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Automated prediction and design of PBL connectors using physics-integrated explainable machine learning and user-friendly web api

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STRUCTURES 2025年 73卷

作者： Mou, Ben Lang, Xin Fu, Yuguang Hubei Univ Technol Sch Civil Engn Architecture & Environm Wuhan 100144 Hubei Peoples R China Qingdao Univ Technol Sch Civil Engn Qingdao 266033 Peoples R China Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Civil & Environm Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore Hong Kong Polytech Univ Dept Civil & Environm Engn Hong Kong Peoples R China

In this paper, an automated prediction and design framework of perfobond rib (PBL) connectors is developed using physics-integrated explainable machine learning. The key objective is to obtain a design and calculation formula with high precision based on the experimental datasets collected from the literature papers. To do this, as the first step, six machine learning (ML) models, namely Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Decision Tree (DT), KNearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), have been developed to predict the shear capacity of PBL connectors. Then, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) algorithm is used to explain the input-output relationship of the best-performing model, XGBoost. Eventually, an effective formula for prediction of the shear capacity of PBL connectors was derived using physics-integrated explainable ML by combining the equation of surface fitting results and expanded lightweight Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. Finally, a user-friendly web api was developed to facilitate the prediction and design of PBL connectors for engineers.

关键词： PBL connectors Machine learning SHAP algorithm web api Structural design

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web api growing pains: Loosely coupled yet strongly tied

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2015年 100卷 27-43页

作者： Espinha, Tiago Zaidman, Andy Gross, Hans-Gerhard Delft Univ Technol Fac EEMCS NL-2628 CD Delft Netherlands Esslingen Univ Fac Informat Technol D-73732 Esslingen Germany

web apis provide a systematic and extensible approach for application-to-application interaction. Developers using web apis are forced to accompany the api providers in their software evolution tasks. In order to understand the distress caused by this imposition on web api client developers we perform a semi-structured interview with six such developers. We also investigate how major web api providers organize their api evolution, and we explore how this affects source code changes of their clients. Our exploratory qualitative study of the Twitter, Google Maps, Facebook and Netflix web apis analyzes the state of web api evolution practices and provides insight into the impact of service evolution on client software. In order to complement the picture and also understand how web api providers deal with evolution, we investigate the server-side and client-side evolution of two open-source web apis, namely VirtualBox and XBMC. Our study is complemented with a set of observations regarding best practices for web api evolution. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： web api Software evolution Breaking changes

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web api Discovery Using Semantic Similarity and Hungarian Algorithm

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JOURNAL OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGY 2018年第6期19卷 1657-1664页

作者： Ma, Shang-Pin Lin, Hsuan-Ju Chen, Hsi-Min Chen, Ying-Jen Lee, Wen-Tin Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Keelung Taiwan Feng Chia Univ Dept Informat Engn & Comp Sci Taichung Taiwan Natl Kaohsiung Normal Univ Dept Software Engn Kaohsiung Taiwan

Representational state transfer (REST) is the current design standard for web application programmable interfaces (apis). Unfortunately, existing web api search engines allow for only keyword or tag-based searches. Furthermore, search engines do not take into account the semantics and the interface compatibility. This paper reports on a novel approach to RESTful service discovery, referred to as Interface-Compatibility-based Semantic Service Search (ICS3). ICS3 expands terms in service documents using DBpedia and WordNet, and then filters out services that are inapplicable to the user query, in two steps: (1) calculating semantic similarity between candidate services and the user query and (2) calculating the degree of interface compatibility between candidate services and the user query using the Hungarian algorithm. Experiment results demonstrate that ICS3 outperforms other web apis search methods in terms of.

关键词： Service discovery RESTful service web api Term expansion Interface compatibility

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web api Recommendation Based on Self-Attentional Neural Factorization Machines With Domain Interactions

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023年第6期10卷 3953-3963页

作者： Kang, Guosheng Ding, Linghang Liu, Jianxun Cao, Buqing Xu, Yu Hunan Univ Sci & Technol Hunan Prov Key Lab Serv Comp & Novel Software Tech Xiangtan 411201 Peoples R China Hunan Univ Sci & Technol Sch Comp Sci & Engn Xiangtan 411201 Peoples R China Univ Cambridge Dept Publ Hlth & Primary Care Cambridge Baker Syst Genom Initiat Cambridge CB2 1TN England Univ Cambridge British Heart Fdn Dept Publ Hlth & Primary Care Cardiovasc Epidemiol Unit Cambridge CB2 1TN England

With the advances of service computing technology, there has been a significant focus on enhancing the relevance or accuracy of web api recommendation for Mashup creation. In the multiple established works, factorization machines based models portray increased performance compared with traditional content or collaborative filtering techniques with regard to accuracy, which still has great room for improvement. Thus, this article takes a further step to propose a more expressive factorization machines model, i.e., Self-Attentional Neural Factorization Machines with Domain Interactions for web api recommendation. Specifically, we introduce the concept of domain interaction to reduce the calculation complexity and capture the common characteristics of all features in one domain. Then, we leverage an implicit attention mechanism, that is, self-attention, to identify the importance of different feature interactions, instead of using explicit attention. Moreover, to promote expressive capability, deep neural networks are integrated into the transformed feature interactions following the self-attention propagation, capturing low and high order representations. In this approach, the importance of feature interactions can contribute to both low and high order relations. Multiple studies on a practical dataset indicates the inherent benefits of the method proposed in this study over the baselines for web api recommendation.

关键词： web api mashup factorization machines self-attention mechanism neural network BERT model

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web api Fragility: How Robust Is Your Mobile Application? 2

Web API Fragility: How Robust Is Your Mobile Application?

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Second ACM International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems MOBILESoft 2015

作者： Espinha, Tiago Zaidman, Andy Gross, Hans-Gerhard Delft Univ Technol NL-2600 AA Delft Netherlands Esslingen Univ Esslingen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780769555669

web apis provide a systematic and extensible approach for application-to-application interaction. A large number of mobile applications makes use of web apis to integrate services into apps. Each web api's evolution pace is determined by their respective developer and mobile application developers are forced to accompany the api providers in their software evolution tasks. In this paper we investigate whether and how mobile application developers deal with the added distress of web apis evolving. In particular, we studied how robust 43 high profile mobile applications are when dealing with mutated web api responses. Additionally, we interviewed three mobile application developers to better understand their choices and trade-offs regarding web api integration.

关键词： mobile mutation analysis software evolution web api

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web api Security Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Mechanisms: A Systematic Mapping Study 9

Web API Security Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Mechanisms: ...

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9th International Conference in Software Engineering Research and Innovation (CONISOFT)

作者： Alejandro Diaz-Rojas, Josue Octavio Ocharan-Hernandez, Jorge Carlos Perez-Arriaga, Juan Limon, Xavier Univ Veracruzana Sch Stat & Informat Xalapa Veracruz Mexico

ISBN: (纸本)9781665443616

The growth of the web over the last couple of decades opened the door for the creation of an increasing number of web-based software systems. This change brought the need for new software solutions to establish communication between distributed software entities. One of the adopted solutions was web apis;however, their appearance brought with itself new challenges that need to be solved. Among these new challenges, we find the necessity to protect the api at a design level from attacks by malicious users, in other words, making the api secure by design. This task is not trivial, and to be able to perform it effectively, it is necessary to know the vulnerabilities which apis are commonly exposed to, alongside the mechanisms which exist to defend against them. The objective of this systematic mapping study is to gather the existing scientific knowledge about security threats that a web api faces, alongside design-level mechanisms for detecting, resisting, reacting, and recovering from attacks. Our results discovered 66 threats described in the literature. We observed that the most reported threats are those related to Spoofing and Tampering, both mostly related to the network traffic the api interacts with. In contrast, the least reported threats are those related to repudiation. We identified 21 techniques, 11 patterns and 34 methods that can be employed at a design level to detect, resist, react to or recover from these threats.

关键词： web api design Security web api api security Systematic mapping study

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Energy-efficient and cost-effective web api invocations with transfer size reduction for mobile mashup applications

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WIRELESS NETWORKS 2014年第3期20卷 361-378页

作者： Huang, Chen-Che Huang, Jiun-Long Tsai, Chin-Liang Wu, Guan-Zhong Chen, Chia-Min Lee, Wang-Chien Natl Chiao Tung Univ Dept Comp Sci Hsinchu Taiwan Penn State Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn University Pk PA 16802 USA

Recently, the proliferation of smartphones and the extensive coverage of wireless networks have enabled numerous mobile users to access web resources with smartphones. Mobile mashup applications are very attractive to smartphone users due to specialized services and user-friendly GUIs. However, to offer new services through the integration of web resources via web api invocations, mobile mashup applications suffer from high energy consumption and long response time. In this paper, we propose a proxy system and two techniques to reduce the size of data transfer, thereby enabling mobile mashup applications to achieve energy-efficient and cost-effective web api invocations. Specifically, we design an api query language that allows mobile mashup applications to readily specify and obtain desired information by instructing a proxy to filter unnecessary information returned from web api servers. We also devise an image multi-get module, which results in mobile mashup applications with smaller transfer sizes by combining multiple images and adjusting the quality, scale, or resolution of the images. With the proposed proxy and techniques, a mobile mashup application can rapidly retrieve web resources via web api invocations with lower energy consumption due to a smaller number of HTTP requests and responses as well as smaller response bodies. Experimental results show that the proposed proxy system and techniques significantly reduce transfer size, response time, and energy consumption of mobile mashup applications.

关键词： Mobile mashup applications web resource web api Energy efficiency Transfer size reduction Smartphones

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web api Growing Pains: Stories from Client Developers and Their Code

Web API Growing Pains: Stories from Client Developers and Th...

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Software Evolution Week / IEEE Conference on Software Maintenance, Reengineering, and Reverse Engineering (CSMR-WCRE)

作者： Espinha, Tiago Zaidman, Andy Gross, Hans-Gerhard Delft Univ Technol NL-2600 AA Delft Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781479937523

web apis provide a systematic and extensible approach for application-to-application interaction. Developers using web apis are forced to accompany the api providers in their software evolution tasks. In order to understand the distress caused by this imposition on web api client developers we perform a semi-structured interview with six such developers. We also investigate how major web api providers organize their api evolution, and we explore how this affects source code changes of their clients. Our exploratory study of the Twitter, Google Maps, Facebook and Netflix web apis analyzes the state of web api evolution practices and provides insight into the impact of service evolution on client software. Our study is complemented with a set of observations regarding best practices for web api evolution.

关键词： application program interfaces social networking (online) software maintenance source code (software) api providers Facebook Google Maps Netflix web api Twitter web api application-to-application interaction client developers software evolution tasks source code Context Facebook Google Interviews Libraries Twitter web services

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Contexts Enhance Accuracy: On Modeling Context Aware Deep Factorization Machine for web api QoS Prediction

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IEEE ACCESS 2020年 8卷 165551-165569页

作者： Shen, Limin Pan, Maosheng Liu, Linlin You, Dianlong Li, Feng Chen, Zhen Yanshan Univ Colleague Informat Sci & Engn Qinhuangdao 066004 Hebei Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Natl Sci Lib Beijing 100864 Peoples R China Northeastern Univ Coll Comp & Commun Engn Shenyang 110819 Peoples R China

Service-oriented computing (SOC) promises a world of cooperating services loosely connected, constructing agile web applications in heterogeneous environments conveniently. web application interface (api) as an emerging technique attracts more and more enterprises and organizations to publish their deep computing functionalities and big data on the Internet, web api has become the backbone to promote the development of SOC, thus forming the prosperous web api economy. However, the number of available web apis on the Internet is massive and growing constantly, which causes the web api overload problem. Quality of service (QoS) as an indicator is able to well differentiate the quality of web apis and has been widely applied for high quality web api selection. Since testing QoS for massive web apis is resource-consuming, and the QoS performance depends on contextual information such as network and location, hence accurate QoS prediction has become very crucial for personalized web api recommendation and high quality web application construction. To address the above issue, this paper presents a context aware deep factorization machine model (CADFM for short) for accurate web api QoS prediction. Specifically, we first carry out detailed data analysis using real-world QoS dataset and discover a positive relationship between QoS and contextual information, which motivates us to incorporate beneficial contexts for enhancing QoS prediction accuracy. Then, we treat QoS prediction as a regression problem and propose a context aware CADFM framework that integrates the contextual information via embedding technique. Particularly, we adopt MF and MLP for high-order and nonlinear interaction modeling, so as to learn the complex interaction between users and web apis accurately. Finally, the experimental results on real-world QoS dataset demonstrate that CADFM outperforms the classic and the state-of-the-art baselines, thereby generating the most accurate QoS predictions and incre

关键词： Quality of service Context modeling Predictive models Context-aware services Internet Organizations Software Service-oriented computing web api quality of service prediction context aware deep factorization machine

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JSON-LD Based web api Semantic Annotation Considering Distributed Knowledge

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IEEE ACCESS 2020年 8卷 197203-197221页

作者： Wang, Xianghui Sun, Qian Liang, Jinlong Shandong Jianzhu Univ Dept Comp Sci & Technol Jinan 250101 Peoples R China Shandong First Med Univ Affiliated Hosp 1 Shandong Prov Qianfoshan Hosp Informat Ctr Jinan 250100 Peoples R China

Based on semantically annotated web apis, automatic web api composition can be implemented easily. The operation can greatly improve efficiency of building a software system. However, in real world, semantic annotation for web apis will encounter various difficulties, because of their distribution and function diversity, such as disunited api description formats, response result with complex structure, shortage of business domain ontologies, semantic conflicts among distributed knowledge, and so on. To solve these difficulties, we propose a JSON-LD based web api semantic annotation approach (JWASA). JWASA can assist professional developers to semi-automatically complete semantic annotation of web apis. A common web api description ontology is firstly defined, including necessary vocabularies about invocation information, functional semantics, and non-functional features. Then, JWASA automatically converts a web api description into a document in an united JSON format, and assist developers to semi-automatically embed semantic information of crucial elements of the api by means of a lightweight Linked Data format JSON-LD. Meanwhile, a semantic annotation specification is proposed to deal with various complex situations in web api description, e.g: too many response parameters, no request parameters, etc. In addition, to improve efficiency of annotation, JWASA provides some extra operations, including automatic new ontology or vocabulary creation, automatic functional semantics extraction etc. Also, JWASA provides semi-automatically bridge rule generation algorithm, which can infer implied relationships among vocabularies (e.g: sub-class, super-class, equality). JWASA focuses on the semantic annotation of functionality of web apis, and can create effective semantic web apis for future api automatic composition. We implement a prototype system and carry out a series of experiments to evaluate JWASA on real web apis crawled from Internet. Experiments show that our appro

关键词： web api semantic annotation JSON-LD ontology creation distributed knowledge

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