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SNIPPET: A Framework for Subjective evaluation of Visual Explanations Applied to DeepFake Detection

ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING COMMUNICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2024年第8期20卷 1-29页

作者： Yang, Yuqing Joukovsky, Boris Mogrovejo, Jose Oramas Tuytelaars, Tinne Deligiannis, Nikos VUB Dept Elect & Informat ETRO Brussels Belgium Imec Leuven Belgium Univ Antwerp Antwerp Belgium Imec IDLab Antwerp Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven Leuven Belgium

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) attempts to help humans understand machine learning decisions better and has been identified as a critical component toward increasing the trustworthiness of complex black-box systems, such as deep neural networks. In this article, we propose a generic and comprehensive framework named SNIPPET and create a user interface for the subjective evaluation of visual explanations, focusing on finding human-friendly explanations. SNIPPET considers human-centered evaluation tasks and incorporates the collection of human annotations. These annotations can serve as valuable feedback to validate the qualitative results obtained from the subjective assessment tasks. Moreover, we consider different user background categories during the evaluation process to ensure diverse perspectives and comprehensive evaluation. We demonstrate SNIPPET on a DeepFake face dataset. Distinguishing real from fake faces is a non-trivial task even for humans that depends on rather subtle features, making it a challenging use case. Using SNIPPET, we evaluate four popular XAI methods which provide visual explanations: Gradient-weighted Based on our experimental results, we observe preference variations among different user categories. We find that most people are more favorable to the explanations of rollout. Moreover, when it comes to XAI-assisted understanding, those who have no or lack relevant background knowledge often consider that visual explanations are insufficient to help them understand. We open-source our framework for continued data collection and annotation at https://***/XAI-Subjevaluation/SNIPPET.

关键词： Human-centered computing- User studies visualization design and evaluation methods Computing methodologies- Computer vision

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Spatial Augmented Reality for Heavy Machinery using Laser Projections

Spatial Augmented Reality for Heavy Machinery using Laser Pr...

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IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)

作者： Kernbauer, Thomas Tschulik, Maximilian Fleck, Philipp Arth, Clemens Graz Univ Technol Inst Comp Graph & Vis Graz Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9798350374490;9798350374506

Operating heavy machinery is challenging and can pose safety hazards for the operator and bystanders. Although commonly used augmented reality (AR) devices, such as head-mounted or head-up displays, can provide occupational support to operators, they can also cause problems. Particularly in off-highway scenarios, i.e., when driving machines in bumpy environments, the usefulness of current AR devices and the willingness of operators to wear them are limited. Therefore, we explore how laser-projection-based AR can help the operator facilitate their tasks and enhance safety. For this, we present a compact hardware unit and introduce a flexible and declarative software system. Furthermore, we examine the calibration process to leverage a camera projector setup and outline a process for creating images suitable for display by a laser projector from a set of line segments. Finally, we showcase its ability to provide efficient instructions to operators and bystanders and propose concrete applications for our setup.

关键词： Human-centered computing visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Exposing Movement Correlates of Presence Experience in Virtual Reality using Parametric Maps

Exposing Movement Correlates of Presence Experience in Virtu...

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IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)

作者： Gehrke, Lukas Gramann, Klaus TU Berlin Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350374490;9798350374506

Genuine experiences where users feel a deep level of connection are the key quality of room-scale virtual reality (VR). The freedom to move promises natural sensory experiences stimulating a feeling of presence. However, users differ in their eagerness to move, some prefer movement by teleportation while others would keep walking forever. Such individual differences challenge the inclusive design necessary for bestseller applications. In this methodological research contribution, we propose to study user behavior and experience using parametric maps based on general linear models (GLM) to overcome limitations of traditional data aggregation techniques. In the investigated study, participants explored invisible mazes touching hidden walls for brief moments of visual guidance. We demonstrate that experienced presence correlated with where participants spent time exploring the VR. We found an increase in presence coinciding with participants being less likely to collide with invisible walls and spending more time in segments critical for navigational success.

关键词： Human-centered computing Treemaps Human-centered computing visualization visualization visualization design and evaluation methods visualization techniques

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design of experiment for evaluation of anomalous environments for product visualization in virtual reality

Design of experiment for evaluation of anomalous environment...

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IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)

作者： Musolino, Francesco Gentile, Dario Vangi, Fabio Fiorentino, Michele Polytech Univ Bari Bari Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9798350374490;9798350374506

Virtual reality metaverse is candidate to be the future platform for retail. Nevertheless, the knowledge in designing virtual environments and their influence on products is limited in literature. Common "brick and mortar" virtualization of shops as realistic digital twin is a reductive approach compared to more creative experiences. This work explores novel paradigms by evaluating "anomalous environments" deviated from the ordinary conception. Different anomalies are evaluated within 8 scenes promoting an existing line of futuristic-looking tracksuits. The experimentation on 42 subjects, shows that anomalous environments, especially when aligned with the product's storytelling, can increase products likeability, interest and perceived valorization.

关键词： Metaverse retail fashion perception storytelling product valorization virtual environments virtual reality Human-centered computing visualization visualization design and evaluation methods Human-centered computing visualization visualization theory concepts and paradigms

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Brushing and Linking for Situated Analytics

Brushing and Linking for Situated Analytics

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IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)

作者： Quijano-Chavez, Carlos Doerr, Nina Lee, Benjamin Schmalstieg, Dieter Sedlmair, Michael Univ Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350374490;9798350374506

Situated analytics is visual analysis that is embedded in the physical world. Conventionally, the data related to referents (i.e., physical objects) is manipulated indirectly, through dedicated interaction devices or using separate abstract representations. The natural way of interacting in 3D space using direct manipulation with one's hands is hardly employed when abstract data is concerned. In this paper, we explore the idea of directly brushing and linking referents in the real world to analyze abstract data related to the referents. We discuss what brushing & linking means when applied to the real world, including multiple ways of selecting referents (brushing) in augmented reality, as well as different ways of linking with an abstract data view, presented on a dedicated display (a tablet). A proof of concept was implemented to test and demonstrate the capabilities of brushing & linking of referents. We conclude with a set of open research challenges that exist in this new and emerging area.

关键词： Human-centered computing visualization visualization techniques Treemaps Human-centered computing visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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HMD VR Experience Motivates Exercise Intention in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

HMD VR Experience Motivates Exercise Intention in Patients w...

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IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)

作者： Shin, Dong-Soo Ryu, Ohk-Hyun Kim, Shin-Jeong Park, Yong Soon Choi, Yong-jun Kim, Sun-Jeong Hallym Univ Sch Nursing Seoul South Korea Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hosp Dept Endocrinol & Metab Chunchon South Korea Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hosp Dept Family Med Chunchon South Korea Hallym Univ Coll Med Seoul South Korea Hallym Univ Sch Software Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9798350374490;9798350374506

Patients are expected to manage their chronic conditions, but very few exercise regularly in addition to taking their medications. Therefore, we developed a 3-minute HMD VR program to educate patients about the importance of exercise. The control group (n = 30) received usual care, while the experimental group (n= 30) experienced virtual reality and assessed SSQ and exercise intention. No patients experienced VR sickness and the experimental group showed a statistically significant higher intention to exercise for diabetes management. Older adults found the VR experience exciting and novel. For diabetic foot experience, color change is enough to motivate them.

关键词： Social and Professional Topics Computers and Education Computers in Education Virtual Reality Human-centered computing visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Subtask-Based Virtual Hand visualization Method for Enhanced User Accuracy in Virtual Reality Environments

Subtask-Based Virtual Hand Visualization Method for Enhanced...

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IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)

作者： Voisard, Laurent Hatira, Amal Bashar, Mohammad Raihanul Gemici, Mucahit Sarac, Mine Kersten-Oertel, Marta Batmaz, Anil Ufuk Concordia Univ Montreal PQ Canada Kadir Has Univ Istanbul Turkiye

ISBN: (纸本)9798350374490;9798350374506

In the virtual hand interaction techniques, the opacity of the virtual hand avatar can potentially obstruct users' visual feedback, leading to detrimental effects on accuracy and cognitive load. Given that the cognitive load is related to gaze movements, our study focuses on analyzing the gaze movements of participants across opaque, transparent, and invisible hand visualizations in order to create a new interaction technique. For our experimental setup, we used a Purdue Pegboard Test with reaching, grasping, transporting, and inserting subtasks. We examined how long and where participants concentrated on these subtasks and, using the findings, introduced a new virtual hand visualization method to increase accuracy. We hope that our results can be used in future virtual reality applications where users have to interact with virtual objects accurately.

关键词： Human-centered computing visualization visualization techniques Human-centered computing visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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WindowMirror: an opensource toolkit to bring interactive multi-window views into XR

WindowMirror: an opensource toolkit to bring interactive mul...

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IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)

作者： Bovo, Riccardo Gonzalez, Eric J. Cheng, Li-Te Gonzalez-Franco, Mar Imperial Coll London London England Google Mountain View CA 94043 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350374490;9798350374506

WindowMirror(1) toolkit provides users with a simulated, extended screen real-estate. It allows users to interact with multiple desktop applications in real-time within a XR environment. Our architecture has two main modules: a Unity package and a Python backend. WindowMirror supports traditional desktop interaction methods such as mouse, keyboard and it features a Cylindrical Window Layout, an emerging design pattern which is particularly effective for single-user, egocentric perspectives.

关键词： Human-centered computing visualization visualization techniques Treemaps Human-centered computing visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Comparing Distractions in Immersive Virtual Reality Learning Environments

Comparing Distractions in Immersive Virtual Reality Learning...

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2024 International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality

作者： Fisher, Nicholas Kulshreshth, Arun K. Univ Louisiana Lafayette Lafayette LA 70504 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798331506926;9798331506919

While the effects of distractions have been widely studied in conventional settings, their impact in immersive virtual reality environments, particularly in educational contexts, remains less understood. This study investigates the nature and impact of distractions during a VR educational lecture. Eight participants engaged in a structured VR lecture, with auditory and visual stimuli introduced as potential distractions at predetermined intervals. Distraction recognition and its severity were self-reported by participants using a 7-point Likert scale. Preliminary findings indicated that external distractions such as the 'External Knock' and 'Phone Alert' interventions distracted fewer participants than anticipated. However, those distracted by the Phone Alert rated it as significantly disruptive. This pattern suggests that the degree of immersion may influence the impact of external distractions.

关键词： Computing methodologies Computer graphics Graphics systems and interfaces Virtual reality Human centered computing visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Repeat Body-Ownership Illusions in Commodity Virtual Reality

Repeat Body-Ownership Illusions in Commodity Virtual Reality

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IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)

作者： Cha, Pauline W. Peck, Tabitha C. Davidson Coll Davidson NC 28036 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350374490;9798350374506

Virtual self-avatars have been shown to produce the Proteus effect, however limited work investigates the subjective sense of embodiment using commodity virtual reality systems. In this work, we present results from a pilot experiment where participants are given a self-avatar in a simple virtual experience while wearing a cardboard head-mounted display. Participants then repeat the experience five days later. Overall, subjective embodiment scores are similar to those reported in experience using higher-fidelity systems. However, the subjective sense of embodiment significantly lowered from trial one to trial two.

关键词： Human-centered computing visualization visualization techniques Treemaps Human-centered computing visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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