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Detection and Localization of Multiple R/C Electronic Devices Using array detectors

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2015年第1期64卷 241-251页

作者： Thotla, Vivek Zawodniok, Maciej J. Jagannathan, Sarangapani Ghasr, Mohammad Tayeb Ahmad Agarwal, Sanjeev Missouri Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Rolla MO 65409 USA Night Vis & Elect Sensors Directorate Ft Belvoir VA 22060 USA

Accurate detection and localization of unintended emissions from multiple radio-controlled electronic devices have a wide range of security applications. First, this paper introduces a cost-effective mobile array detector. Subsequently, a novel scheme is presented for detection and localization of multiple devices emitting unintended passive emissions. Peak detection is employed in detecting the devices with superheterodyne receivers (SHRs). Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the traditional methodologies with a single antenna. A 2-D array is also proposed in this paper for localization of devices with SHRs using the angle of arrival. A new, synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based scheme called edge synthetic aperture radar (ESAR) is also introduced in this paper for localization. Finally, the results for localization and error in localization are analyzed. The ESAR method reduces the error in localization up to 75% and increases accuracy in detection of multiple devices.

关键词： array detectors detection localization unintended emissions

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Development and Fabrication of Microdosimeter arrays Based on Single-Crystal Diamond Schottky Diodes

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PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 2024年第14期221卷 2300987-2300987页

作者： Verona, Claudio Verona Rinati, Gianluca Schettino, Giuseppe Parisi, Gabriele Univ Roma Tor Vergata Dipartimento Ingn Ind Sez INFN Roma2 I-00133 Rome Italy Natl Phys Lab Med Radiat Sci Grp NPL Teddington TW11 0LW England Univ Surrey Dept Phys Guildford GU2 7XH England

The interest in microdosimetry is growing thanks to the advancement in microdosimetric technologies, improving detector performance and reliability. Herein, the fabrication and characterization of a novel diamond-based microdosimeter are proposed. The microdosimeter consists of an array of single-crystal diamond Schottky diodes about 1.5 mu m thick connected in parallel. The detector prototypes are characterized using the ion beam-induced charge technique, employing a 6 MeV carbon ions microbeam. Despite a good overall response, the first prototypes are affected by the "bridge effect": a charge collection beneath the metallic bridges connecting the sensitive volumes (SVs), which alters the energy deposition spectrum. To mitigate the bridge effect, different technological solutions are explored: the selective growth of intrinsic diamond layers and the use of an insulating material such as photoresist. These second prototypes reveal a good SV spatial definition without any charge collection from the bridges and a good response homogeneity within the SVs ranging between 3% and 5% full-width-half-maximum among the different prototypes. While the cell-like thickness and lateral dimensions of SVs make the diamond microdosimeter array ideal for radiobiological applications, its array configuration can make it highly versatile to perform under different fluence rate conditions in particle therapy. Herein, a novel diamond array detector is reported for high spatial resolution microdosimetry. The novel technology succeeds in performing without any undesired charge collection from the metallic bridges connecting the sensitive volumes. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time a diamond array detector achieves this result proving such sensitive volume *** (c) 2024 WILEY-VCH GmbH

关键词： array detectors diamond detectors ion beam-induced charge collection microdosimetry particle therapy

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Correlation Based Detection and Localization of R/C Electronic Devices Using array detectors

Correlation Based Detection and Localization of R/C Electron...

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IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)

作者： Thotla, Vivek Zawodniok, Maciej Jagannathan, S. Agarwal, Sanjeev Missouri Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Rolla MO 65409 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467346214

Detection and identification of multiple radio controlled (RC) devices emitting unintended passive emissions has attracted much attention due to its importance in many security applications. This paper describes and analyzes major challenges in detection of multiple independent radio controlled (RC) sources in real life environment. A time based correlation method is proposed for array detectors to identify the line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (N-LOS) signals from RC devices. A normalized error correlation function has been implemented to improve the estimation of angle of arrival (AOA) in the presence of strong non-line of sight (N-LOS) signals. Experimental results for angle of arrival (AOA) detection of emissions from super heterodyne receivers have been presented for different scenarios.

关键词： unintended emissions array detectors detection localization correlation line of sight non-line of sight

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Large-area CdZnTe thick film based array X-ray detector

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VACUUM 2021年 183卷 109855-109855页

作者： Gao, Xiuying Sun, Hui Yang, Dingyu Wangyang, Peihua Zhang, Chaofu Zhu, Xinghua Chengdu Univ Informat Technol Coll Optoelect Engn Chengdu Peoples R China Sichuan Univ Arts & Sci Sch Intelligent Mfg Dazhou Peoples R China

Large-area and high-crystallinity CdZnTe (CZT) thick films are grown by physical vapor transport and vacuum thermal evaporation (PVT-VTE) hybrid method. The structure, morphology and composition of which are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-grown CZT thick films are polycrystalline with (111) preferential orientation, which has a dense pyramid surface structure and a thickness of 590 mu m. An 8 x 8 array pixilated X-ray detector is fabricated based on the CZT thick film. The average dark resistivity of 8 pixels on the detector diagonal is up to 3.33 x 10(11) Omega cm. The estimated mobility-lifetime product of the CZT array detector is 0.72 x 10(-2) cm(2)V(-1). Film structure makes the corresponding detector reduce the influence of trapping effect on the charge carrier transport along the grain growth direction, which shows a short relaxation time and fast photocurrent response. The results demonstrate that the CZT thick film based array detector has high resistivity and sensitivity, and the potential to develop X-ray detection and imaging device under room temperature environment.

关键词： CdZnTe Polycrystalline thick film Physical vapor transport Vacuum thermal evaporation array detectors

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Susceptibility of atmospheric imaging lidars to external backgrounds, sensitive to the depth of field 14

Susceptibility of atmospheric imaging lidars to external bac...

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14th IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)

作者： Agishev, Ravil Solovyev, Vladimir Kazan State Power Engn Univ All Russian Res Inst Flow Metering Kazan Russia VNIIR All Russian Res Inst Flow Metering Kazan Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9781538677131

In the tasks of laser remote sensing of the environment that are characterized by relatively "weak" scattered echo-signals coming from distant atmospheric layers, one of important indicators of the sensor efficiency is its resistance to the bright background of day sky. This is fully applicable to imaging lidars as a novel and promising class of remote sensors gradually expanding the interest in using as an alternative to traditional pulsed and frequency-modulated lidars for environmental monitoring. The paper examines the susceptibility of imaging lidars to external backgrounds based on studies of features of their spatial selectivity, the operation range required and optical weather conditions. Our analysis focuses attention on the distorting effect caused by external radiation and characterized by a possible significant unevenness of the background power received by single pixels of the array detector. When sensing light haze and less transparent atmospheric formations in the daytime conditions, there may be noticeable limitations on the accuracy of echo-signal measurements that cause subsequent distortion of the retrieval results of the range profiles of optical parameters under investigation. The implemented approach allows assessing both capabilities of atmospheric imaging lidars and limitations imposed by the real-life environment.

关键词： Laser remote sensing imaging lidar atmosphere monitoring sky background radiation scattering indicatrix range of focused image operation range angular field of view array detectors

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Correlation Based Detection and Localization of R/C Electronic Devices Using array detectors

Correlation Based Detection and Localization of R/C Electron...

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IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference

作者： Vivek Thotla Maciej Zawodniok S. Jagannathan Sanjeev Agarwal Dept. Electrical and Computer Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla Missouri USA Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) Fort Belvoir Virginia USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467346214

关键词： unintended emissions array detectors detection localization correlation line of sight non-line of sight

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Detection and Localization of Multiple R/C Electronic Devices Using array detectors

Detection and Localization of Multiple R/C Electronic Device...

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29th Annual IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)

作者： Thotla, Vivek Ghasr, Mohammad Tayeb Ahmad Zawodniok, Maciej Jagannathan, S. Agarwal, Sanjeev Missouri Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Rolla MO 65409 USA Night Elect Sensors Directorate Ft Belvoir VA 22060 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781457717710

Detection and localization of multiple radio controlled (RC) electronic devices has many security applications. This paper first proposes a cost-effective mobile array detector for such RC electronic devices. Subsequently, by using the array detector, a novel scheme is presented for detection, identification, and localization of multiple devices emitting unintended passive emissions. The Hurst parameter method is proposed for detection and identification of devices with super-regenerative receivers while peak detection is used for detection and identification of devices with super heterodyne receivers. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms traditional methodologies with single antenna.

关键词： unintended emissions array detectors detection localization

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Development and characterization of an 8x8 SPAD-array module for gigacount per second applications

Development and characterization of an 8x8 SPAD-array module...

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SPIE Conference on Photon Counting Applications as part of SPIE Optics and Optoelectronics

作者： Ceccarelli, Francesco Gulinatti, Angelo Labanca, Ivan Rech, Ivan Ghioni, Massimo Politecn Milan Dipartimento Elettron Informaz & Bioingn Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 I-20133 Milan Italy MPD Via Stradivari 4 I-39100 Bolzano Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781510609594;9781510609600

In recent years the development of Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) had a big impact on single-photon counting applications requiring high-performance detectors in terms of Dark Count Rate (DCR), Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE), afterpulsing probability, etc. Among these, it is possible to find applications in singlemolecule fluorescence spectroscopy that suffer from long-time measurements. In these cases SPAD arrays can be a solution in order to shorten the measurement time, thanks to the high grade of parallelism they can provide. Moreover, applications in other fields (e.g. astronomy) demand for large-area single-photon detectors, able also to handle very high count rates. For these reasons we developed a new single-photon detection module, featuring an 8x8 SPAD array. Thanks to a dedicated silicon technology, the performance of the detector have been finely optimized, reaching a 49% detection efficiency at 550 nm, as well as low dark counts (2 kcount/s maximum all over the array). This module can be used in two different modes: the first is a multi-spot configuration, allowing the acquisition of 64 optical signals at the same time and considerably reducing the time needed for a measurement. The second operation mode instead exploits all the pixels in a combined mode, allowing the detection of a 64-times higher maximum photon rate (up to 2 Gcount/s). In addition, this configuration provides also an extended dynamic range and allows to attain photon number resolving capabilities. Dark counts, detection efficiency, linearity, afterpulsing and crosstalk probability have been characterized at different operating conditions.

关键词： array detectors Single-Photon A valanche Diodes (SPADs) photon counting photon number resolving gigacount rate

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Gigacount/Second Photon Detection Module Based on an 8 x 8 Single-Photon Avalanche Diode array

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IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2016年第9期28卷 1002-1005页

作者： Ceccarelli, Francesco Gulinatti, Angelo Labanca, Ivan Rech, Ivan Ghioni, Massimo Politecn Milan Dipartimento Elettron Informaz & Bioingn I-20133 Milan Italy

In this letter, we present a compact photon detection module, based on an 8 x 8 array of single-photon avalanche diodes. The use of a dedicated silicon technology for the fabrication of the sensors allows us to combine large active areas (50-mu m diameter), high photon detection efficiency (49% at 550-nm wavelength), and low dark count rate. Because of a fully parallel architecture, the module provides voltage pulses synchronous to each photon detection for a maximum global count rate exceeding 1 Gcps. These properties make the system suitable for operation in two different free-running modes. The first, suitable to acquire faint signals, allows multi-spot acquisitions and can be used to considerably reduce the measurement time in applications, such as single-molecule analysis. With the second, it is possible to use all the pixels in a combined mode, to extend and move the dynamic range of the module to very high count rates and to attain number resolving capabilities.

关键词： array detectors single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) photon counting photon number resolving gigacount rate

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Detection of Multiple R/C Devices Using MVDR and Genetic Algorithms

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2015年第10期64卷 2821-2828页

作者： Thotla, Vivek Zawodniok, Maciej Missouri Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Rolla MO 65409 USA

Reflections, multipath propagation, and scattering creates phantom sources of signal. In addition, reliable detection of radio controlled (RC) devices in the presence of multiple actual devices is a challenging task. RC devices employing super regenerative receivers (SRRs) and super heterodyne receivers emit unintended radiations in their ON-state. This paper introduces a novel detection scheme that combines self-similarity and received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based detection with minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) method. In addition, detection accuracy is improved using multi-constrained genetic algorithms (GAs). RSSI method detects multiple devices from received signal strength and Hurst parameter identifies self-similar SRR devices. Regularized MVDR improves detection of multiple devices by jamming unwanted signals and signals from known angle of arrival. Regularization reduces variation in detection due to environmental noise. Multiconstrained GA is implemented in the cases where MVDR fails. The experimental results for detection have also been presented for multiple SRR receivers (door bells at 315 MHz).

关键词： array detectors detection Hurst parameter minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) received signal strength indicator (RSSI) super regenerative receiver (SRR) unintended emissions (UEs)

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