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A steganography embedding method based on edge identification and xor coding

EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 2016年 46卷 293-306页

作者： Al-Dmour, Hayat Al-Ani, Ahmed Univ Technol Sydney Fac Engn & Informat Technol Sch Elect Mech & Mechatron Syst Sydney NSW 2007 Australia

In this paper, we present a novel image steganography algorithm that combines the strengths of edge detection and xor coding, to conceal a secret message either in the spatial domain or an Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) based transform domain of the cover image. Edge detection enables the identification of sharp edges in the cover image that when embedding in would cause less degradation to the image quality compared to embedding in a pre-specified set of pixels that do not differentiate between sharp and smooth areas. This is motivated by the fact that the human visual system (HVS) is less sensitive to changes in sharp contrast areas compared to uniform areas of the image. The edge detection method presented here is capable of estimating the exact edge intensities for both the cover and stego images (before and after embedding the message), which is essential when extracting the message. The xor coding, on the other hand, is a simple, yet effective, process that helps in reducing differences between the cover and stego images. In order to embed three secret message bits, the algorithm requires four bits of the cover image, but due to the coding mechanism, no more than two of the four bits will be changed when producing the stego image. The proposed method utilizes the sharpest regions of the image first and then gradually moves to the less sharp regions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has achieved better imperceptibility results than other popular steganography methods. Furthermore, when applying a textural feature steganalytic algorithm to differentiate between cover and stego images produced using various embedding rates, the proposed method maintained a good level of security compared to other steganography methods. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Steganography Edge detection Human Visual System (HVS) xor coding IWT

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Hybrid TCP of xor coding scheme and TCP Hybla on split PEP in satellite communications

Hybrid TCP of XOR coding scheme and TCP Hybla on split PEP i...

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7th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC) - Towards Smarter Hyper-Connected World

作者： Lee, Seunglyong Kim, Jong-Mu Oh, Ji-Hoon Kim, Jae-Hyun Ajou Univ Dept Network Centr Warfare Suwon South Korea Ajou Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Suwon South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781509013258

In this short paper, we propose a hybrid TCP PEP combined xor coding with TCP Hybla on split PEP in satellite communication. To evaluate performance of the proposed protocol we set up a test bed of satellite communication network As a result of performance evaluation of the proposed Hybrid TCP on split PEP, the file transmission speed improved more than 40% in high error rate environment. Therefore, we can expect that the proposed Hybrid TCP, which is combined xor coding method and TCP Hybla on the split PEP, can contribute to improve the data transmission speed in the satellite communication environments.

关键词： Satellite communication xor coding Hybla split PEP

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Low distortion and adaptive image steganography by enhancing DBSCAN, Sobel operator, and xor coding

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JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY AND APPLICATIONS 2022年 70卷

作者： Rezaei, Aref Ahmadiadli, Yasaman Farzinvash, Leili Asadpour, Mohammad Univ Tabriz Fac Elect & Comp Engn Tabriz Iran

Image steganography is concealing digital messages in an image in a matter that the secret data is not revealed. An effective practice to reduce the variations between the cover and stego images is to hide the secret data in the edge areas. The clustering approach can be applied to detect the edge pixels of the cover image. DBSCAN is a density-based clustering algorithm and is applicable for this purpose. This algorithm, however, may fail to detect edge areas if its parameters are not tuned properly. Furthermore, to reduce the distortion of the stego image, coding techniques should be applied in the data embedding process. The existing coding schemes have low performance and there is still scope for improvement and to propose more promising approaches. In this paper, we propose an effective edge-based image steganography algorithm. The proposed method convolves the cover image using an enhanced Sobel operator prior to edge detection. This approach places more emphasis on the edge pixels. For detecting edge areas, an adaptive clustering method based on the DBSCAN algorithm is pro-posed, which adjusts its sensitivity against edge pixels according to the cover image structure and message size. As opposed to the traditional DBSCAN, this method is adaptive and can adjust the values of parameters dynamically. Additionally, a novel enhanced xor coding technique for message concealment which reduces the variations of the edge pixels to 12.5%, is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method improves PSNR and wPSNR by 3.98db and 2.18db compared to other state-of-the-art schemes.

关键词： Steganography Image hiding Edge detection DBSCAN Sobel operator xor coding

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使用空时编码与xor编码的合作式通讯传输机制

使用空时编码与XOR编码的合作式通讯传输机制

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作者： Sifiso 国立台北科技大学

学位级别：硕士

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) completed a study on coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) techniques to facilitate cooperative communications across multiple transmission and reception points (e.g., cells) for the LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) system. CoMP was initially brought forward in the study item of LTE-A to meet the requirements of the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) in 2008. At their meeting (3GPP TSG RAN #50), the study item CoMP was agreed upon for Release 11 as a tool to improve the coverage of high data rates, cell-edge throughput, and also to increase the overall system throughput. In a CoMP operation, multiple points coordinate with each other in such a way that the transmitted signals from/to other points do not incur serious interference or can even be exploited as meaningful signals. Theoretical work has shown that CoMP offers considerable potential performance gains in both the uplink and the downlink. For this reasons, CoMP has been studied as a solution to increasing system throughput, especially at the cell-edge areas where inter-cell interference (ICI) is severe more so with the traditional *** coding (NC) is another technique that has been receiving much attention recently, for its ability to improve spectral efficiency and achieve throughput optimality. By using network coding on CoMP schemes, the throughput of the wireless system is improved further because network coding brings about a new perspective which utilizes the interference instead of mitigating it. Exclusive-OR (xor) coding, is one of the simple implementation of NC, by which two bits can be sent in only one transmission (by xoring them) instead of the normal two transmissions. The xor operation of NC at the antenna is normally dubbed Analogue Network coding (ANC) or Physical Layer Network coding (PNC). Through the use of xor coding, multiple faulty packets can be rectified by the receiver at the cost of tra

关键词： Coordinated multipoint transmission/reception Network coding xor coding Space-time block coding Space-time transmit diversity

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Embracing Corruption Burstiness: Fast Error Recovery for ZigBee under Wi-Fi Interference

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING 2017年第9期16卷 2518-2530页

作者： Zhao, Zhiwei Dong, Wei Chen, Gonglong Min, Geyong Gu, Tao Bu, Jiajun Zhejiang Univ Coll Comp Sci Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang Peoples R China Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Coll Comp Sci & Engn Chengdu 610051 Sichuan Peoples R China Univ Exeter Coll Engn Math & Phys Sci Exeter EX4 Devon England RMIT Univ Sch Comp Sci & IT Melbourne Vic 3000 Australia

The ZigBee communication can be easily and severely interfered by Wi-Fi traffic. Error recovery, as an important means for ZigBee to survive Wi-Fi interference, has been extensively studied in recent years. The existing works add upfront redundancy to in-packet blocks for recovering a certain number of random corruptions. Therefore, the bursty nature of ZigBee in-packet corruptions under Wi-Fi interference is often considered harmful, since some blocks are full of errors which cannot be recovered and some blocks have no errors but are still requiring redundancy. As a result, they often use interleaving to reshape the bursty errors, before applying complex FEC codes to recover the re-shaped random distributed errors. In this paper, we take a different view that burstiness may be helpful. With burstiness, the in-packet corruptions are often consecutive and the requirement for error recovery is reduced as "recovering any k consecutive errors" instead of "recovering any random k errors". This lowered requirement allows us to design far more efficient code than the existing FEC codes. Motivated by this implication, we exploit the corruption burstiness to design a simple yet effective error recovery code using xor operations (called Zixor). Zixor uses xor code and the delay is significantly reduced. More, Zixor uses RSSI-hinted approach to detect in packet corruptions without CRC, incurring almost no extra transmission overhead. The testbed evaluation results show that Zixor outperforms the state-of-the-art works in terms of the throughput (by 47 percent) and latency (by 22 percent).

关键词： ZigBee bursty corruptions error recovery xor coding

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A novel edge based embedding in medical images based on unique key generated using sudoku puzzle design

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SPRINGERPLUS 2016年第1期5卷 1页

作者： Santhi, B. Dheeptha, B. SASTRA Univ Sch Comp Dept Informat & Commun Technol Thirumalaisamudram 613401 Thanjavur India

The field of telemedicine has gained immense momentum, owing to the need for transmitting patients' information securely. This paper puts forth a unique method for embedding data in medical images. It is based on edge based embedding and xor coding. The algorithm proposes a novel key generation technique by utilizing the design of a sudoku puzzle to enhance the security of the transmitted message. The edge blocks of the cover image alone, are utilized to embed the payloads. The least significant bit of the pixel values are changed by xor coding depending on the data to be embedded and the key generated. Hence the distortion in the stego image is minimized and the information is retrieved accurately. Data is embedded in the RGB planes of the cover image, thus increasing its embedding capacity. Several measures including peak signal noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), universal image quality index (UIQI) and correlation coefficient (R) are the image quality measures that have been used to analyze the quality of the stego image. It is evident from the results that the proposed technique outperforms the former methodologies.

关键词： Telemedicine Edge based embedding xor coding Stego image Least significant bit

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Optimizing Data Center Network Performance: A Comprehensive Analysis of Speed Testing, Caching, and Network coding in Software Defined Networking 20

Optimizing Data Center Network Performance: A Comprehensive ...

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20th International Conference on Network and Service Management

作者： Das, Souryendu Adamson, Jacob Lee, Aaron Vaideswar, Vedant Kalafatis, Stavros Texas A&M Univ Elect & Comp Engn College Stn TX 77840 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798331505158;9783903176669

This study explores the application of Software Defined Networking (SDN) to optimize data center network performance by employing a series of innovative techniques tested within a Mininet-emulated dumbbell network topology. We precisely assess network behavior under different protocols and configurations, including IPerf3 in both Cubic and Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time (BBR) modes, as well as UDPST (User Datagram Protocol Speed Test). Results highlight IPerf3 in BBR mode as superior in stability and performance. Additionally, we investigate various caching architectures singular, split, and multi-cache with multi-cache configurations demonstrating the best performance in terms of capacity and access time. Furthermore, network coding strategies like xor coding and Random Packet Spraying (RPS) are analyzed for their effectiveness in reducing packet loss and retransmissions, with RPS showing a notable decrease in retransmission rates. Collectively, these insights contribute significantly to SDN implementations aimed at enhancing the operational efficiency of data centers.

关键词： Software Defined Networking Data Center Networks Mininet Emulation Network Performance Speed Testing Caching Architectures Network coding xor coding Random Packet Spraying Data Transmission

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When Network coding improves the Performances of Clustered Wireless Networks

When Network Coding improves the Performances of Clustered W...

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2011 IFIP Wireless Days (WD)

作者： Salhi, Ismail Ghamri-Doudane, Yacine Lohier, Stephane Roussel, Gilles Univ Paris Est LIGM Marne La Vallee France

ISBN: (纸本)9781457720284

This paper introduces a network coding scheme that significantly increases the performances of clustering algorithms in wireless multi-hop networks. Knowing the promising capabilities of network coding over broadcast mediums, we propose a simple and non-invasive packet scheduling mechanism based on proactive code selection and overheard messages to optimize intra and inter-cluster communications. Our solution uses bitwise xor operations at the packet level to combine several messages in one transmission. Simulations show an important gain in the network reliability, and a major enhancement of the throughput without any substantial computation or network overhead.

关键词： xor coding wireless multi-hop networks clustering

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AODV-COD: AODV Routing Protocol with coding Opportunity Discovery

AODV-COD: AODV Routing Protocol with Coding Opportunity Disc...

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MILCOM Military Communications Conference

作者： Dong, Chao Qian, Rui Yang, Panlong Chen, Guihai Wang, Hai Nanjing Univ State Key Lab Novel Software Technol Nanjing 210093 Peoples R China Inst Commun Engn Dept Telecom Engn Nanjing 210007 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781424481804

Due to the bandwidth-limited wireless broadcast channel and node mobility in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), reactive on-demand routing protocols have attracted extensive attention because that the routes are established only when required. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is a prominent on-demand one which has been used widely. However, constrained by the limited topology information, the nodes with AODV can not execute xor coding scheme which has been shown to be able to improve the throughput of unicast traffic in MANETs. In this paper, we analyze that two-hop neighbor nodes information and two-hop predecessor nodes information of the received packets are sufficient for the nodes with most distance-vector routing protocols to discover the coding opportunity effectively. Then we implement AODV routing protocol with coding Opportunity Discovery (AODV-COD) and evaluate its performance by simulation. The results show that our implementation is effective and AODV-COD can increase network throughput in comparison with AODV.

关键词： AODV routing protocol AODV-COD MANET xor coding ad hoc on-demand distance vector bandwidth-limited wireless broadcast channel coding opportunity discovery distance-vector routing protocols mobile ad hoc networks mobile ad hoc networks node mobility reacti

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Combocoding: Combined intra-/inter-flow network coding for TCP over disruptive MANETs

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JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH 2011年第3期2卷 241-252页

作者： Chen, Chien-Chia Chen, Clifford Oh, Soon Y. Park, Joon-Sang Gerla, Mario Sanadidi, M. Y. Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Comp Sci Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Silicon Valley Moffett Field CA 94035 USA Hongik Univ Dept Comp Engn Seoul South Korea

TCP over wireless networks is challenging due to random losses and ACK interference. Although network coding schemes have been proposed to improve TCP robustness against extreme random losses, a critical problem still remains of DATA-ACK interference. To address this issue, we use inter-flow coding between DATA and ACK to reduce the number of transmissions among nodes. In addition, we also utilize a "pipeline" random linear coding scheme with adaptive redundancy to overcome high packet loss over unreliable links. The resulting coding scheme, Combocoding, combines intra-flow and inter-flow coding to provide robust TCP transmission in disruptive wireless networks. The main contributions of our scheme are twofold;the efficient combination of random linear coding and xor coding on bi-directional streams (DATA and ACK), and the novel redundancy control scheme that adapts to time-varying and space-varying link loss. The adaptive Combocoding was tested on a variable hop string topology with unstable links and on a multipath MANET with dynamic topology. Simulation results show that TCP with Combocoding delivers higher throughput than with other coding options in high loss and mobile scenarios, while introducing minimal overhead in normal operation. (C) 2011 Cairo University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Network coding Random linear coding xor coding TCP Wireless multihop Lossy channels

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