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Performance Analysis of Different Channel Allocation Schemes of Random Access (RA) MAC Protocol with back-off algorithm (BOA)

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WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 2020年第3期112卷 1981-1993页

作者： Al Attal, Abeer Hussin, Saleh Fouad, Mohamed Zagazig Univ Fac Engn Elect & Commun Dept Zagazig 44519 Egypt

Cognitive radio technology is an effective method to improve the utilization and efficiency of radio spectrum. Cognitive radio technology solves spectrum scarcity problem by allowing cognitive users to use spectrum holes when primary users are absent. Cognitive radio networks are classified according to the infrastructure into: (A) centralized cognitive radio networks and (B) cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. The cognitive media access control (MAC) protocols are the master key of designing cognitive radio network. These allow cognitive users to identify and use the available frequency spectrum in a manner constrains the levels of interference to the primary users. Cognitive radio MAC protocols can be classified into: (A) random access control protocol (B) time slotted control protocols (C) hybrid protocols. In this paper, the dynamic open spectrum sharing (DOSS) MAC protocol is proposed as an example for random access control protocol. Due to the collision among users, the network throughput will be reduced. In order to enhance the performance of DOSS protocol, a back-off algorithm (BOA) will be executed and analyzed to enhance the network throughput. An optimum number of data retransmissions that decrease blocking and dropping ratio are investigated. Moreover, two accessing channels techniques for the proposed algorithm will be presented: fixed channel allocation (FCA) and dynamic channel allocation (DCA) schemes. DCA scheme allows to users to choose the control channel in a dynamic manner. The dynamic behavior decreases the limitation of control channel saturation. So, it can increase the network throughput. The performance analysis of the FCA and DCA schemes for the proposed protocol will be simulated. Finally, the performance analysis of DCA scheme of DOSS mac protocol with BOA will be investigated.

关键词： Access control Cognitive radio back-off algorithm Dynamic open spectrum sharing Spectrum access Spectrum sharing

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A SELF-ORGANIZATIONAL back-off algorithm BASED ON LOCAL TOPOLOGY ANALYSIS

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INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION AND SOFT COMPUTING 2011年第8期17卷 1099-1111页

作者： Wang, Huibin Zhang, Lili Shen, Jie Yang, Jie Hohai Univ Coll Comp & Informat Engn Nanjing 210098 Peoples R China

The back-off algorithm is the key point that directly affects the message transmission delay, during the design of the MAC layer of the vehicular ad hoc network communication protocol. However, thanks to the back-off time is inversely proportional to the seizing channel ability of the nodes, the unreasonable choice of the contention window usually leads to the nodes "starvation". This paper investigates a back-off algorithm to deal with the unfairness problem by changing the size of the contention window by analyzing the connectivity of local topology and the polymerization degrees of the nodes. The algorithm can effectively reduce the node's unfairness problem. The simulation results show that: comparing to the Binary Exponential back-off algorithm and the Multiplicative Increase, Linear Decrease back-off algorithm, the proposed algorithm can significantly enhance the nodes' fairness, which also reduces the transmission delay.

关键词： VANET back-off algorithm Graph Theory Local Topology Analysis

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MAC Layer back-off algorithm for Ad hoc Networks

MAC Layer Back-off Algorithm for Ad hoc Networks

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36th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO)

作者： Shurman, Mohammad M. Al-Mistarihi, Mamoun F. Alomari, Zaid A. Jordan Univ Sci & Technol Network Engn & Secur Dept Irbid Jordan Jordan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Engn Irbid Jordan Jordan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Comp Engn Irbid Jordan

ISBN: (纸本)9789532330762

Channel efficiency and channel throughput in any network are affected by packet collisions. Reduction of packet collisions plays a greater role in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), due to the open medium topology where carrier sensing is not practical or feasible. Consequently, these collision issues introduce a key problem in MANET networks where researches proposed back-off mechanism to overcome packet collisions. back-off algorithm is proposed to reduce collisions that happen when more than one node tries sending data on the channel simultaneously. The Binary Exponential back-off (BEB), the first back-off algorithm that is deployed in Medium Access Control layer, is used by IEEE 802.11 to avoid collision in MANETs. BEB algorithm uses a uniform random distribution back-off values to solve the collision problem. In this paper, we propose Fibonacci Liner Increment back-off (FLB) algorithm to achieve an effective value for the back-off timer of the nodes before accessing the channel to avoid collision. We carried on simulations using ns-2 to compare the performance of the proposed protocol with existing protocols like Fibonacci Increment back-off (FIB), Binary Exponential back-off (BEB), Pessimistic Linear-Exponential back-off (PLEB) in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), average End-End delay and normalized routing load. Simulation results demonstrated that our FLB algorithm outperforms existing protocols and achieves the best results in routing packets, normalized routing load and End-End delay.

关键词： MANETs Packet collisions back-off algorithm BEB algorithm FIB algorithm PLEB algorithm FLB algorithm

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A dynamic back-off algorithm in Ad Hoc networks

A dynamic back-off algorithm in Ad Hoc networks

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International Forum on Computer and Information Technology (IFCIT)

作者： Wang, Chen China Hall Sci & Technol Beijing 100863 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9783038350194

Much work has been done to solve the unfairness problems caused by hidden terminals and exposed terminals in Ad Hoc networks. The back-off mechanism is one of the widely used methods to ensure the fair allocation of channel resources associated with other mechanisms. In this paper, a modified back-off algorithm DEIED (Dynamic Exponential Increase and Exponential Decrease) is proposed based on the previous back-off scheme EIED (Exponential Increase and Exponential Decrease), and a comparison of BEB (Binary Exponential back-off), EIED, DEIED, is presented. Both qualitative analysis and simulation results show that the proposed back-off algorithm scheme outperforms EIED and BEB algorithms in term of the opportunities given to each node to transmit.

关键词： Ad Hoc network MAC back-off algorithm fairness

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Actor-Critic Based back-off algorithm for Massive Machine-Type Communication

Actor-Critic Based Back-off Algorithm for Massive Machine-Ty...

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IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE ICC)

作者： Gao, Xin Qian, Zhihong Xie, Mingtong Wang, Xue Jilin Univ Coll Commun Engn Changchun Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350333077

Massive machine-type communication (mMTC) is one of the important technologies proposed for 5G and next-generation mobile communications, providing wireless communication services for an increasing variety of machine-type communication devices. Random access collision is one of the key problems in the mMTC scenario based on the cellular network architecture. To improve the probability of successful access, virtual small cells are first dynamically divided according to geographic location and application demand activity, and then machine-type communication devices are classified according to different requirements of the quality of service (QoS). Based on this system model, a back-off algorithm is proposed based on a deep reinforcement learning algorithm. Combined with the state of preambles and devices, the optimal back-off access strategy is obtained using analytic hierarchy process and Actor-Critic methods. The simulation results show that this method can reduce the collisions of back-off access process effectively and reduce the average delay in the system while meeting the demands of the overall QoS.

关键词： Machine-type communication grant-free random access back-off algorithm Actor-Critic quality of service

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An Exponential back-off algorithm Based Interference Avoidance Strategy for Bluetooth Low Energy against Wideband Interference

An Exponential Back-off Algorithm Based Interference Avoidan...

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International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe)

作者： Pang, Bozheng Claeys, Tim Hallez, Hans Boydens, Jeroen Katholieke Univ Leuven Dept Comp Sci Brugge Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven Dept Elect Engn Brugge Belgium

ISBN: (数字)9781665407885

ISBN: (纸本)9781665407885

Wireless connection reliability is always a top priority in Internet of Things systems, especially in a harsh electromagnetic environment. As a prominent wireless communication protocol in the 2.4 GHz frequency band, Bluetooth Low Energy always has compatibility challenges with wideband protocols working in the same frequency band such as Wi-Fi. In this paper, we present a lightweight strategy for Bluetooth Low Energy devices to cope with the compatibility issues with wideband interference. The strategy is based on the exponential backoff algorithm and is implemented mostly in the Bluetooth Low Energy application layer. The results of the experiments show that the strategy can deal with both static and dynamic wideband interference, reducing packet loss rates to around 3% and 5%, respectively.

关键词： Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) wideband interference back-off algorithm reliability

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A New back-off algorithm with Priority Scheduling for MQTT Protocol and IoT Protocols

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED COMPUTER SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS 2021年第11期12卷 349-357页

作者： Al Enany, Marwa O. Harb, Hany M. Attiya, Gamal Al Azhar Univ Fac Engn Dept Syst & Comp Cairo Egypt Menoufia Univ Fac Engn Dept Comp Sci & Engn Menoufia Egypt

The Internet of Things (IoT) protocols have encountered great challenges as the growth of technology has led to many limitations of the performance of the IoT protocols. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT) is one of the most dominant protocols in most fields of smart applications, so it has been chosen in this research to be a use case for implementing and evaluating a new proposed back-off algorithm that is designed to eliminate suspicious and fake messages by calculating an initial frequent rate for each publisher connected to the MQTT broker. The proposed back-off algorithm was designed to mitigate the traffic load of the uplink traffic by applying an exponential delay factor to suspicious publishers. Another priority scheduling algorithm was proposed to classify publishers as high priority or low priority depending on the new calculated frequent rate. The two algorithms were implemented on the Mosquitto broker and evaluated using a simulation environment by measuring specified performance metrics. The simulated results proved that the back-off algorithm eliminated network load and introduced an acceptable range of CPU and RAM consumption. The results also concluded that the priority classification algorithm managed to reduce the latency of high-priority publishers.

关键词： back-off algorithm priority scheduling MQTT protocol average transmission frequency rate IoT protocols

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Game theory and fuzzy based back off algorithm for MAC protocol for multi traffic flows in ad hoc networks

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WIRELESS NETWORKS 2017年第6期23卷 1993-2004页

作者： Vanitha, A. Subramani, A. Balamurugan, P. Sona Coll Technol Dept Master Comp Applicat Salem India Govt Arts Coll Dept Master Comp Applicat Dharmapuri India KSR Coll Engn Dept CSE Tiruchengode India

In MAC protocols of wireless ad hoc networks, there may be collisions due to traffic load and it results in more energy consumption, delay and reduces throughput. In order to overcome these issues, in this paper we propose a game theory and fuzzy based back off algorithm for MAC Protocol for multi traffic flows in wireless ad hoc networks. When a node wants to transmit a data packet, it estimates back-off interval based on the traffic priority, queue length, waiting time and remaining energy using the fuzzy logic. Then the data transmission involving various traffic classes is performed. At the receiver end, a utility function in terms of saturation throughput, delay and packet drop is derived. Then a game theory model is applied in which each player (node) suitably adjusts the back off interval again such that their utility function is maximized. By simulation results, we show that the proposed technique reduces collision and delay and increases throughput.

关键词： Game theory Fuzzy logic Ad-hoc back-off algorithm MAC protocol Multi traffic

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A new back-off algorithm based on collision probability and expiration probability of beacons in VANETs

A new back-off algorithm based on collision probability and ...

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2013 International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT 2013)

作者： Weiwan Liu Nanjie Liu Haitao Zhao Yuanlong Chen College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Digital (Network) Gene Engineering Research Institute Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications

In order to improve the broadcast reception rates of beacon messages in VANETs, a conclusion that the relationship between collision probability and minimum contention window size and the relationship between expiration probability and minimum window size was reached by building Markov model. According to this conclusion, a minimum contention window size adjustment back-off algorithm called CEB was proposed;this algorithm is on the basis of the relative size between the number of expiration beacons and preset threshold. Simulations were done to compare the performance of CEB, RBEB, and BEB, and the results show that the performance of the new proposed algorithm is better than that of RBEB and BEB.

关键词： VANET back-off algorithm beacon information expiration probability collision probability

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A Study on IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer Misbehavior under Different back-off algorithms

A Study on IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer Misbehavior under Different...

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2016 International Conference on Sustainable Energy, Environment and Information Engineering (SEEIE 2016)

作者： Trong Minh HOANG Van Kien BUI Thanh Tra NGUYEN Hai Trieu LE Posts and Telecoms Institute of Technology Hanoi Ministry of Public Security Hanoi

ISBN: (纸本)9781605953373

Security of any wireless network is an important issue. The IEEE 802.11 medium access control can be violated by several native or smart attacks that result to downgrade network performance. In recent years, there are several studies using analytical model to analyze MAC layer misbehavior issue to explore this problem but focused on binary exponential back-off ***, a practical condition such as freezing back-off issue is not included in the previous models. Hence, this paper presents a novel analytical model of the IEEE 802.11 MAC to thoroughly understand impacts of misbehaving node on network throughput and delay parameters. Especially,the model can express detailed back-off algorithms so that comforts to evaluate the network performance under some typical attacks by numerical simulation method.

关键词： IEEE 802.11 MAC misbehavior Analytical model back-off algorithm Network performance

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