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zip code-Level Estimation of Air Quality and Health Risk Due toParticulate Matter Pollution in New York City

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022年第11期56卷 7119-7130页

作者： Shukla, Komal Seppanen, Catherine Naess, Brian Chang, Charles Cooley, David Maier, Andreas Divita, Frank Pitiranggon, Masha Johnson, Sarah Ito, Kazuhiko Arunachalam, Saravanan Univ N Carolina Inst Environm Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Abt Associates Inc Durham NC 27703 USA Bur Environm Surveillance & Policy New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg New York NY 10013 USA

Exposure to PM2.5is associated with hundreds ofpremature mortalities every year in New York City (NYC).Current air quality and health impact assessment tools providecounty-wide estimates but are inadequate for assessing healthbenefits at neighborhood scales, especially for evaluating policyoptions related to energy efficiency or climate goals. We developeda new zip code-Level Air Pollution Policy Assessment (ZAPPA)tool for NYC by integrating two reduced form models???Community Air Quality Tools (C-TOOLS) and the Co-BenefitsRisk Assessment Health Impacts Screening and Mapping Tool(COBRA)???that propagate emissions changes to estimate airpollution exposures and health benefits. ZAPPA leverages custom higher resolution inputs for emissions, health incidences, andpopulation. It, then, enables rapid policy evaluation with localized zip code tabulation area (ZCTA)-level analysis of potential healthand monetary benefits stemming from air quality management decisions. We evaluated the modeled 2016 PM2.5values againstobserved values at EPA and NYCCAS monitors,finding good model performance (FAC2, 1;NMSE, 0.05). We, then, appliedZAPPA to assess PM2.5reduction-related health benefits fromfive illustrative policy scenarios in NYC focused on (1) commercialcooking, (2) residential and commercial building fuel regulations, (3)fleet electrification, (4) congestion pricing in Manhattan, and(5) these four combined as a"citywide sustainable policy implementation"scenario. The citywide scenario estimates an averagereduction in PM2.5of 0.9 mu g/m3. This change translates to avoiding 210-475 deaths, 340 asthma emergency department visits, andmonetized health benefits worth $2B to $5B annually, with significant variation across NYC's 192 ZCTAs. ZCTA-level assessmentscan help prioritize interventions in neighborhoods that would see the most health benefits from air pollution reduction. ZAPPA canprovide quantitative insights on health and monetary benefits for future sustainability policy d

关键词： particulate matter emissions health benefits New York City policy research zip code ZAPPA COBRA C-TOOLS

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Socioeconomic influences on stroke outcomes: A comprehensive zip code-based hospital analysis

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CLINICAL NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY 2024年 247卷 108638-108638页

作者： Musmar, Basel Roy, Joanna M. Abdalrazeq, Hammam El Hajj, Victor Gabriel Atallah, Elias Tjoumakaris, Stavropoula I. Gooch, M. Reid Rosenwasser, Robert H. Tzeng, Diana Dharia, Robin Jabbour, Pascal Thomas Jefferson Univ Hosp Dept Neurol Surg Philadelphia PA USA

Background and objectives: Stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Socioeconomic disparities significantly affect the treatment and outcomes of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, including acute ischemic stroke. This study examines patients treated at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, with zip code-based socioeconomic data predominantly representing areas in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, as the majority of patients originate from these regions. Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis based on a prospectively maintained database of 697 patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy between 2016 and 2023. zip codes were retrospectively added to the database to determine socioeconomic status (SES). SES was assessed by matching patient zip codes to median household income data from the Census for the years 2016-2022. Baseline characteristics, stroke characteristics, procedural details, and outcomes were collected. Patients were stratified into income quintiles (Q1: $14,658- $52,635;Q2: $52,905-$64,046;Q3: $64,140-$77,737;Q4: $78,449-$95,128;Q5: $95,231-$217,674). Multivariate regression was conducted to identify predictors of good functional outcomes (mRS 0-2). Results: The study included 697 patients representing 270 zip codes distributed across income quintiles as follows: Q1 (n = 140), Q2 (n = 142), Q3 (n = 138), Q4 (n = 138), and Q5 (n = 139). Significant racial differences were observed between income quintiles, with a higher proportion of African-American patients in Q1 (40.7 %) compared to Q5 (19.9 %;p < 0.001), and more white patients in Q5 (82.7 %) compared to Q1 (47.1 %;p < 0.001). The Onset to arterial puncture time was longer in Q1 (369 min) compared to Q5 (258 min;p = 0.004). There were no significant differences in stroke outcomes such as successful recanalization (TICI 2b-3), hemorrhagic transformation, median NIHSS score on discharge, 30-day readmission, disposition to home, or length of stay between Q1 a

关键词： Socioeconomic zip code stroke mechanical thrombectomy acute ischemic stroke

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AMERICAN SURGEON 2022年第9期88卷 2314-2319页

作者： Qwaider, Yasmeen Z. Sell, Naomi M. Boudreau, Chloe Stafford, Caitlin E. Ricciardi, Rocco Cauley, Christy E. Bordeianou, Liliana G. Berger, David L. Kunitake, Hiroko Goldstone, Robert N. Massachusetts Gen Hosp Dept Gen & Gastrointestinal Surg 55 Fruit St Boston MA 02114 USA Harvard Med Sch 55 Fruit St Boston MA 02114 USA

Introduction Screening and early detection reduce morbidity and mortality in colorectal cancer. Our aim is to study the effect of income disparities on the clinical characteristics of patients with colorectal cancer in Massachusetts. Methods Patients were extracted from a database containing all surgically treated colorectal cancers between 2004 and 2015 at a tertiary hospital in Massachusetts. We split patients into 2 groups: "above-median income" and "below-median income" according to the median income of Massachusetts ($74,167). Results The analysis included 817 patients. The above-median income group consisted of 528 patients (65%) and the below-median income group consisted of 289 patients (35%). The mean age of presentation was 64 +/- 15 years for the above-median income group and 67 +/- 15 years for the below-median income group (P = .04). Patients with below-median income were screened less often (P < .001) and presented more frequently with metastatic disease (P = .02). Patients with above-median income survived an estimated 15 months longer than those with below-median income (P < .001). The survival distribution was statistically significantly different between the groups for stage III disease (P = .004), but not stages I, II, or IV (P = 1, 1, and .2, respectively). For stage III disease, a lower proportion of below-median income patients received chemotherapy (61% vs. 79%, P = .002) and a higher proportion underwent nonelective surgery (5% vs. 2%, P = .007). Conclusions In Massachusetts, patients with colorectal cancer residing in lower income areas are screened less, received adjuvant chemotherapy less, and have worse outcomes, especially when analyzing those who present with stage III disease.

关键词： colorectal zip code disparities Massachusetts

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zip code-Level Estimates from a Local Health Survey: Added Value and Limitations

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JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 2020年第4期97卷 561-567页

作者： Bi, Qifang He, Fangtao Konty, Kevin Gould, L. Hannah Immerwahr, Stephen Seligson, Amber Levanon New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg Queens NY USA Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth Baltimore MD 21205 USA

We assessed the added value and limitations of generating directly estimated zip code-level estimates by aggregating 5 years of data from an annual cross-sectional survey, the New York City Community Health Survey (n = 44,886) from 2009 to 2013, that were designed to provide reliable estimates only of larger geographies. Survey weights generated directly-observed zip code (n = 128) level estimates. We assessed the heterogeneity of zip code-level estimates within coarser United Hospital Fund (UHF) neighborhood areas (n = 34) by using the Rao-Scott Chi-Square test and one-way ANOVA. Orthogonal linear contrasts assessed whether there were linear trends at the UHF level from 2009 to 2013. 22 of 37 health indicators were reliable in over 50% of zip codes. 14 of the 22 variables showed heterogeneity in >= 4 UHFs. Variables for drinking, nutrition, and HIV testing showed heterogeneity in the most UHFs (9-24 UHFs). In half of the 32 UHFs, >20% variables had within-UHF heterogeneity. Flu vaccination and sugary beverage consumption showed significant time trends in the largest number of UHFs (12 or more UHFs). Overall, heterogeneity of zip code-level estimates suggests that there is value in aggregating 5 years of data to make direct small area estimates.

关键词： Survey zip code Population health

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SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in a wastewater collection system indicated potential COVID-19 hotspots at the zip code level

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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021年 800卷 149480-149480页

作者： Barrios, Renys E. Lim, Chin Kelley, Megan S. Li, Xu Univ Nebraska Dept Civil & Environm Engn 900 N 16th StW150D Nebraska Halt Lincoln NE 68588 USA City Lincoln Transportat & Util Lincoln NE 68521 USA Univ Nebraska Dept Nutr & Hlth Sci 119B Leverton Hall Lincoln NE 68583 USA

Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) has been successfully applied for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance at the city and building levels. However, sampling at the city level does not provide sufficient spatial granularity to identify COVID-19 hotspots, while data from building-level sampling are too narrow in scope for broader public health application. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of using wastewater from wastewater collection systems (WCSs) to monitor COVID-19 hotspots at the zip code level. In this study, 24-h composite wastewater samples were collected from five manholes and two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the City of Lincoln, Nebraska. By comparing to the reported weekly COVID-19 case numbers, we identified different hotspots responsible for two COVID-19 surges during the study period. One zip code was the only sampling locations that was consistently tested positive during the first COVID-19 surge. In comparison, nearly all the zip codes tested exhibited virus concentration increases that overlapped with the second COVID-19 surge, suggesting broader spread of the virus at that time. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using WBE to monitor COVID-19 at the zip code level. Highly localized disease surveillance methods can improve public health prevention and mitigation measures at the community level. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Wastewater-based epidemiology COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 zip code Wastewater collection system

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Measured PM 2.5 indoors and outdoors related to smoking prevalence by zip code using 14,400 low-cost monitors in California, Washington, and Oregon

Indoor Environments

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Indoor Environments 2024年第4期1卷

作者： Lance Wallace United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development (ORD) United States Environmental Protection Agency 428 Woodley Way Santa Rosa CA 95409 United States

Low-cost monitors have made possible for the first time measurements of long-term (months to years) potential indoor exposures to fine particles. Indoor and outdoor measurements made over nearly 5 years (2017–2021) by the largest network of low-cost monitors in the United States (PurpleAir) are compared to the prevalence of adult smokers in 1650 zip codes within the three West Coast states of California, Oregon, and Washington. The results show that mean potential indoor exposures above the 75th percentile of adult smoking prevalence are more than 50 % higher than those below the 25th percentile. Mean outdoor concentrations are also elevated, but by a smaller amount (∼ 20 %). Both comparisons are significant at the p < 0.001 level. The elevation of PM 2.5 concentrations with increasing smoking prevalence is evidence of environmental disparities in income, education, and other socioeconomic indices. The relatively stronger effect on indoor rather than outdoor PM 2.5 exposures highlights the importance of including indoor measurements when possible in environmental justice studies.

关键词： PM 2.5 Potential indoor exposure Environmental justice Smoking prevalence zip code PurpleAir

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zipcodeR: Advancing the analysis of spatial data at the zip code level in R

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SOFTWARE IMPACTS 2021年 9卷

作者： Rozzi, Gavin C. Rutgers State Univ Rutgers Urban & Civ Informat Lab Edward J Bloustein Sch Planning & Publ Policy New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA

The United States Postal Service (USPS) assigns unique identifiers for postal service areas known as zip codes which are commonly used to identify cities and regions throughout the United States in datasets. Despite the widespread use of zip codes, there are challenges in using them for geospatial analysis in the social sciences. This paper presents zipcodeR, an R package that facilitates analysis of zip code-level data by providing an offline database of zip codes and functions for geocoding, normalizing and retrieving data about zip codes and relating them to other geographies in R without depending on any external services.

关键词： zip code R ZCTA zip code tabulation area zipcodeR

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Preadmission Diet and zip code Influences the Pediatric Critical Care Clinical Course for Infants with Severe Respiratory Illness (N = 187)

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JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE 2020年第4期9卷 277-283页

作者： Leimanis Laurens, Mara L. Jaji, Amina M. Montgomery, Jessica Jess, Jennifer Ferguson, Karen Parker, Jessica Sanfilippo, Dominic Rajasekaran, Surender Helen DeVos Childrens Hosp Pediat Crit Care Unit Grand Rapids MI USA Michigan State Univ Coll Human Med Dept Pediat & Human Dev Grand Rapids MI USA Spectrum Hlth Grand Rapids MI USA

We examined preadmission diet and zip code in infants with severe respiratory illness in the pediatric critical care unit. Patients aged 0 to 5 months admitted to the Helen DeVos Children's Hospital from January 2011 to May 2017 (N = 187), as exclusively formula, exclusively breastfed or mixed diet were included. Formula-fed infants (n = 88;47%) clustered to zip codes with lower median incomes (<0.005), used public insurance as their payer type (p < 0.005), and were prescribed more ranitidine (p < 0.05) on admission.

关键词： diet pediatric critical care unit severe respiratory illness median household income zip code

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Quality of Life and the Carbon Footprint: A zip-code Level Study Across the United States

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JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT & DEVELOPMENT 2021年第4期30卷 323-343页

作者： Clement, Matthew Thomas Smith, Chad L. Leverenz, Tyler Texas State Univ 601 Univ Dr San Marcos TX 78666 USA

Much sustainability scholarship has examined the environmental dimensions of subjective and objective well-being. As an alternative measure of human well-being, we consider the notion of quality of life and draw on a framework from the sustainability literature to study its association with ecological impact, specifically the carbon footprint. We conduct a quantitative analysis, combining zip-code level data on quality of life and the carbon footprint per household for the year 2012 across the continental United States (n=29,953). Findings consistently show a significant, negative association between quality of life and the carbon footprint. Our findings point to the potential advantages of utilizing robust objective measures of quality of life that extends beyond economic well-being and life expectancy alone. Furthermore, our findings question the conventional wisdom that sustainability requires sacrifices, while suggesting opportunities for how increased levels of sustainability may be achieved while retaining high levels of quality of life.

关键词： quality of life subjective well-being carbon footprint spatial regression zip code united states

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Spatio-temporal evolution of urban innovation structure based on zip code geodatabase: An empirical study from Shanghai and Beijing

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2016年第12期26卷 1707-1724页

作者：段德忠杜德斌刘承良 Seamus GRIMES School of Urban and Regional Science East China Normal University Institute for Innovation and Strategic Studies East China Normal University Whitaker Institute National University of Ireland

In today's world, the innovation of science and technology has become the key support for improving comprehensive national strength and changing the mode of social production and lifestyle. The country that possesses world-class scientific and technological innovation cities maximizes the attraction of global innovation factors and wins a strategic initiative in international competition. Based on the urban zip code geodatabase, an evaluation system of urban innovation with the perspective of innovation outputs, and the spatial evolutionary mode, concerning the structure of innovation space of Shanghai and Beijing from 1991 to 2014, was developed. The results of the research indicated that the zip code geodatabase provided a new perspective for studying the evolving spatial structure of urban innovation. The resulting evaluation of the spatial structure of urban innovation using the urban zip code geodatabase established by connecting random edge points, was relatively effective. The study illustrates the value of this methodology. During the study period, the spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai and Beijing demonstrated many common features: with the increase in urban space units participating in innovation year by year, the overall gap of regional innovation outputs has narrowed, and the trend towards spatial agglomeration has strengthened. The evolving spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai and Beijing demonstrated differences between the common features during the 25 years as well: in the trend towards the suburbanization of innovation resources, the spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai evolved from a single-core to a multi-core structure. A radiation effect related to traffic arteries as spatial diffusion corridors was prominent. Accordingly, a spatial correlation effect of its innovation outputs also indicated a hollowness in the city center; the spatial structure of innovation of Beijing had a single-core oriented structure all the way. Tog

关键词： innovation outputs zip code spatio-temporal evolution agglomeration and dispersion

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