlight the intervention of Model-Driven Engineering in UI. But very few studies in this area have investigated concatenation of visual and aural syntax in UI. The visual aspect aims at explaining a clear and concise diagrammatic representation of the hierarchy of UI and the significance of each user entry while the aural dimension intends to provide audio instructions to the users. The results include evidence of significant growth in task completion rate and improvement in the task completion time of the novice users assisted with combined visual and aural syntax tool embedded in an interface. The results of the current study are significant in light of the designing and development of UIs that address adults who are a novice and lack exposure to UIs. The solution presented in this paper would support them to migrate from being a novice to an expert.

关键词： User-interface self-explanatory user interface visual syntax aural syntax

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The "Physics" of Notations: Toward a Scientific Basis for Constructing visual Notations in Software Engineering

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2009年第6期35卷 756-779页

作者： Moody, Daniel L. Univ Twente Dept Informat Syst & Change Management NL-7500 AE Enschede Netherlands

visual notations form an integral part of the language of software engineering (SE). Yet historically, SE researchers and notation designers have ignored or undervalued issues of visual representation. In evaluating and comparing notations, details of visual syntax are rarely discussed. In designing notations, the majority of effort is spent on semantics, with graphical conventions largely an afterthought. Typically, no design rationale, scientific or otherwise, is provided for visual representation choices. While SE has developed mature methods for evaluating and designing semantics, it lacks equivalent methods for visual syntax. This paper defines a set of principles for designing cognitively effective visual notations: ones that are optimized for human communication and problem solving. Together these form a design theory, called the Physics of Notations as it focuses on the physical (perceptual) properties of notations rather than their logical (semantic) properties. The principles were synthesized from theory and empirical evidence from a wide range of fields and rest on an explicit theory of how visual notations communicate. They can be used to evaluate, compare, and improve existing visual notations as well as to construct new ones. The paper identifies serious design flaws in some of the leading SE notations, together with practical suggestions for improving them. It also showcases some examples of visual notation design excellence from SE and other fields.

关键词： Modeling analysis diagrams communication visualization visual syntax concrete syntax

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Analysing the cognitive effectiveness of the WebML visual notation

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SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS MODELING 2017年第1期16卷 195-227页

作者： Granada, David Vara, Juan Manuel Brambilla, Marco Bollati, Veronica Marcos, Esperanza Univ Rey Juan Carlos Dept Comp Languages & Syst 2 Madrid Spain Politecn Milan Dipartimento Elettron & Informaz Milan Italy

WebML is a domain-specific language used to design complex data-intensive Web applications at a conceptual level. As WebML was devised to support design tasks, the need to define a visual notation for the language was identified from the very beginning. Each WebML element is consequently associated with a separate graphical symbol which was mainly defined with the idea of providing simple and expressive modelling artefacts rather than by adopting a rigorous scientific approach. As a result, the graphical models defined with WebML may sometimes prevent proper communication from taking place between the various stakeholders. In fact, this is a common issue for most of the existing model-based proposals that have emerged during the last few years under the umbrella of model-driven engineering. In order to illustrate this issue and foster in using a scientific basis to design, evaluate, improve and compare visual notations, this paper analyses WebML according to a set of solid principles, based on the theoretical and empirical evidence concerning the cognitive effectiveness of visual notations. As a result, we have identified a set of possible improvements, some of which have been verified by an empirical study. Furthermore, a number of findings, experiences and lessons learnt on the assessment of visual notations are presented.

关键词： Web modelling language (WebML) visual notation Cognitive effectiveness visual communication visual syntax Concrete syntax

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Evaluating the accessibility of a PoN-enabled misuse case notation by the red-green colorblind community

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SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS MODELING 2023年第1期22卷 247-272页

作者： El-Attar, Mohamed Zayed Univ Coll Technol Innovat Abu Dhabi U Arab Emirates

In 2015, an improved version of the misuse case modeling notation designed using the Physics of Notations (PoN) framework was proposed. Empirical data support that the new notation is more cognitively effective than the original notation. The new notation makes use of color, in particular, red and green, meaning that red-green colorblind community will not be able to view the notation as designed and intended. The cognitive effectiveness of the red-green deficient (RGD) version of the new notation in comparison to the original notation is unknown. The PoN outlines a number of principles that can be satisfied with or without the use of color, but would the deficiency of color may be so inhibiting that the cognitive effectiveness superiority of the PoN-enabled misuse case notation becomes diminished? Perhaps the original use case notation would be more cognitively effective for red-green colorblind users. An empirical study using 84 IT (Information Technology) professionals is conducted to assess the cognitive effectiveness of the RGD version of the PoN-enabled misuse case notation in comparison to the original misuse case notation. The experiment data are analyzed for any statistically significant findings. The quantitative and qualitative results of the experiment indicate that the RGD version of PoN-enabled misuse case notation maintains its cognitive effectiveness superiority over the original notation. The results also show that the subjects are divided in their opinions with respect to the aesthetic appeal of the two notations. Adhering to the complete set of principles outlined in the PoN has allowed the new notation to maintain its cognitive effectiveness superiority over the original notation despite a curtailed color perspective.

关键词： Misuse case notation visual syntax Cognitive effectiveness UML Red-green colorblindness

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Evaluation of the Risk and Security Overlay of ArchiMate to model Information System Security Risks 21

Evaluation of the Risk and Security Overlay of ArchiMate to ...

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21st IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC)

作者： Mayer, Nicolas Feltus, Christophe Luxembourg Inst Sci & Technol 5 Ave Hauts Fourneaux L-4362 Esch Sur Alzette Luxembourg

ISBN: (纸本)9781538615683

In nowadays complex and interconnected society, organizations are required to implement information system security as well as risk management. Nevertheless, in the fast moving and always more regulated environment in which we evolve, dealing with such requirements remains a challenging issue. In that regard, our previous works have consisted in considering the field of enterprise architecture to support Information System Security Risk Management (ISSRM) and more specifically the difficulty to have a clear and manageable documentation for this activity. The output of our research is currently an integrated model built on the mapping of concepts from both domains, allowing dealing with ISSRM using enterprise architecture paradigm. Our objective is now to suggest a visual syntax for this integrated model, deemed as necessary to support the practitioner to document the ISSRM steps. As a candidate for such a visual syntax, this paper analyses the "Risk and Security Overlay" of the ArchiMate language through two complementary aspects: completeness of the notation with regards to our integrated model and cognitive effectiveness with the nine related principles elaborated by Moody, also called "Physics of Notations".

关键词： Security Risk Management Enterprise Architecture visual syntax Language Analysis ArchiMate Physics of Notations

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