检索结果-内蒙古大学图书馆

The Meta-Question, Components, and basic structure of Chinese Philosophy

Frontiers of Philosophy in China 2024年第1期19卷 1-21页

作者： GUO Yi Department of Philosophy Seoul National University Seoul 08826 South Korea Institute of Confucius Culture Qufu Normal University Shandong 273165 China

Philosophy is the research of nature, individuals, society, and their noumena. The fundamental question of Chinese philosophy revolves around the relationship between Heaven and humans, while the meta-question is about how humans should live in the world. To address these questions, Chinese philosophy has established a framework with six components: the theory of benyuan, the theory of human nature, the theory of human mind, the theory of life, ethics, and politics. Among them, the transcendental theory of benyuan and the theory of human nature constitute metaphysics, the theory of life, ethics, and politics, which take real life as the research object, constitute physics, and the theory of human mind, fall under a philosophical discipline positioned conceptually between metaphysics and physics could be named as metaphysical physics (shang er xia xue). The presence of philosophy within Chinese traditional thoughts is underscored by the use of metaphysics as a criterion for judging the existence of philosophical elements in a system of thought.

关键词： Chinese philosophy meta-question, components basic structure legitimacy

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Reconceptualizing Justice in Human Geography: Landscape as basic structure, Justice as the Right to Justification

引用

ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOGRAPHERS 2024年第9期114卷 2010-2027页

作者： Mitchell, Don Uppsala Univ Dept Human Geog Uppsala Sweden

This article argues that geographers should rededicate themselves to developing a positive theory of justice. In the past fifty years, research has made enormous strides in theorizing injustice, but mostly geographers rely on commonsense and unexamined notions of justice as "fairness." In this article, I trace this avoidance of justice theorizing to the way geographers originally engaged with Rawls's foundation work and argue that his A Theory of Justice should be reexamined to better understand one of the central concepts: the "basic structure," especially as it has been reformulated by feminist political theorists. I argue that the landscape is a key component of the basic structure and understanding it as such offers a first step in a positive theory of justice that is deeper than the commonsense justice-as-fairness. Having established landscape as basic structure, I then argue that a second step toward a full theory of justice would be to understand justice as the "right to justification" (as theorized by the Frankfurt School's Forst). The end result-combining landscape as basic structure with justice as the right to justification-is a theory that allows for assessing both "minimally" and "maximally" just geographies.

关键词： basic structure injustice justice landscape right to justification

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Evolution from basic to advanced structure of fulvic acid and humic acid prepared by food waste

引用

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES 2024年第Part2期256卷 128413页

作者： Mu, Daichen Mu, Linying Geng, Xinyu Mohamed, Taha Ahmed Wei, Zimin Tianjin Normal Univ Coll Life Sci Tianjin Key Lab Anim & Plant Resistance Tianjin 300387 Peoples R China Northeast Agr Univ Coll Life Sci Harbin 150030 Peoples R China

Fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) are common polyacids in nature. However, the evolutionary process of their basic and advanced structures is still unclear. FA and HA were separated into five molecular weight components to investigate the process of evolution from small to large molecules. The primary structure analysis showed that FA were rich in C-N, COOH and OH content, while HA were rich in (CH2)n, NH2 and C--C. Moreover, with the molecular weight increasing, the structures could complement each other to maintain the hydrophilic or hydrophobic balance. The 2D-COS spectroscopy demonstrated that during the growth of FA, COOH, NH2 and OH firstly respond. On the other hand, during the growth of HA, NH2 and (CH2)n firstly respond. In addition, advanced structure of FA was affected by intramolecular hydrogen bonds and pi - pi interaction. HA was affected by hydrophobic interactions due to the abundance of hydrophobic groups, primarily (CH2)n and benzene rings. 3D conformational fitting and particle size characterization confirmed that the interaction forces determine that FA and HA become tightly and loosely molecules respectively. This study is to further explore the geochemical formation and evolution process of FA and HA molecules.

关键词： Fulvic acid Humic acid basic structure Advanced structure

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

A perfectionist basic structure

引用

PHILOSOPHY & SOCIAL CRITICISM 2019年第7期45卷 862-882页

作者： Ferdman, Avigail Free Univ Berlin Berlin Germany

When philosophers talk about perfectionism, it is usually as a view of well-being, of developing characteristically human capacities. Yet perfectionism can also be a normative account of what we owe to each other. This article argues that perfectionists have reason to endorse a perfectionist basic structure such that enables persons to develop and exercise their human capacities in meaningful ways. This basic structure has two complementary features: First, it enables a diversity of life experiences. Second, it provides a spatial opportunity structure that creates open-minded environments. Absent these features, rich or lucky individuals gain an unfair advantage in the sphere of opportunities for developing their capacities in meaningful ways.

关键词： perfectionism basic structure human capacities objective-list opportunities

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

The Social Value Requirement in Research: From the Transactional to the basic structure Model of Stakeholder Obligations

引用

HASTINGS CENTER REPORT 2018年第6期48卷 25-32页

作者： Wenner, Danielle M. Carnegie Mellon Univ Philosophy Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Ctr Eth & Policy Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

The history of research ethics includes ethical norms that do not neatly fit into a rubric of "human subjects protections" but that are nevertheless seen as fundamental ethical dictates. Among these norms is the so-called social value requirement for clinical research. Recently, however, the ethical foundation for the social value requirement has come under criticism. I seek to clarify the terms of this foundational debate. I contend that much of this discussion-both critiques of the social value requirement as well as recent defenses-is predicated on a framework of research ethics that I refer to as the "transactional model of stakeholder obligations." I argue that this model does not fully capture the ethical considerations that ought to inform the design and conduct of clinical research, and I introduce and defend an alternative framework that I call the "basic structure model of stakeholder obligations." The basic structure model is grounded in a claim that clinical research plays a direct role in establishing the justice or injustice of our social organization and should therefore be governed more explicitly by justice-based considerations. As such, the model explicitly accounts for the fundamentally social nature of the research enterprise itself. In addition to defending the basic structure model, I show how it provides a more stable foundation for the social value requirement, and I consider some worries about whether the model may be too demanding in practice.

关键词： Critique Worry Clinical Study iodine social organization basic structure Social Values Ethics, Research

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

On the Moral Irrelevance of a Global basic structure: Prospects for a Satisficing Sufficientarian Theory of Global Justice

引用

CROATIAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY 2017年第50期17卷 233-264页

作者： Dumitru, Adelin Costin Natl Univ Polit Studies & Publ Adm Fac Polit Sci Bucharest Romania

Many important criticisms to the possibility of global justice are advanced following one or another operationalization of the Rawlsian concept of a basic structure. The purpose of this paper is twofold: i) to show that the existence of a global basic structure is irrelevant from the standpoint of justice;ii) to set the stage for a cosmopolitan theory of global justice that employs satisficing sufficientarianism as a distributive principle. One of the main contentions is that the institutional-interactional cut in the recent literature should be transcended. That is, the site of justice should be extended to incorporate both the efficiency of discharging one's duties through a just institutional scheme and the moral value of promoting a good state of affairs through one's own efforts. In order to avoid the overdemandingness objection, however, the selected principles of justice ought to belong to the sufficientarian family. Towards the end of the paper I sketch one such theory, satisficing sufficientarianism.

关键词： basic structure cosmopolitanism overdemandingness objection site of justice satisficing sufficientarianism

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

The Problem of Bildung and the basic structure of Bildungstheorie

引用

STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATION 2017年第5期36卷 569-584页

作者： Rucker, Thomas Geronimo, Eric Dan Univ Bundeswehr Munchen Fac Human Sci Dept Educ Gen Educ Sci Werner Heisenberg Weg 39 D-85577 Neubiberg Germany Univ Bern Inst Sci Educ Fac Human Sci Gen & Hist Educ Sci Fabrikstr 8 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland

In this article, an attempt is made to introduce a systematization of the loosely connected group of authors called Bildungstheorie. This ought to not only be of significance for German-speaking educational science, for the concept of Bildung is also increasingly used internationally for the formulation and development of pedagogical issues. It is proposed that the concept of complexity could be suitable for bringing attention to common presuppositions in the theoretical dealing with the problem of Bildung. The thesis is that Bildung in theories of Bildung is described from various perspectives as complex, meaning it is an open and uncertain interplay of components irreducibly associated with planning and governance problems. As this thesis is corroborated by means of selected positions within Bildungstheorie, evidence is provided that complexity in educational science-differently than it may seem at first glance-is not for the first time today a theme of importance. Rather, it is demonstrated that a nascent discipline-specific complexity research can be linked to already existing traditions.

关键词： Bildung Bildungstheorie Complexity basic structure Openness Uncertainty

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

A non-ideal global basic structure

Etikk i Praksis

引用

Etikk i Praksis 2016年第2期10卷 11-26页

作者： Martin, Sabrina Univ Oxford Dept Polit Oxford England

Focusing on the basic structure as the subject of justice has tended to lead theorists to make a choice: either there is no global basic structure and therefore obligations of justice remain domestic only (the statist position) or there is sufficient institutional basis at the global level to warrant affirming a basic structure global in scope, meaning that duties of justice must also be global (the cosmopolitan position). Recent literature, however, has pointed out that this might be a false choice between denying and asserting the existence of a global basic structure. There are two main claims that I make in this paper. First, I claim that on a Rawlsian understanding of the basic structure, justice does not require one before its demands arise, but rather that under certain conditions, justice can require that a basic structure be established as an essential part of fulfilling its demands. This has the benefit of not restricting the scope of justice to the domestic sphere. Thus, the second claim is about determining, from a practice-dependent, non-ideal starting point, what those "certain conditions" are. Specifically, I argue that when currently existing global institutions begin impacting on the freedom of individuals to interact against a fair backdrop and pervasively impact on life chances, then the demands of justice will arise and we will need to establish a global basic structure. This paper, then, also has implications for the ideal/non-ideal theory debate, because I argue that the best way to globalize the basic structure is to begin from a non-ideal starting point.

关键词： global justice basic structure cosmopolitanism statism practice-dependent approach Miriam Ronzoni

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Distributive Justice, the basic structure and the Place of Private Law

引用

OXFORD JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES 2015年第2期35卷 213-235页

作者： Scheffler, Samuel NYU Dept Philosophy Philosophy & Law New York NY 10003 USA

In John Rawls's theory, the role of the principles of justice is to regulate the basic structure of society-its major social, political and economic institutions-and to specify the fair terms of cooperation for free and equal persons. Some have interpreted Rawls as excluding contract law, and perhaps the private law as a whole, from the basic structure. However, this interpretation of Rawls is untenable, given the motivations for his emphasis on the basic structure and the highly inclusive characterisations he gives of it. Yet if he includes private law within the basic structure, he seems committed to holding that its design and operations should be regulated by his two principles of justice, which govern the distribution of basic liberties, economic resources and opportunities. This would leave it unclear whether there was any room for values other than distributive values to inform the design of private law. Leaving no role for other values might be unproblematic if distributive justice were a master normative category with equal regulative authority over all basic social institutions. But we should not assume that this 'distributivist paradigm' gives the best interpretation either of private law or of the fair terms of cooperation for a society of free and equal people. We need to think further about how non-distributive values may inform the principles of justice that regulate the institutional structure of society. And we need to ask how much of law, whether public or private, is regulated solely by principles of justice that focus on the distribution of basic liberties, economic resources and opportunities.

关键词： John Rawls basic structure private law contract law distributive justice

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

A mooring for ethical life: Assessing the basic structure of society

A mooring for ethical life: Assessing the basic structure of...

引用

作者： Melenovsky, Chris University of Pennsylvania

学位级别：Ph.D.

In order to articulate a political philosophy that applies beyond state action, John Rawls took the "the basic structure of society" as the first subject of justice. In this dissertation, I explain both what the basic structure of society is and why it is an appropriate subject in moral theory. As the set of institutions that specify our valid claims as members of society, the basic structure has a profound influence on the content of ethical life; shaping our values, virtues, relationships, and obligations. In order to adequately assess this influential set of institutions, we should treat the basic structure as a fundamental moral concern.

关键词： basic structure Institutions Justice Property Rights Rawls

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：

通借通还

建议与咨询 留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

请选择保存的检索档案： 新增检索档案 确定 取消

请选择收藏分类： 新增自定义分类 确定 取消

通借通还

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：