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Towards Scaling-Invariant Projections for Data visualization

COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2025年

作者： Dierkes, Joel Stelter, Daniel Roessl, Christian Theisel, Holger Univ Magdeburg Visual Comp Grp Magdeburg Germany

Finding projections of multidimensional data domains to the 2D screen space is a well-known problem. Multidimensional data often comes with the property that the dimensions are measured in different physical units, which renders the ratio between dimensions, i.e., their scale, arbitrary. The result of common projections, like PCA, t-SNE, or MDS, depends on this ratio, i.e., these projections are variant to scaling. This results in an undesired subjective view of the data, and thus, their projection. Simple solutions like normalization of each dimension are widely used, but do not always give high-quality results. We propose to visually analyze the space of all scalings and to find optimal scalings w.r.t. the quality of the visualization. For this, we evaluate different quality criteria on scatter plots. Given a quality criterion, our approach finds scalings that yield good visualizations with little to no user input using numerical optimization. Simultaneously, our method results in a scaling invariant projection, proposing an objective view to the projected data. We show for several examples that such an optimal scaling can significantly improve the visualization quality.

关键词： center dot Human-centered computing -> visualization techniques visualization systems and tools

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Revealing Interaction Dynamics: Multi-Level Visual Exploration of User Strategies with an Interactive Digital Environment

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON visualization AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2025年第1期31卷 831-841页

作者： Yu, Peilin Nordman, Aida Koc-Januchta, Marta Schonborn, Konrad Besancon, Lonni Vrotsou, Katerina Linkoping Univ Linkoping Sweden

We present a visual analytics approach for multi-level visual exploration of users' interaction strategies in an interactive digital environment. The use of interactive touchscreen exhibits in informal learning environments, such as museums and science centers, often incorporate frameworks that classify learning processes, such as Bloom's taxonomy, to achieve better user engagement and knowledge transfer. To analyze user behavior within these digital environments, interaction logs are recorded to capture diverse exploration strategies. However, analysis of such logs is challenging, especially in terms of coupling interactions and cognitive learning processes, and existing work within learning and educational contexts remains limited. To address these gaps, we develop a visual analytics approach for analyzing interaction logs that supports exploration at the individual user level and multi-user comparison. The approach utilizes algorithmic methods to identify similarities in users' interactions and reveal their exploration strategies. We motivate and illustrate our approach through an application scenario, using event sequences derived from interaction log data in an experimental study conducted with science center visitors from diverse backgrounds and demographics. The study involves 14 users completing tasks of increasing complexity, designed to stimulate different levels of cognitive learning processes. We implement our approach in an interactive visual analytics prototype system, named VISID, and together with domain experts, discover a set of task-solving exploration strategies, such as "cascading" and "nested-loop", which reflect different levels of learning processes from Bloom's taxonomy. Finally, we discuss the generalizability and scalability of the presented system and the need for further research with data acquired in the wild.

关键词： Visual analytics visualization systems and tools Interaction logs visualization techniques Visual learning

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Beyond Alternative Text and tables: Comparative Analysis of visualization tools and Accessibility Methods

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2023年第3期42卷 323-335页

作者： Kim, N. W. Ataguba, G. Joyner, S. C. Zhao, Chuangdian Im, Hyejin Boston Coll Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA MathWorks Natick MA USA

Modern visualization software and programming libraries have made data visualization construction easier for everyone. However, the extent of accessibility design they support for blind and low-vision people is relatively unknown. It is also unclear how they can improve chart content accessibility beyond conventional alternative text and data tables. To address these issues, we examined the current accessibility features in popular visualization tools, revealing limited support for the standard accessibility methods and scarce support for chart content exploration. Next, we investigate two promising accessibility approaches that provide off-the-shelf solutions for chart content accessibility: structured navigation and conversational interaction. We present a comparative evaluation study and discuss what to consider when incorporating them into visualization tools.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in visualization visualization systems and tools

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Texture Browser: Feature-based Texture Exploration

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 99-109页

作者： Luo, Xuejiao Scandolo, Leonardo Eisemann, Elmar Delft Univ Technol Delft Netherlands

Texture is a key characteristic in the definition of the physical appearance of an object and a crucial element in the creation process of 3D artists. However, retrieving a texture that matches an intended look from an image collection is difficult. Contrary to most photo collections, for which object recognition has proven quite useful, syntactic descriptions of texture characteristics is not straightforward, and even creating appropriate metadata is a very difficult task. In this paper, we propose a system to help explore large unlabeled collections of texture images. The key insight is that spatially grouping textures sharing similar features can simplify navigation. Our system uses a pre-trained convolutional neural network to extract high-level semantic image features, which are then mapped to a 2-dimensional location using an adaptation of t-SNE, a dimensionality-reduction technique. We describe an interface to visualize and explore the resulting distribution and provide a series of enhanced navigation tools, our prioritized t-SNE, scalable clustering, and multi-resolution embedding, to further facilitate exploration and retrieval tasks. Finally, we also present the results of a user evaluation that demonstrates the effectiveness of our solution.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human-centerd computing → visualization visualization systems and tools visualization toolkits

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Exploring Multi-dimensional Data via Subset Embedding

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 75-86页

作者： Xie, Peng Tao, Wenyuan Li, Jie Huang, Wentao Chen, Siming Tianjin Univ Coll Intelligence & Comp Tianjin Peoples R China Fudan Univ Sch Data Sci Shanghai Peoples R China

Multi-dimensional data exploration is a classic research topic in visualization. Most existing approaches are designed for identifying record patterns in dimensional space or subspace. In this paper, we propose a visual analytics approach to exploring subset patterns. The core of the approach is a subset embedding network (SEN) that represents a group of subsets as uniformly-formatted embeddings. We implement the SEN as multiple subnets with separate loss functions. The design enables to handle arbitrary subsets and capture the similarity of subsets on single features, thus achieving accurate pattern exploration, which in most cases is searching for subsets having similar values on few features. Moreover, each subnet is a fully-connected neural network with one hidden layer. The simple structure brings high training efficiency. We integrate the SEN into a visualization system that achieves a 3-step workflow. Specifically, analysts (1) partition the given dataset into subsets, (2) select portions in a projected latent space created using the SEN, and (3) determine the existence of patterns within selected subsets. Generally, the system combines visualizations, interactions, automatic methods, and quantitative measures to balance the exploration flexibility and operation efficiency, and improve the interpretability and faithfulness of the identified patterns. Case studies and quantitative experiments on multiple open datasets demonstrate the general applicability and effectiveness of our approach.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human-centered computing → Visual analytics visualization systems and tools

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A visual tool for the analysis of usage trends of small and medium bicycle sharing systems

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COMPUTERS & GRAPHICS-UK 2022年 109卷 30-41页

作者： Cortez-Ordonez, Alexandra Antonio Sanchez-Espigares, Jose Vazquez, Pere-Pau UPC BarcelonaTECH Dept Comp Sci ViRVIG Grp C Jordi Girona 1-3Ed Omega 137 Barcelona 08034 Spain UPC BarcelonaTECH Dept Stat & Operat Res Avda Diagonal 647Planta 66-67 Barcelona 08028 Spain

The last two decades have exhibited a profound transformation of traditional urban mobility patterns partly due to the exponential growth in both number and popularity of public bicycle sharing systems (BSS). Analysis and visualization of the data generated by BSSs have become of special interest to municipalities to evaluate the effect of their mobility programs and offer integrated urban mobility solutions. In this paper, we present a visualization system that aims to assist city officials from small and medium cities in their decision-making process with an intuitive representation of BSS' data. It has been developed, tested, and evaluated together with officials and domain experts from the city of Logrono (Spain). Our tool presents usage information with different time granularities (yearly, monthly, weekly, or seasonally), shows traffic flows between stations, and provides an in-depth breakdown of users' data such as their registered address, traveled distance, or gender-based patterns.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

关键词： visualization systems and tools Visual analytics Bike sharing systems

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The State of the Art in Multilayer Network visualization

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2019年第6期38卷 125-149页

作者： McGee, F. Ghoniem, M. Melancon, G. Otjacques, B. Pinaud, B. LIST Luxembourg Luxembourg Univ Bordeaux CNRS UMR 5800 LaBRI Bordeaux France

Modelling relationship between entities in real-world systems with a simple graph is a standard approach. However, reality is better embraced as several interdependent subsystems (or layers). Recently, the concept of a multilayer network model has emerged from the field of complex systems. This model can be applied to a wide range of real-world data sets. Examples of multilayer networks can be found in the domains of life sciences, sociology, digital humanities and more. Within the domain of graph visualization, there are many systems which visualize data sets having many characteristics of multilayer graphs. This report provides a state of the art and a structured analysis of contemporary multilayer network visualization, not only for researchers in visualization, but also for those who aim to visualize multilayer networks in the domain of complex systems, as well as those developing systems across application domains. We have explored the visualization literature to survey visualization techniques suitable for multilayer graph visualization, as well as tools, tasks and analytic techniques from within application domains. This report also identifies the outstanding challenges for multilayer graph visualization and suggests future research directions for addressing them.

关键词： multilayer networks network visualization literature survey center dot Human-centered computing -> Graph drawings Information visualization visualization systems and tools

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MyWebSteps: Aiding Revisiting with a Visual Web History

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INTERACTING WITH COMPUTERS 2017年第4期29卷 530-551页

作者： Do, Trien V. Ruddle, Roy A. Univ Leeds Sch Comp Leeds LS2 9JT W Yorkshire England Univ Oxford NDM Expt Med Oxford OX3 9DU England

This research addresses the general topic of 'keeping found things found' by investigating difficulties people encounter when revisiting webpages, and designing and evaluating a novel tool that addresses those difficulties. The research focused on occasional revisits-webpages that people have previously visited on only one day, a week or more ago (i.e. neither frequently nor recently). A 3-month logging study was combined with a laboratory experiment to identify 10 underlying causes of participants' revisiting failure. Overall, 61% of the failures occurred when a webpage had originally been accessed via search results, was on a topic a participant often looked at or was on a known but large website. Then, we designed a novel visual Web history tool to address the causes of failure and implemented it as a Firefox add-on. The tool was evaluated in a 3-month field study, helped participants succeed on 96% of revisits, and was also used by some participants to review and reminisce about their 'travels' online. Revised versions of the tool have been publicly released as the Firefox add-on MyWebSteps.

关键词： laboratory experiments field studies user centered design scenario-based design visualization systems and tools personalization (WWW)

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Infomages: Embedding Data into Thematic Images

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 593-606页

作者： Coelho, D. Mueller, K. SUNY Stony Brook Dept Comp Sci Stony Brook NY 11794 USA

Recent studies have indicated that visually embellished charts such as infographics have the ability to engage viewers and positively affect memorability. Fueled by these findings, researchers have proposed a variety of infographic design tools. However, these tools do not cover the entire design space. In this work, we identify a subset of infographics that we call infomages. Infomages are casual visuals of data in which a data chart is embedded into a thematic image such that the content of the image reflects the subject and the designer's interpretation of the data. Creating an effective infomage, however, can require a fair amount of design expertise and is thus out of reach for most people. In order to also afford non-artists with the means to design convincing infomages, we first study the principled design of existing infomages and identify a set of key chart embedding techniques. Informed by these findings we build a design tool that links web-scale image search with a set of interactive image processing tools to empower novice users with the ability to design a wide variety of infomages. As the embedding process might introduce some amount of visual distortion of the data our tool also aids users to gauge the amount of this distortion, if any. We experimentally demonstrate the usability of our tool and conclude with a discussion of infomages and our design tool.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human‐centered computing → Information visualization visualization systems and tools • Applied computing → Media arts • Computing methodologies → Image manipulation

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DanmuVis: Visualizing Danmu Content Dynamics and Associated Viewer Behaviors in Online Videos

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 429-440页

作者： Chen, S. Li, S. Li, Y. Zhu, J. Long, J. Chen, S. Zhang, J. Yuan, X. Peking Univ Sch AI Key Lab Machine Percept Minstry Educ Beijing Peoples R China Peking Univ Natl Engn Lab Big Data Anal & Applicat Beijing Peoples R China Peking Univ Beijing Engn Technol Res Ctr Virtual Simulat & Vi Beijing Peoples R China Jiangnan Univ Sch Design Wuxi Jiangsu Peoples R China Fudan Univ Sch Data Sci Shanghai Peoples R China Tianjin Univ Coll Intelligence & Comp Tianjin Peoples R China

Danmu (Danmaku) is a unique social media service in online videos, especially popular in Japan and China, for viewers to write comments while watching videos. The danmu comments are overlaid on the video screen and synchronized to the associated video time, indicating viewers' thoughts of the video clip. This paper introduces an interactive visualization system to analyze danmu comments and associated viewer behaviors in a collection of videos and enable detailed exploration of one video on demand. The watching behaviors of viewers are identified by comparing video time and post time of viewers' danmu. The system supports analyzing danmu content and viewers' behaviors against both video time and post time to gain insights into viewers' online participation and perceived experience. Our evaluations, including usage scenarios and user interviews, demonstrate the effectiveness and usability of our system.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human-centered computing → Visual analytics visualization systems and tools

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