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A Flip-book of Knot Diagrams for Visualizing Surfaces in 4-Space

COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 345-354页

作者： Liu, Huan Zhang, Hui Univ Louisville Comp Sci & Engn Dept Louisville KY 40292 USA

Just as 2D shadows of 3D curves lose structure where lines cross, 3D graphics projections of smooth 4D topological surfaces are interrupted where one surface intersects itself. They twist, turn, and fold back on themselves, leaving important but hidden features behind the surface sheets. In this paper, we propose a smart slicing tool that can read the 4D surface in its entropy map and suggest the optimal way to generate cross-sectional images - or "slices" - of the surface to visualize its underlying 4D structure. Our visualization thinks of a 4D-embedded surface as a collection of 3D curves stacked in time, very much like a flip-book animation, where successive terms in the sequence differ at most by a critical change. This novel method can generate topologically meaningful visualization to depict complex and unfamiliar 4D surfaces, with the minimum number of cross-sectional diagrams. Our approach has been successfully used to create flip-books of diagrams to visualize a range of known 4D surfaces. In this preliminary study, our results show that the new visualization and slicing tool can help the viewers to understand and describe the complex spatial relationships and overall structures of 4D surfaces.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human-centered computing → Scientific visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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An Exploratory User Study of Visual Causality Analysis

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2019年第3期38卷 173-184页

作者： Yen, Chi-Hsien Eric Parameswaran, Aditya Fu, Wai-Tat Univ Illinois Champaign IL 61820 USA

Interactive visualization tools are being used by an increasing number of members of the general public;however, little is known about how, and how well, people use visualizations to infer causality. Adapted from the mediation causal model, we designed an analytic framework to systematically evaluate human performance, strategies, and pitfalls in a visual causal reasoning task. We recruited 24 participants and asked them to identify the mediators in a fictitious dataset using bar charts and scatter plots within our visualization interface. The results showed that the accuracy of their responses as to whether a variable is a mediator significantly decreased when a confounding variable directly influenced the variable being analyzed. Further analysis demonstrated how individual visualization exploration strategies and interfaces might influence reasoning performance. We also identified common strategies and pitfalls in their causal reasoning processes. design implications for how future visual analytics tools can be designed to better support causal inference are discussed.

关键词： CCS Concepts •Human‐centered computing → Empirical studies in visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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A Survey on Transit Map Layout from design, Machine, and Human Perspectives

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 618-646页

作者： Wu, Hsiang-Yun Niedermann, Benjamin Takahashi, Shigeo Roberts, Maxwell J. Noellenburg, Martin TU Wien Vienna Austria Univ Bonn Bonn Germany Univ Aizu Aizu Wakamatsu Fukushima Japan Univ Essex Colchester Essex England

Transit maps are designed to present information for using public transportation systems, such as urban railways. Creating a transit map is a time-consuming process, which requires iterative information selection, layout design, and usability validation, and thus maps cannot easily be customised or updated frequently. To improve this, scientists investigate fully- or semi-automatic techniques in order to produce high quality transit maps using computers and further examine their corresponding usability. Nonetheless, the quality gap between manually-drawn maps and machine-generated maps is still large. To elaborate the current research status, this state-of-the-art report provides an overview of the transit map generation process, primarily from design, Machine, and Human perspectives. A systematic categorisation is introduced to describe the design pipeline, and an extensive analysis of perspectives is conducted to support the proposed taxonomy. We conclude this survey with a discussion on the current research status, open challenges, and future directions.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human‐centered computing → visualization techniques visualization design and evaluation methods

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Feature Driven Combination of Animated Vector Field visualizations

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 429-441页

作者： Lobo, M-J. Telea, A. C. Hurter, C. Ecole Natl Aviat Civile Toulouse France Univ Utrecht Utrecht Netherlands

Animated visualizations are one of the methods for finding and understanding complex structures of time-dependent vector fields. Many visualization designs can be used to this end, such as streamlines, vector glyphs, and image-based techniques. While all such designs can depict any vector field, their effectiveness in highlighting particular field aspects has not been fully explored. To fill this gap, we compare three animated vector field visualization techniques, OLIC, IBFV, and particles, for a critical point detection-and-classification task through a user study. Our results show that the effectiveness of the studied techniques depends on the nature of the critical points. We use these results to design a new flow visualization technique that combines all studied techniques in a single view by locally using the most effective technique for the patterns present in the flow data at that location. A second user study shows that our technique is more efficient and less error prone than the three other techniques used individually for the critical point detection task.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human‐centered computing → visualization techniques visualization design and evaluation methods

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WarehouseVis: A Visual Analytics Approach to Facilitating Warehouse Location Selection for Business Districts

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 483-495页

作者： Li, Q. Liu, Q. Q. Tang, C. F. Li, Z. W. Wei, S. C. Peng, X. R. Zheng, M. H. Chen, T. J. Yang, Q. WeBank AI Grp Shenzhen Guangdong Peoples R China Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Hong Kong Peoples R China

Selecting a proper warehouse location serving to satisfy the demands of the goods from a certain business area is important to a successful retail business. However, the large solution space, uncertain traffic conditions, and varying business preferences impose great challenges on warehouse location selection. Conventional approaches mainly summarize relevant evaluation criteria and compile them into an analysis report to facilitate rapid data absorption but fail to support a comprehensive and joint decision-making process in warehouse location selection. In this paper, we propose a visual analytics approach to facilitating warehouse location selection. We first visually centralize relevant information of warehouses and adapts a widely-used methodology to efficiently rank warehouse candidates. We then design a delivering estimation model based on massive logistics trajectories to resolve the uncertainty issue of traffic conditions of warehouses. Based on these techniques, an interactive framework is proposed to generate and explore the candidate warehouses. We conduct a case study and a within-subject study with baseline systems to assess the efficacy of our system. Experts' feedback also suggests that our approach indeed helps them better tackle the problem of finding an ideal warehouse in the field of retail logistics management.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human‐centered computing → visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Exploring Effects of Ecological Visual Analytics Interfaces on Experts' and Novices' Decision-Making Processes: A Case Study in Air Traffic Control

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 453-464页

作者： Zohrevandi, E. Westin, C. A. L. Vrotsou, K. Lundberg, J. Linkoping Univ Dept Sci & Technol Norrkoping Sweden

Operational demands in safety-critical systems impose a risk of failure to the operators especially during urgent situations. Operators of safety-critical systems learn to make decisions effectively throughout extensive training programs and many years of experience. In the domain of air traffic control, expensive training with high dropout rates calls for research to enhance novices' ability to detect and resolve conflicts in the airspace. While previous researchers have mostly focused on redesigning training instructions and programs, the current paper explores possible benefits of novel visual representations to improve novices' understanding of the situations as well as their decision-making process. We conduct an experimental evaluation study testing two ecological visual analytics interfaces, developed in a previous study, as support systems to facilitate novice decision-making. The main contribution of this paper is threefold. First, we describe the application of an ecological interface design approach to the development of two visual analytics interfaces. Second, we perform a human-in-the-loop experiment with forty-five novices within a simplified air traffic control simulation environment. Third, by performing an expert-novice comparison we investigate the extent to which effects of the proposed interfaces can be attributed to the subjects' expertise. The results show that the proposed ecological visual analytics interfaces improved novices' understanding of the information about conflicts as well as their problem-solving performance. Further, the results show that the beneficial effects of the proposed interfaces were more attributable to the visual representations than the users' expertise.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human-centered computing → Visual analytics visualization design and evaluation methods • Hardware → Safety critical systems

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design Patterns and Trade-Offs in Responsive visualization for Communication

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 459-470页

作者： Kim, Hyeok Moritz, Dominik Hullman, Jessica Northwestern Univ Evanston IL 60208 USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

Increased access to mobile devices motivates the need to design communicative visualizations that are responsive to varying screen sizes. However, relatively little design guidance or tooling is currently available to authors. We contribute a detailed characterization of responsive visualization strategies in communication-oriented visualizations, identifying 76 total strategies by analyzing 378 pairs of large screen (LS) and small screen (SS) visualizations from online articles and reports. Our analysis distinguishes between the Targets of responsive visualization, referring to what elements of a design are changed and Actions representing how targets are changed. We identify key trade-offs related to authors' need to maintain graphical density, referring to the amount of information per pixel, while also maintaining the "message" or intended takeaways for users of a visualization. We discuss implications of our findings for future visualization tool design to support responsive transformation of visualization designs, including requirements for automated recommenders for communication-oriented responsive visualizations.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Towards Efficient Visual Guidance in Limited Field-of-View Head-Mounted Displays

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON visualization AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2018年第11期24卷 2983-2992页

作者： Bork, Felix Schnelzer, Christian Eck, Ulrich Navab, Nassir Tech Univ Munich Munich Germany

Understanding, navigating, and performing goal-oriented actions in Mixed Reality (MR) environments is a challenging task and requires adequate information conveyance about the location of all virtual objects in a scene. Current Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) have a limited field-of-view where augmented objects may be displayed. Furthermore, complex MR environments may be comprised of a large number of objects which can be distributed in the extended surrounding space of the user. This paper presents two novel techniques for visually guiding the attention of users towards out-of-view objects in HMD-based MR: the 3D Radar and the Mirror Ball. We evaluate our approaches against existing techniques during three different object collection scenarios, which simulate real-world exploratory and goal-oriented visual search tasks. To better understand how the different visualizations guide the attention of users, we analyzed the head rotation data for all techniques and introduce a novel method to evaluate and classify head rotation trajectories. Our findings provide supporting evidence that the type of visual guidance technique impacts the way users search for virtual objects in MR.

关键词： Mixed / Augmented reality visualization design and evaluation methods

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Linking and Layout: Exploring the Integration of Text and visualization in Storytelling

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2019年第3期38卷 675-685页

作者： Zhi, Qiyu Ottley, Alvitta Metoyer, Ronald Univ Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA Washington Univ St Louis MO 63110 USA

Modern web technologies are enabling authors to create various forms of text visualization integration for storytelling. This integration may shape the stories' flow and thereby affect the reading experience. In this paper, we seek to understand two text visualization integration forms: (i) different text and visualization spatial arrangements (layout), namely, vertical and slideshow;and (ii) interactive linking of text and visualization (linking). Here, linking refers to a bidirectional interaction mode that explicitly highlights the explanatory visualization element when selecting narrative text and vice versa. Through a crowdsourced study with 180 participants, we measured the effect of layout and linking on the degree to which users engage with the story (user engagement), their understanding of the story content (comprehension), and their ability to recall the story information (recall). We found that participants performed significantly better in comprehension tasks with the slideshow layout. Participant recall was better with the slideshow layout under conditions with linking versus no linking. We also found that linking significantly increased user engagement. Additionally, linking and the slideshow layout were preferred by the participants. We also explored user reading behaviors with different conditions.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human‐centered computing → User studies visualization design and evaluation methods Web‐based interaction

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Mood-Driven Colorization of Virtual Indoor Scenes

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON visualization AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2022年第5期28卷 2058-2068页

作者： Solah, Michael Huang, Haikun Sheng, Jiachuan Feng, Tian Pomplun, Marc Yu, Lap-Fai George Mason Univ Fairfax VA 22030 USA Tianjin Univ Finance & Econ Tianjin Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Hangzhou Peoples R China Univ Massachusetts Boston Boston MA USA

One of the challenging tasks in virtual scene design for Virtual Reality (VR) is causing it to invoke a particular mood in viewers. The subjective nature of moods brings uncertainty to the purpose. We propose a novel approach to automatic adjustment of the colors of textures for objects in a virtual indoor scene, enabling it to match a target mood. A dataset of 25,000 images, including building/home interiors, was used to train a classifier with the features extracted via deep learning. It contributes to an optimization process that colorizes virtual scenes automatically according to the target mood. Our approach was tested on four different indoor scenes, and we conducted a user study demonstrating its efficacy through statistical analysis with the focus on the impact of the scenes experienced with a VR headset.

关键词： Mood Image color analysis Feature extraction Three-dimensional displays Optimization Task analysis Electronic mail Virtual reality Perception visualization design and evaluation methods

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