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A cognitive communication based wide-area monitoring system of smart grid

MULTIAGENT AND GRID systemS 2013年第4期9卷 335-350页

作者： Luo, Ling Yang, Yucan Zhou, Jian Zhao, Qi State Grid Shanghai Elect Power Res Inst Handan Rd 171 Shanghai 200437 Peoples R China State Grid Shanghai Training Ctr Shanghai Peoples R China State Grid Shanghai Maintenance Co Shanghai Peoples R China

To meet the increasing challenges on global warming and customer demands, the current hierarchical structure of electric power grid is undergoing a rapid change by focusing on high efficiency, reliability and flexibility. To address such challenges, the new concept of smart grid with a sophisticated communication infrastructure has emerged. While power grid systems are based on traditional information architectures at present, the evolving smart grid has a strong need on communication connections among a huge amount of distributed elements, such as generators, substations, monitoring sensors and customers. However, the power industry is facing dilemma that communication resources are limited due to the lack of wireless spectrum resources and the restrictions of wired applications. This paper firstly provides the architecture of the wide-area monitoring system for smart grid by applying a spectrum sensing and sharing technique of cognitive radio, based on an overview of the current communication technologies. Afterwards, the paper presents the feasible application of cognitive communication architecture on the existing power quality monitoring system by combining long-term and short-term monitoring approaches.

关键词： Smart grid cognitive radio communication infrastructure wide-area monitoring system power quality

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Performance and Reliability Benchmarking of Phasor Data Concentrator Software systems and Preliminary Designing of wide-area monitoring system 14

Performance and Reliability Benchmarking of Phasor Data Conc...

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2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON)

作者： Pongnark, Jatupol Tanachutiwat, Sansiri King Mongkuts Univ Technol North Bangkok Sirindhorn Int Thai German Grad Sch Engn Dept Elect & Software Syst Engn Bangkok Thailand

ISBN: (纸本)9781538604496

In this article, we evaluate existing open source Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) and Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) software systems and benchmark their performance and reliability with various database systems. We also evaluate usability of the PDC systems and to list additional feature for the system. Among two open source PDC software, we found that OpenPDC out performs other PDC software in terms of resource usage, performance, and reliability. And, the selection of database systems has minimal effects of the performance and resource usage of the overall system. Based on the performance limitation of the PDC software, we design a preliminary structure of the PMU-PDC network for Thailand smart grid power system.

关键词： benchmarking phasor measurement unit phasor data concentrator smartgrid wide-area monitoring system

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Energy Efficient Security Algorithm for Power Grid wide area monitoring system

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID 2011年第4期2卷 715-723页

作者： Qiu, Meikang Gao, Wenzhong Chen, Min Niu, Jian-Wei Zhang, Lei Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Comp Sci & Technol Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Univ Kentucky Dept Elect & Comp Engn Lexington KY 40506 USA Univ Denver Dept Elect & Comp Engn Denver CO 80210 USA Seoul Natl Univ Seoul 151742 South Korea Beihang Univ State Key Lab Software Dev Environm Beijing 100191 Peoples R China Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Comp Sci & Engn Chengdu 611731 Sichuan Peoples R China

Modern power grid is the most complex human-made system, which is monitored by wide-area monitoring system (WAMS). Providing time-synchronized data of power system operating states, WAMS will play a crucial role in next generation smart grid protection and control. WAMS helps secure efficient energy transmission as well as reliable and optimal grid management. As the key enabler of a smart grid, numerous sensors such as PMU and current sensors transmit real-time dynamic data, which is usually protected by encryption algorithm from malicious attacks, over wide-area-network (WAN) to power system control centers so that monitoring and control of the whole system is possible. Security algorithms for power grid need to consider both performance and energy efficiency through code optimization techniques on encryption and decryption. In this paper, we take power nodes (sites) as platforms to experimentally study ways of energy consumptions in different security algorithms. First, we measure energy consumptions of various security algorithms on CrossBow and Ember sensor nodes. Second, we propose an array of novel code optimization methods to increase energy consumption efficiency of different security algorithms. Finally, based on careful analysis of measurement results, we propose a set of principles on using security algorithms in WAMS nodes, such as cryptography selections, parameter configuration, and the like. Such principles can be used widely in other computing systems with energy constraints.

关键词： Cryptographic algorithm power grid scheduling security smart grid wide-area monitoring system

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Composite load modeling by spatial-temporal deep attention network based on wide-area monitoring systems

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JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY systemS 2021年第6期40卷 12215-12226页

作者： Ghafarokhi, Omid Izadi Moattari, Mazda Forouzantabar, Ahmad Islamic Azad Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Marvdasht Branch Marvdasht Iran

With the development of the wide-area monitoring system (WAMS), power system operators are capable of providing an accurate and fast estimation of time-varying load parameters. This study proposes a spatial-temporal deep network-based new attention concept to capture the dynamic and static patterns of electrical load consumption through modeling complicated and non-stationary interdependencies between time sequences. The designed deep attention-based network benefits from long short-term memory (LSTM) based component to learning temporal features in time and frequency-domains as encoder-decoder based recurrent neural network. Furthermore, to inherently learn spatial features, a convolutional neural network (CNN) based attention mechanism is developed. Besides, this paper develops a loss function based on a pseudo-Huber concept to enhance the robustness of the proposed network in noisy conditions as well as improve the training performance. The simulation results on IEEE 68-bus demonstrates the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed network through comparison with several previously presented and state-of-the-art methods.

关键词： Composite load modeling deep attention neural network encoder-decoder long short-term memory convolutional neural network wide-area monitoring system

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On Hilbert transform methods for low frequency oscillations detection

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2014年第6期8卷 1061-1074页

作者： Lauria, Davide Pisani, Cosimo Univ Naples Federico II Dept Elect Engn & Informat Technol Naples Italy

This study tackles the issue of electromechanical modes identification through a measurement-based methodology employing a novel signal decomposition theorem based upon the Hilbert transform. The methodology aims to answer in a simpler and more pragmatic manner to the main weaknesses of the Hilbert-Huang transform with respect to the major refinements in the relevant literature. These weak points are discussed with sufficient detailed degree in the study. The main contribution of this study consists in combining a recent signal decomposition theorem for separating an assigned signal into elemental ones, each of them characterised by a single frequency component and a robust preliminary non-linear spectral analyser, named Lp periodogram. This procedure's results are very appropriate for analysing some critical cases of electromechanical oscillations, because of the Lp periodogram robustness against heavy-tailed noise and also its intrinsic ability in estimating closely spaced frequency components. The proposed approach is found to be inherently simple, reliable and consistent in performance as well as characterised by low computational burden. Some numerical applications validate the methodology and assess its own performance on synthetic signals, near real-life signals acquired by IEEE test networks and on a real measured signal from a wide-area monitoring system currently in operation.

关键词： spectral analysers Hilbert transforms measurement systems near real-life signals single frequency component electromechanical modes identification synthetic signals numerical applications signal decomposition theorem Lp periodogram Hilbert-Huang transform Network and spectrum analysers wide-area monitoring system robust preliminary nonlinear spectral analyser measurement-based methodology Integral transforms in numerical analysis signal processing low frequency oscillations detection Signal processing and detection IEEE test networks

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Rule-Based Data-Driven Analytics for wide-area Fault Detection Using Synchrophasor Data

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS 2017年第3期53卷 1789-1798页

作者： Liang, Xiaodong Wallace, Scott A. Duc Nguyen Mem Univ Newfoundland Dept Elect & Comp Engn St John NF A1B 3X9 Canada Washington State Univ Sch Engn & Comp Sci Vancouver WA 99163 USA

Synchrophasor technology, also known as wide-area monitoring system technology, utilizes phasor measurement unit (PMU) to monitor real-time system data, which can provide unique insights into the operation of a power grid. In this paper, a rule-based data-driven analytics method for wide-area fault detection in a power system using synchrophasor data is proposed. As a data-driven approach, this method relies on rules created using PMU measurement data, and does not require knowledge of the power system's topology and model. It can detect fault location (bus and line) and fault type for a particular fault event. Three common types of short circuit faults in a power grid, single-line-to-ground, line-to-line, and three-phase faults, can be identified using the proposed method. Fault thresholds used in rules are determined based on theoretical values and recorded PMU data during fault events in Bonneville power administration (BPA)'s large power grid. The proposed method is validated by comparing with the recorded field data for fault events provided by BPA. It is found that it can effectively detect most faults with a great accuracy. It has been developed into a software program, and can be readily used by utility companies.

关键词： Data-driven analytics fault detection phasor measurement unit (PMU) symmetrical component method synchrophasor technology voltage sags wide-area monitoring system

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Real-time multi-state classification of short-term voltage stability based on multivariate time series machine learning

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY systemS 2019年 108卷 402-414页

作者： Pinzon, Jaime D. Graciela Colome, D. Natl Univ San Juan CONICET Inst Elect Energy San Juan Argentina

The analysis of the significant amount of data collected by PMU devices in wide-area monitoring, protection and control (WAMPAC) applications has been a great challenge for assessing power system fast phenomena. This paper presents a novel methodology for real-time assessment of short-term voltage stability (STVS) under large disturbances with an approach based on data mining and machine learning. This methodology classifies off-line the power system stability in multiple operating states through the calculation of the maximal Lyapunov exponent and dynamic voltage indices. This allows identifying not only fast voltage collapses (FVC) but also fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR) events. The multivariate time series data of the power system dynamic response are processed and transformed with a symbolic representation technique. This together with the operating state classification are used to train an intelligent machine based on Random Forest proposed for applying in real time to classify the post-disturbance operating state. This methodology is tested in the New England 39-bus system. The performance of the methodology to classify the STVS in real time was verified, obtaining a classification error less than 2% using a post-contingency data window of 0.58 s and less than one-third of all the bus voltage measurements. Results show the ability of the methodology to predict voltage stability problems, having enough time to carry out automatic control actions to prevent or mitigate problems.

关键词： Short-term voltage stability Power systems Machine learning wide-area monitoring system Time series classification

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Phasor measurement unit placement framework for enhanced wide-area situational awareness

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2015年第2期9卷 172-182页

作者： Sodhi, Ranjana Sharieff, Md Imran Indian Inst Technol Ropar Dept Elect Engn Rupnagar 140001 Punjab India

The wide-area situational awareness (SA) aims at an early detection of impending system instability and to alert system operator to take necessary actions. Since a critical situation may be triggered in a system because of various reasons, a wide-area monitoring system needs to consider several practical factors while deploying phasor measurement units (PMUs) in the grid. This study proposes a systematic framework for analysing the suitability of limited candidate PMU locations with respect to multiple applications, which, in turn, would enhance the SA of the system operator. Five factors are chosen for assessing the potential of a PMU site viz., improving state estimation, assessing voltage, angular stability, monitoring tie-line oscillations and the availability of communication infrastructure. To quantify the contribution of each application in enhancing the SA, five respective factors are proposed. These five factors are finally integrated in the proposed framework using fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution. The scope of this work, however, is not limited only to these five factors. PMU locations can be evaluated for any number of practical criteria. The proposed scheme is demonstrated on IEEE 14-bus system and Northern Regional Power Grid 246-bus Indian system. The proposed methodology enhances the SA by ranking and recognising the potential PMU locations, and placing them in a phased manner.

关键词： phasor measurement power system measurement state estimation power system stability IEEE standards power grids rotors phasor measurement unit placement framework enhanced wide-area situational awareness system instability alert system operator wide-area monitoring system PMU locations state estimation angular stability tie-line oscillations communication infrastructure critical load awareness factor state awareness factor tie-line oscillation awareness factor rotor angle stability awareness factor communication availability factor fuzzy technique standard IEEE 14-bus system Northern Regional Power Grid 246-bus Indian system

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Reliability-based phasor measurement unit placement in power systems considering transmission line outages and channel limits

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2014年第1期8卷 121-130页

作者： Gomez, Oscar Rios, Mario A. Anders, George Univ Los Andes Sch Engn Dept Elect & Elect Engn Bogota Colombia Univ Tecnol Pereira Sch Elect Technol Dept Technol Pereira Colombia Tech Univ Lodz Elect Engn PL-90924 Lodz Poland

Since phasor measurement unit (PMU) was invented, there has been growing interest in developing methodologies for finding the minimum number of PMUs for complete system observability. The methods for the PMU placement must consider the fact that the network topology may change when the power system is affected by a contingency event. Therefore the PMU placement problem can be stated as finding the minimum number of PMUs for complete system observability considering the failure probability of transmission lines. In this study, the authors propose a new reliability- based model for the contingency constrained PMUs placement. Initially, a methodology, that considers the probability of failure of the power system components, is proposed. Next, an algorithm is presented for selecting the minimal number of PMUs and their locations to monitor the system under normal operation and the most credible contingencies. A probabilistic index is introduced to select a desired level of reliability for the wide-area monitoring system. Finally, the availability of PMU measuring channels is incorporated in the model, so more realistic and useful results can be obtained. The problem is formulated and solved as a binary integer linear programming model and tested on the IEEE 9-bus, IEEE 57-bus and RTS96 test systems.

关键词： power system measurement probability channel limit Power transmission, distribution and supply linear programming Optimisation techniques network topology power transmission reliability RTS96 test system integer programming failure probability IEEE standards binary integer linear programming model IEEE 9-bus test system Reliability Power system measurement and metering contingency-constrained PMU placement transmission line outage wide-area monitoring system complete system observability reliability-based phasor measurement unit placement power transmission lines IEEE 57-bus test system Other topics in statistics

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Identifying Sources of Subsynchronous Resonance Using wide-area Phasor Measurements

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY 2021年第5期36卷 3242-3254页

作者： Wang, Yang Jiang, Xiaolong Xie, Xiaorong Yang, Xiaomei Xiao, Xianyong Sichuan Univ Coll Elect Engn Chengdu 610065 Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn State Key Lab Power Syst Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

Identifying sources of subsynchronous resonance (SSR) is crucial for understanding and mitigating incidents. Recent studies have shown that SSR impedance and power are effective indicators that can identify an SSR source. However, the calculation of two indexes requires SSR voltage and current phasors as the inputs, which are not directly available from existing online monitoring systems. To address this issue, this paper presents a novel method to calculate SSR impedance/power based on synchrophasors provided by a wide-area monitoring system. As a result, the online detection of SSR sources is enabled. Through mathematical derivation, it is revealed that a synchrophasor under SSR is dominated by four modes: two from the fundamental frequency and two from the SSR frequency. The problem thus can be transformed to a modal parameter extraction (MPE). Two classic MPE algorithms, Prony analysis and the matrix pencil method, are employed in this paper to extract the SSR parameters and calculate the SSR impedance/power. Their performances are verified using synthetic signals and electromagnetic transient simulations. Furthermore, the method is applied to an actual SSR incident involving 23 wind farms. The findings suggest that 17 of 23 wind farms did not contribute negative damping to the oscillation.

关键词： Phasor measurement units Wind farms Oscillators Impedance Resistance Mathematical model Doubly fed induction generators Subsynchronous resonance (SSR) wind farm wide-area monitoring system SSR source detection

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