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Communications of the ACM 1961年第3期4卷 140-140页

作者： Bratman, Harvey Research Directorate System Development Corp. Santa Monica CA United States

SDC is currently engaged in producing a 舠JOVIAL舡 compiler for each of its computers. The compilers are being produced by a bootstrapping method similar to that described in a report on UNCOL [1]. In discussing the steps involved, we resorted to diagrams to clear up the confusion that arose when trying to describe, for example, how a JOVIAL generator for the IBM 709 could produce a JOVIAL translator to the Philco S-2000 that would run on the 709 and then use the resulting 709 - S-2000 translator to produce a JOVIAL translator to the S-2000 that would run on the S-2000. © 1961, ACM. All rights reserved.

关键词： automatic coding automatic programming compiler design data processing design of computer languages information processing machine independent programs translation of computer languages

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automatic coding of Short Text Responses via Clustering in Educational Assessment

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EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT 2016年第2期76卷 280-303页

作者： Zehner, Fabian Saelzer, Christine Goldhammer, Frank Tech Univ Munich D-80290 Munich Germany Ctr Int Student Assessment ZIB eV Kiel Germany German Inst Int Educ Res Frankfurt Germany

automatic coding of short text responses opens new doors in assessment. We implemented and integrated baseline methods of natural language processing and statistical modelling by means of software components that are available under open licenses. The accuracy of automatic text coding is demonstrated by using data collected in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 in Germany. Free text responses of 10 items with n = 41, 990 responses in total were analyzed. We further examined the effect of different methods, parameter values, and sample sizes on performance of the implemented system. The system reached fair to good up to excellent agreement with human codings (.458 <= kappa <= .959): Especially items that are solved by naming specific semantic concepts appeared properly coded. The system performed equally well with n >= 1, 661 and somewhat poorer but still acceptable down to n = 249. Based on our findings, we discuss potential innovations for assessment that are enabled by automatic coding of short text responses.

关键词： computer-based assessment automatic coding automatic short-answer grading computer-automated scoring

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Visual and User-Defined Smart Contract Designing System Based on automatic coding

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IEEE ACCESS 2019年 7卷 73131-73143页

作者： Mao, Dianhui Wang, Fan Wang, Yalei Hao, Zhihao Beijing Technol & Business Univ Coll Comp & Informat Engn Beijing Key Lab Big Data Technol Food Safety Beijing 100048 Peoples R China Beijing Technol & Business Univ Natl Engn Lab Agriprod Qual Traceabil Beijing 100048 Peoples R China Univ Macau Dept Comp & Informat Sci Pattern Anal & Machine Intelligence Grp Macau 999078 Peoples R China

Smart contract applications based on Ethereum blockchain have been widely used in many fields. They are developed by professional developers using specialized programming languages like solidity. It requires high requirements on knowledge of the specialized field and the proficiency in contract programming Thus, it is hard for normal users to design a usable smart contract based on their own demands. Most current studies about smart contracts focus on the security of coding while lack of friendly tools for users to design the specialized templates of contracts coding. This paper provides a visual and user-defined smart contract designing systems. It makes the development of domain-specific smart contracts simpler and visualization for contract users. The system implements the domain-specific features extraction about the crawled data sets of smart contract programs by TF-IDF and K-means++ clustering algorithm. Then, it achieves the automatic generation of unified basic function codes by Char-RNN (improved by LSTM) based on the domain-specific features. The system adopts Google Blockly and links the generated codes with UI controls. Finally, it provides a set of specialized templates of basic functions for users to design smart contracts by the friendly interface. It reduces the difficulty and costs of contract programming. The paper offers a case study to design contracts by users. The designed contracts were validated on the existing system to implement the food trading and traders' credit evaluation. The experimental results show that the designed smart contracts achieve good integration with the existing system and they can be deployed and compiled successfully.

关键词： Smart contract Char-RNN LSTM automatic coding

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The Role of Language in the automatic coding of Political Texts

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SWISS POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013年第4期19卷 539-545页

作者： Ruedin, Didier Univ Neuchatel Swiss Forum Migrat & Populat Studies SFM CH-2000 Neuchatel Switzerland

automatic approaches to coding party manifestos and other political texts have become more widespread. This research note addresses the question to what extent the source language of a text affects the results. To do so, Swiss manifestos in German and French are coded automatically, comparing a keyword-based dictionary approach and Wordscores. Because of language differences, both stemming and particularly stop words are important to obtain comparable results for Wordscores. If both are used, the predicted scores are almost identical in both languages. With the right preparations, the challenge of language differences can thus be overcome.

关键词： automatic coding Language Party Manifestos Political Text

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A method for automatic coding of medical information in patient records

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Methods of Information in Medicine 1977年第1期16卷 1-10页

作者： White, W. Barkman, B. Bernier Bonneville, L. Cousineau, L. Canada

An automated method for coding hospital patient records is described, which uses a combination of simple computer programs and a structured dictionary. The system accepts unrestricted medical language in French as input, and generates code combinations which represent the semantic values of the original statements. The coding structure is the trial version of the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED). A prototype system has been developed from a 20,000 word corpus of obstetrical and gynecological data, recorded from patient records written by French-speaking Quebec physicians. Preliminary test results on a small sample show that the system generates accurate codes and code combinations for 97.9% of the data tested. The programs were written in Fortran IV and implemented on a DEC PDP-9 computer. The dictionary keys are word segments and the entries contain operators, word segments and SNOMED codes. The dictionary structure permits a single entry to generate multiple SNOMED codes and to handle the types of linguistic paraphrase found in hospital records. The SNOMED codes and code combinations constitute a metalanguage which provides the means for data compression and uniform representation of natural language medical data.

关键词： automatic coding Natural Language Text Processing Computer Dictionary Structures Word Segmentation Methods French Medical Statements SNOMED Automatische Verschlüsselung Textverarbeitung in natürlicher Sprache Computerwörterbuch Strukturen Methoden der Wortsegmentierung französische medizinische Aussagen SNOMED

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Using and Improving coding Guides For and By automatic coding of PISA Short Text Responses 15

Using and Improving Coding Guides For and By Automatic Codin...

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IEEE 15th International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW)

作者： Zehner, Fabian Goldhammer, Frank Saelzer, Christine Tech Univ Munich TUM Sch Educ Arcisstr 21 D-80333 Munich Germany German Inst Int Educ Res Frankfurt Germany Ctr Int Student Assessment ZIB eV Kiel Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781467384933

We propose and empirically evaluate a theoretical framework of how to use coding guides for automatic coding (scoring) and how, in turn, automatic coding can enhance the use of coding guides. We adopted a recently described baseline approach to automatically classify responses. Well-established coding guides from PISA, comprising reference responses, and its German sample from 2012 were used for evaluation. Ten items with 41,990 responses at total were analyzed. Results showed that (1) responses close to the cluster centroid constitute prototypes, (2) automatic coding can improve coding guides, while (3) the proposed procedure leads to unreliable accuracy for small numbers of clusters but promising agreement to human coding for higher numbers. Further analyses are still to be done to find the optimal balance of the implied coding effort and model accuracy.

关键词： automatic coding automatic Scoring Clustering coding Guides Reference Texts

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Development of an automatic coding System for Digestive Endoscopies

Development of an Automatic Coding System for Digestive Endo...

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Special Topic Conference of the European-Fedeeration-for-Medical-Informatics (EFMI STC)

作者： Ternois, Iris Escudie, Jean-Baptiste Benamouzig, Robert Duclos, Catherine Hop Avicenne AP HP Bobigny France Univ Paris 13 INSERM UMRS 1142 LIMICS Bobigny France

ISBN: (纸本)9781614999218;9781614999201

Digestive endoscopies, along with all medical procedures in France are coded with the CCAM. This task is done by the physicians, is time-consuming and requires a good knowledge of the terminology besides a medical knowledge. This method offers an automatic coding of endoscopic procedures from free-text reports. Thanks to a supervised learning method, the reports are coded with an average precision and recall of 0.92 on a 1639 texts corpus.

关键词： automatic coding Machine Learning Medical Terminology Natural Language Processing

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Design of an automatic coding algorithm for a multi-axial classification in pathology

Design of an automatic coding algorithm for a multi-axial cl...

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21st International Congress of the European-Federation-for-Medical-Informatics (MIE2008)

作者： Happe, Andre Cuggia, Marc Turlin, Bruno Le Beux, Pierre INTERMEDE F-35580 Guignen France Lab Informat Med F-35000 Rennes France CHU Pontchaillou Dept Anatomie & Cytol Pathol F-35000 Rennes France

ISBN: (纸本)9781586038649

An algorithm for automatic coding of pathology reports using a multiaxial codification (ADICAP) is described and evaluated. It extracts "significant words" or expressions from a corpus and records the statistical relationships between them and the modalities of the different axes. Different weighting functions are evaluated. With the best settings, in more than two cases out of three the correct modality was found among the top 5 list of candidates, except for the "organ" axis. Several ways of improvement are discussed especially regarding the poor results on the "organ" axis. Perspectives of a two stages assembling algorithm completing this first step are proposed.

关键词： automatic coding Pathology Algorithm ADICAP Codification

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Mit :: Summer Session 1954 :: Jones a Survey of automatic coding Techniques for Digital Computers May54