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PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 2000年第4期88卷 451-513页

作者： Painter, T Spanias, A Arizona State Univ Ctr Telecommun Res Dept Elect Engn Tempe AZ 85287 USA

During the last decade, CD-quality digital audio has essentially replaced analog audio. Emerging digital audio applications for network, wireless, and multimedia computing systems face a series of constraints such as reduced channel bandwidth, limited storage capacity, and low rest. These new applications have created a demand for high-quality digital audio delivery at low bit rates. In response to this need, consider-able research has been devoted to the development of algorithms for perceptually transparent coding of high,fidelity (CD-quality) digital audio. As a result, many algorithms have been proposed, and several have non become international and/or commercial product standards. This paper reviews algorithms for perceptually transparent coding of CD-quality digital audio, including both research and standardization activities. This paper is organized as follows. First, psychoacoustic principles are described, with the MPEG psychoacoustic signal analysis model I discussed in some detail. Next, filter bank design issues and algorithms are addressed, with a particular emphasis placed on the modified discrete cosine transform, a perfect reconstruction cosine-modulated filter bank that has become of central importance in perceptual audio coding. Then, we review methodologies that achieve perceptually transparent coding of FM- and CD-quality audio signals, including algorithms that manipulate transform components, subband signal decompositions, sinusoidal signal components, and linens prediction parameters, as well as hybrid algorithms that make use of more than one signal model. These discussions concentrate on architectures and applications of those techniques that utilize psychoacoustic models to exploit efficiently masking characteristics of the human receiver. Several algorithms that have become international and/or commercial standards receive in-depth treatment, including the ISO/IEC MPEG family (-1, -2, -4), the Lucent Technologies PAC/EPAC/MPAC, the Dolby(

关键词： AC-2 AC-3 advanced audio coding (AAC) MPEG ATRAC audio coding audio coding standards audio signal processing data compression digital audio radio (DAR) digital broadcast audio (DBA) filter banks high-definition TV (HDTV) linear predictive coding lossy compression modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) MP3 MPEG MPEG-1 MPEG-2 MPEG-4 MPEG audio multimedia signal processing perceptual audio coding (PAC) perceptual coding perceptual model pseudoquadrature mirror filter (PQMF) psychoacoustic model psychoacoustics SDDS signal compression signal-processing applications sinusoidal coding subband coding transform coding

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Highly scalable IP core to accelerate the forward/backward modified discrete cosine transform in MP3 implemented to FPGA and low-power ASIC

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IET CIRCUITS DEVICES & SYSTEMS 2011年第5期5卷 351-359页

作者： Malik, P. Slovak Acad Sci Inst Informat Bratislava 84507 Slovakia

Modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) is used in many audio coding standards for time-to-frequency transformation of digital signals. It is one of the most computationally intensive operations in audio compression and decompression processes. In this study, optimised dedicated hardware architectures utilised in a highly scalable MDCT IP core are proposed to accelerate the forward/backward MDCT computation in MP3 audio coding standard. The MDCT IP core is pipelined, capable to compute both the forward and backward MDCT on the same hardware and it is optimised with field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technologies. The MDCT IP core is implemented to FPGA and ASIC, whereby the FPGA implementation used Xilinx Virtex-4 FPGA, while the ASIC implementation used AMS 350 nm CMOS standard cell library. The MDCT IP core is further optimised and implemented utilising UMC 90 nm CMOS low-power digital libraries and clock gating technique. As a result, power consumption and the area are reduced significantly. The proposed hardware architectures are optimised to achieve high computational speed with high precision, and therefore they are suitable for a lossless audio compression. In particular, high computational speed permits multichannel real-time acceleration of the forward and backward MDCT computation.

关键词： field-programmable gate arrays application-specific integrated circuit low-power ASIC backward modified discrete cosine transform Xilinx Virtex-4 FPGA size 350 nm forward modified discrete cosine transform low-power electronics AMS CMOS standard cell library size 90 nm digital signals time-to-frequency transformation CMOS low-power digital libraries discrete cosine transforms MP3 application specific integrated circuits lossless audio compression logic design IP core clock gating technique CMOS integrated circuits field programmable gate arrays clocks audio decompression audio coding standards audio coding

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