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Predicting petroleum gravity with basin modeling: New kinetic models

AAPG BULLETIN 2019年第8期103卷 1811-1837页

作者： Baur, Friedemann Chevron Energy Technol Co Houston TX 77002 USA

Oil API gravity predictions using published basin modeling source rock (SR) reaction kinetics have displayed poor matches between modeled output and field observations because these kinetic models do not predict increasing API gravities with increasing maturity. Ideally, an SR kinetic model should use at least two liquid components of different densities, which are generated and expelled from the SR such that the API gravities are a consequence of relative mixing. Very few available kinetic models predict APIs with reasonable trends, but those are either not adjustable to calibrate to field observations or do not consider sorption, which is a necessary process when evaluating unconventional resources. Five new kinetics data sets are presented in this paper, each representing a standard SR type, which provide geologically reasonable API gravity trends and ranges. Each kinetic model uses two liquid pseudocomponents and two vapor pseudocomponents. The relative ratios between the pseudocomponents at full kerogen transformation are average ratios available from public and proprietary kinetic data sets. The primary generation follows published activation energies, including minor shifts, which allow peak generation to occur at lower activation energies for the heavier liquid pseudocomponent and at higher energies for the lighter one. This systematic shift of activation energies thus results in a constant change in API gravity as primary generation progresses. Additional in-SR sorption and secondary cracking schemes support the primary generated API gravity trends. The default ranges of API gravity for the new five kinetic models represent observed averages but can be adjusted easily.

关键词： American Petroleum Institute API Gravity Kinetics SAVANNAH RIVER OPERATIONS OFFICE kinetic model basin modeling application programming interfaces Dataset API GRAVITY Activation energy Strontium AXIAL POWER INDICATOR Unconventional resources

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ANARI: A 3-D Rendering API Standard

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COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022年第2期24卷 7-18页

作者： Stone, John E. Griffin, Kevin S. Amstutz, Jefferson DeMarle, David E. Sherman, William R. Guenther, Johannes Univ Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA NVIDIA Santa Clara CA 95051 USA Intel Corp Folsom CA 95630 USA Natl Inst Stand & Technol Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA Intel Corp D-85579 Munich Germany

ANARI is a new 3-D rendering API, an emerging Khronos standard that enables visualization applications to leverage the state-of-the-art rendering techniques across diverse hardware platforms and rendering engines. Visualization applications have historically embedded custom-written renderers to enable them to provide the necessary combination of features, performance, and visual fidelity required by their users. As computing power, rendering algorithms, dedicated rendering hardware acceleration operations, and associated low-level APIs have advanced, the effort and costs associated with maintaining renderers within visualization applications have risen dramatically. The rising cost and complexity associated with renderer development creates an undesirable barrier for visualization applications to be able to fully benefit from the latest rendering methods and hardware. ANARI directly addresses these challenges by providing a high-level, visualization-oriented API that abstracts low-level rendering algorithms and hardware acceleration details while providing easy and efficient access to diverse ANARI implementations, thereby enabling visualization applications to support the state of the art rendering capabilities.

关键词： Rendering Computer Graphics Data Visualization Hardware Acceleration Lighting application programming interfaces Ray Tracing Complexity Theory Three Dimensional Displays

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Automating the Development of High-Performance Multigrid Solvers

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 2018年第11期106卷 1969-1984页

作者： Schmitt, Christian Kronawitter, Stefan Hannig, Frank Teich, Juergen Lengauer, Christian Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg Dept Comp Sci D-91058 Erlangen Germany Univ Passau Fac Comp Sci & Math D-94032 Passau Germany

The purpose of a domain-specific language (DSL) is to enable the application programmer to specify a problem, or an abstract algorithm description, in his/her domain of expertise without being burdened by implementation details. The ideal scenario is that the implementation detail is added in an automatic process of program translation and code generation. The approach of domain-specific program generation has lately received increasing attention in the area of computational science and engineering. In this paper, we introduce the new code generation framework Athariac. Its goal is to support the quick implementation of a language processing and program optimization platform for a given DSL based on stepwise term rewriting. We demonstrate the framework's use on our DSL ExaSlang for the specification and optimization of multigrid solvers. On this example, we provide evidence of Athariac's potential for making domain-specific software engineering more productive.

关键词： application programming interfaces multigrid methods numerical simulation parallel programming scientific computing software engineering supercomputers

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Prediction of Sulfur Content, API Gravity, and Viscosity Using a Continuous Mixture Kinetic Model for Maya Crude Oil Hydrocracking in a Slurry-Phase Reactor

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ENERGY & FUELS 2011年第8期25卷 3605-3614页

作者： Martinez-Grimaldo, Hector J. Chavarria-Hernandez, Juan C. Ramirez, Jorge Cuevas, Rogelio Ortiz-Morenot, Hugo Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico Unidad Invest Catilisis UNICAT Fac Quim Mexico City 04510 DF Mexico Ctr Invest Cient Yucatan Unidad Energia Renovable Merida 97200 Yucatan Mexico

A continuous mixture kinetic model was applied to describe the hydrocracking reactions of Maya crude oil in a slurry-phase reactor. Besides the prediction of simulated distillation curves, complementary models were developed to predict American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity, viscosity, and total sulfur content as the reaction proceeds. Experiments were carried out in a batch-type reactor under 800 psig of hydrogen and 400 degrees C at several reaction times. Powder ammonium heptamolybdate (1000 ppm Mo) was added and activated in situ. Vacuum residue (VR) conversion reached 88 and 96% after 7.5 and 24 h of reaction, respectively. The formation of liquid products (bp < 538 degrees C) was maximum and fairly constant (65-66 wt %) for VR conversions from 37 to 88%. Feed and liquid reaction products were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Total sulfur, viscosity, and API gravity were also measured. The mathematical model accurately describes TGA distillation curves for VR conversions up to 88%, and the developed models for the calculation of sulfur content, viscosity, and API gravity predict with good accuracy the values of these properties.

关键词： reaction products Variable reluctance American Petroleum Institute Viscosity API MODEL CALCULATION Gravity hydrogenolytic cleavage kinetic model Sulfur content application programming interfaces API GRAVITY Reaction Time AXIAL POWER INDICATOR batch-type

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A field study of API learning obstacles

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EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2011年第6期16卷 703-732页

作者： Robillard, Martin P. DeLine, Robert McGill Univ Sch Comp Sci Montreal PQ H3A 2A7 Canada Microsoft Res Redmond WA 98052 USA

Large APIs can be hard to learn, and this can lead to decreased programmer productivity. But what makes APIs hard to learn? We conducted a mixed approach, multi-phased study of the obstacles faced by Microsoft developers learning a wide variety of new APIs. The study involved a combination of surveys and in-person interviews, and collected the opinions and experiences of over 440 professional developers. We found that some of the most severe obstacles faced by developers learning new APIs pertained to the documentation and other learning resources. We report on the obstacles developers face when learning new APIs, with a special focus on obstacles related to API documentation. Our qualitative analysis elicited five important factors to consider when designing API documentation: documentation of intent;code examples;matching APIs with scenarios;penetrability of the API;and format and presentation. We analyzed how these factors can be interpreted to prioritize API documentation development efforts.

关键词： application programming interfaces Software libraries programming Documentation

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Remobilizing P elements out of the stambh A locus of Drosophila melanogaster

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CURRENT SCIENCE 2001年第3期81卷 311-314页

作者： Rao, MP Jain, C Chandrashekaran, S Indian Agr Res Inst Div Genet New Delhi 110012 India

P elements from two P-tagged alleles, stm A(P1) and stm A(P4), of the temperature-sensitive paralytic mutant stambh A (stm A) were remobilized to derive wild-type revertants and P excision lethals. stm Apt remutated to lethality, while stm A(P4) reverted to the wild type. The P excision lethals are not amorphic mutations, since they were weaker in paralytic phenotype (i) than the parental P-tagged allele and (ii) for deficiencies for stm A. The lethals collectively affected all stages of the life cycle, demonstrating that stm A(+) is needed throughout fly development.

关键词： Alleles Transposons Paralysis Phenotypes Genetic mutation Chromosomes Kinetics Genetic loci Drosophila application programming interfaces

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Modeler-independent feature recognition in a distributed environment

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COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN 1998年第6期30卷 453-463页

作者： Han, JH Requicha, AAG Sungkyunkwan Univ Sch Elect & Comp Engn Suwon 440746 South Korea Univ So Calif Dept Comp Sci Los Angeles CA 90089 USA

Solid modelers and other CAD/CAM subsystems are moving to distributed heterogeneous computing environments, so as to support design and manufacturing processes that are temporally and spatially distributed. Communication and collaboration among the software components of such distributed systems require protocols for accessing remote objects. This paper discusses an approach that provides transparent access to diverse solid modelers in a distributed environment. A solid modeler is augmented with a software wrapper, called an adaptor, so as to provide a uniform application programming interface (API). applications interact with the uniform API and need not concern themselves with the specifics of the modeling systems used. API calls are implemented in a client-server architecture, in which a modeler and its adaptor function as a geometry server, and various applications communicate with the server through remote procedure calls (RPCs). A few adaptors have been implemented at the University of Southern California's Programmable Automation Laboratory, and have been used routinely for several years. This paper discusses adaptor design problems and our approach to their solutions. It illustrates the application of our methods through an example that involves the incremental recognition of machinable features in a distributed environment. This environment includes a geometry server, a simple feature-based design system, a state-of-the-art feature recognizer, and a graphics renderer, all running as separate processes in different machines. To our knowledge, this is the first documented effort in which a complex application such as feature recognition is capable of running, unmodified, on top of modelers based on constructive solid geometry or on boundary representations, which are fundamentally different. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： constructive solid geometry Client Server Architecture Feature extraction modeler Distributed Systems remote program application programming interfaces Boundary representations graphic images geometry support design Servers Manufacturing process

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AHAFS subsystem for enhancing operating system health in the cloud computing era

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IBM JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2010年第5期54卷 6:1-6:11页

作者： Jann, J. Dubey, N. Burugula, R. S. Pattnaik, P. IBM Res Div Thomas J Watson Res Ctr Yorktown Hts NY 10598 USA TJ Watson Res Ctr Syst Grp Hawthorne NY 10532 USA POWER Syst software Hawthorne NY USA CUNY New York NY 10021 USA IBM Res Div Scalable Syst Grp San Jose CA USA

Cloud computing is becoming an important paradigm for information technology (IT) infrastructures. A key advantage of cloud computing is its ability to decrease the cost of computing for a variety of applications. For the infrastructure layer, which includes servers and operating systems (OSs), cost reduction is achieved through the consolidation of many OS instances onto a single physical server and through significant improvements in system-administrator productivity. However, these productivity improvements require a scalable easy-to-use OS event-management subsystem so that the higher level software can reliably and effectively automate operations. This paper presents the design and implementation of an OS event-monitoring subsystem called Autonomic Health Advisor FileSystem (AHAFS) that is scalable, has little system-performance overhead, and provides instantaneous event notifications with useful information, for improving the robustness, security, and performance of an OS instance. AHAFS is extensible and can monitor various events for a wide variety of event consumers. AHAFS does not require the use of a new application programming interface (API) but uses the ubiquitous filesystem API;hence, AHAFS is usable by monitoring applications written in any of the languages commonly used for monitoring (e.g., C, C++, Perl (R), and Java (R)) without requiring additional runtime modules or packages.

关键词： Cloud Computing osmium EXPANDABLE Operating systems File systems SUB-SYSTEM Perl information technology Trademarks application programming interfaces Sun Microsystems Scalability Servers

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SOFTWARE STANDARDS FOR THE MULTICORE ERA

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IEEE MICRO 2009年第3期29卷 40-50页

作者： Holt, Jim Agarwal, Anant Brehmer, Suen Domeika, Max Griffin, Patrick Schirrmeister, Frank Freescale Semicond Networking Syst Div Multicore Design Evaluat Team Austin TX 78729 USA MIT Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Cambridge MA 02139 USA MIT Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA

Systems architects commonly use multiple cores to improve system performance. Unfortunately, multicore hardware is evolving faster than software technologies. New multicore software standards are necessary in light of the new challenges and capabilities that embedded multicore systems provide. The newly released multicore communications API standard targets small-footprint, highly efficient intercore and interchip communications.

关键词： application program interfaces microprocessor chips software architecture interchip communications intercore communications multicore communications API standard multicore era multicore hardware software standards software technologies systems architects distributed computing embedded programming heterogeneous systems message-passing systems multicore chips multicore software parallel computing software development software portability software standards Software architecture HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEM software portability application programming interfaces Multi-core processors Software design Embedded software design message-passing system Microprocessor chips PARALLEL PROCESSING (COMPUTERS) Distributed computing computer software

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Botnet in the Browser: Understanding Threats Caused by Malicious Browser Extensions

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IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY 2018年第4期16卷 66-81页

作者： Perrotta, Raffaello Hao, Feng Newcastle Univ Sch Comp Sci Secure & Resilient Syst Grp Newcastle Upon Tyne Tyne & Wear England Newcastle Univ Sch Comp Sci Secur Engn Newcastle Upon Tyne Tyne & Wear England

Browser extension systems risk exposing APIs, which are too permissive and cohesive with the browser's internal structure, leaving a hole for malicious developers to exploit security-critical functionality. We present a botnet framework based on malicious browser extensions and provide an exhaustive range of attacks that can be launched in this framework.

关键词： IEEE Keywords:Browsers Botnet Computer security Computer architecture Androids Humanoid robots application programming interfaces INSPEC: Controlled Indexing:application program interfaces computer crime data privacy invasive software online ❉-ends INSPEC: Non-Controlled Indexing:botnet framework malicious browser extensions understanding threats browser extension systems risk malicious developers Author Keywords :web browser scripting languages security botnet

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