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blind decoding of Massive MIMO Uplink Systems Based on the Higher Order Cumulants

WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 2018年第2期103卷 1835-1847页

作者： Albataineh, Zaid Yarmouk Univ Dept Elect Engn Irbid Jordan

In recent years, massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems have received a particular focus on the contemporary research. This study investigates the pilot contamination problem in a massive MIMO uplink system. This problem has always been evident in the surrounding cells experiencing reuse of the piloting sequence on the massive MIMO system that leads to the deterioration of the decoding system. Unlike most of previous solutions to this problem, which assume the availability of perfect channel state information (CSI) or based on estimating the CSI using the pilot sequence, this article develops a novel blind decoding algorithm for MIMO uplink systems, that significantly mitigates the pilot contamination problem. The proposed method based on higher order cumulants utilizes independent statistical methods prior to the encoding without using pilot sequences. The proposed method estimates the channel matrix and separates the received signals from in-cell and neighbouring cells through a reduction in the cumulants dependent cost-effective functioning. Simulation results indicates that the presented blind decoding algorithm enhances the performance of the decoding process and outperforms the zero-forcing (ZF) and the minimum-mean square-error (MMSE) schemes under imperfect CSI. Moreover, the presented method approaches the MMSE deciphering performance and ZF interpreting with perfect CSI at high SNR.

关键词： blind decoding MIMO system Channel estimation Higher order cumulants Minimum mean-square error (MMSE) Zero forcing (ZF) Bit error rate (BER) Signal to noise ratio (SNR)

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blind decoding of Control Channel for Other Users in 3GPP Standards

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2016年第6期64卷 2634-2646页

作者： Song, Seongwook Kwon, Hyukjoon Kang, Inyup Samsung Elect Suwon 442600 South Korea Samsung Semicond Inc San Diego CA 92121 USA

This paper explores the blind decoding of control channels for obtaining other user identities in 3GPP specification, such as high-speed packet access and long-term evolution. The reliable decoding of control channels with user identities is crucial to mitigate inter-cell interference as well as multi-user interference. This paper exploits a method of user identity filtering followed by a method of user identity detection based on the traffic persistency, which is common to all standards. Hence, the proposed methods are applicable to all the standards regulated by 3GPP specification. In particular, this paper analyzes the proposed other user identity detection algorithm under the random coding. Simulation results show that the proposed method is reliable even at low SNRs and is also aligned with the analysis.

关键词： 3G mobile communication 4G mobile communication blind decoding interference cancellation

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blind decoding Based on Independent Component Analysis for a Massive MIMO Uplink System in Microcell Rician/Rayleigh Fading Channels

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2016年第10期65卷 8322-8330页

作者： Shen, Lei Yao, Yu-Dong Wang, Haiquan Wang, Huaxia Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Sch Commun Engn Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China Stevens Inst Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hoboken NJ 07030 USA

In amassivemultiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) uplink system, the pilot sequence reuse in neighboring cells causes pilot contamination, causing the decoding performance to degrade significantly. In this paper, a blind decoding method based on independent component analysis (ICA) is proposed without using pilot sequences. The proposed blind decoding method uses ICA to separate the received signals (from in-cell and neighboring cells) and estimate channels. The energy levels of the estimated channels are used to differentiate an in-cell signal from neighboring cell signals. The analytical performance results of the blind decoding method are derived. Numerical results show that the proposed blind decoding scheme outperforms minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) decoding and zero-forcing (ZF) decoding with imperfect channel state information (CSI). The proposed scheme has only a negligible performance loss compared with MMSE decoding and ZF decoding with perfect CSI.

关键词： blind decoding independent component analysis (ICA) massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) minimum mean-square error (MMSE) zero forcing (ZF)

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blind decoding for a Multi-cell Massive Antenna Array Uplink System

Blind Decoding for a Multi-cell Massive Antenna Array Uplink...

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International Conference on Information Systems and Computer Aided Education (ICISCAE)

作者： Yu, Han Shen, L. Yan, B. B. China Elect Technol Corp Res Inst State Key Lab Informat Control Technol Commun Sys Jiaxing Zhejiang Peoples R China Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Sch Commun Engn Hangzhou Zhejiang Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538657386

In a multi-cell massive array multiple input multiple output (MIMO) uplink system, the pilot sequences reused in neighboring cells causes pilot contamination and decoding performance to degrade. In this paper, a blind decoding method based on independent component analysis (ICA) is proposed for a multi-cell massive antenna array system. The proposed blind decoding method uses ICA to separate the received signals (from in-cell and neighboring cells) and estimated channels, without using pilot sequence. Thus, pilot contamination is avoided and decoding performance will be optimized. Each user's angle-of-arrival (AOA) is estimated for recognizing the desired user signals and overcoming the uncertainty of signals separated by ICA. The analytical performance results of the blind decoding method are derived. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme has a better performance compared to MMSE decoding and blind decoding method based on singular value decomposition (SVD).

关键词： multi-cel massive antenna array blind decoding ICA

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Near-Optimal Contraction of Voronoi Regions for Pruning of blind decoding Results

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2015年第6期63卷 1963-1974页

作者： Bai, Dongwoon Lee, Jungwon Kim, Sungsoo Kim, Hanju Kang, Inyup Samsung Modem R&D San Diego CA 92121 USA Samsung Elect Seoul 100742 South Korea

In Long-Term Evolution (LTE) downlink control channel, a large number of blind decoding attempts are made, while the number of valid codewords is limited. The blind decoding results are then verified using a 16-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC). However, even with the 16-bit CRC, the false alarm (FA) rate of such blind decoding is inevitably high. This paper investigates the problem of pruning of blind decoding results for reduction of the FA rate. To the best of our knowledge, the approach using a soft correlation metric (SCM) shows the best FA reduction performance among existing schemes. However, following the Bayes principle, we propose novel likelihood-based pruning that provides systematic balancing between the FA rate and the miss (MS) rate. Moreover, the simulation results show that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain of our proposed scheme is unbounded, with respect to the SCM-based scheme, in the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh fading channel. Moreover, the proposed scheme is shown to be less complex than the existing scheme. Finally, it is proved that, as SNR increases, the proposed approach has the decision error probability that approaches the minimum value yielding near-optimal contraction of Voronoi regions for pruning of blind decoding results.

关键词： Bayes procedures blind decoding decision-making error correction coding error detection coding LTE downlink control channel PDCCH false alarm signal detection

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blind decoding, blind undeniable signatures, and their applications to privacy protection 1st

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Proceedings of the 1996 1st International Workshop on Information Hiding

作者： Sakurai, Kouichi Yamane, Yoshinori Dept. of Computer Science and Communication Engineering Kyushu University 812-81 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9783540619963

A cryptographic concept, blind decoding is discussed: a client has a message encrypted with a server's public key and the client asks the server to decode the message without revealing what is the decoded plaintext nor learning the server's secret key. blind decoding is a useful tool for protecting user's privacy in on-line shopping over the Internet. The RSA-based blind decoding is easily converted from the similar protocol as the Chaum's blind signature scheme, and a blind decoding protocol for the E1Gama] encryption scheme is newly proposed. Moreover, the practical gap between the known RSA-based blind decoding and our E1Gamal-based scheme is discussed in the application to protecting copyright matter of electronic documents. In blind decoding scheme, undeteetability of the decrypted message has both negative and positive aspects: a negative aspect is considered as the problem of spotting the oracle and a positive aspect is applicable to making undeniable signatures blind against the signer. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996.

关键词： blind decoding Digital money E1Gamal encryption Online shopping Privacy protection Undeniable signatures

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Machine Learning Based blind decoding for Space-Time Line Code (STLC) Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2019年第5期68卷 5154-5158页

作者： Joung, Jingon Jung, Bang Chul Chung Ang Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Seoul 06974 South Korea Chungnam Natl Univ Dept Elect Engn Daejeon 34134 South Korea

In this correspondence paper, a novel machine learning (clustering) based blind decoding method is proposed for the space-time line code (STLC) systems without the information of modulation size and channels. The number of clusters, which is equivalent to the modulation size, is estimated from the received signals by using a k-mean cluster validation metrics, such as silhouette score and Davies-Bouldin index, and the cluster indices are directly mapped to the transmitted binary information bits. To improve the clustering performance, received signal normalization and the initial centroids of the clusters are designed by exploiting the combined STLC signal structure. From the numerical results, it is verified that the proposed blind decoding method can achieve near-coherent decoding performance with either small-size modulation, low noise at the receiver, or a large number of transmit antennas.

关键词： Machine learning clustering k-mean algorithm blind decoding space-time line code

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Cloud image watermarking: high quality data hiding and blind decoding scheme based on block truncation coding

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MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS 2019年第5期25卷 551-563页

作者： Chen, Yung-Yao Chi, Kuan-Yu Natl Taipei Univ Technol Grad Inst Automat Technol 1Sec 3Zhongxiao E Rd Taipei 106 Taiwan

Cloud computing is an Internet-based computing model that shares computing resources such as computers, servers, and storage. In future smart cities, new applications can take advantage of cloud computing;for example, a cloud-based home health-care system can provide immediate disease management by analyzing medical images. However, if the size of cloud data is large (e.g., medical images), their transition through the Internet is time consuming. Cloud data authentication is another problem that should be addressed. To address the aforementioned problems, this study presents a novel data hiding method based on the block truncation coding (BTC) image compression technique. This method has two advantages: reduces image size and increases security. This study also proposes a block classification scheme for determining smooth blocks, complex_1 blocks, and complex_2 blocks in an image. Secret data are embedded in these three block types using different approaches. To improve the quality of images without damaging the secret data, we propose a progressive data hiding strategy and integrating an iteration-based halftoning method into BTC. When decoding, the secret data are extracted without recalling the original image. According to experimental results, the proposed method outperforms existing methods in both embedding capacity and image quality evaluations.

关键词： Cloud data security Data hiding blind decoding Block truncation coding (BTC) Direct binary search (DBS)

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Complexity Reduction of blind decoding Schemes Using CRC Splitting

Complexity Reduction of Blind Decoding Schemes Using CRC Spl...

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IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)

作者： Eriksson, Jonas Moosavi, Reza Larsson, Erik G. Ericsson AB Linkoping Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781467309219;9781467309202

blind decoding, used on control channels of some multi-user wireless access systems, is a technique for achieving adaptive modulation and coding. The idea is to adapt the modulation and coding scheme to the channel quality but instead of signaling the parameters used explicitly, the receiver blindly tries a number of fixed parameter combinations until a successful decoding attempt is detected, with the help of a cyclic redundancy check. In this paper we suggest a new method for reducing the complexity and energy consumption associated with such blind decoding schemes. Our idea is to use a mini-CRC injected early in the data stream to determine if the current decoding attempt is using the correct modulation and coding parameters. We analyze and exemplify the complexity gain of this approach and also investigate the impact of the rearrangement of the CRC scheme in terms of the probability of undetected error. The presented results for the complexity gain are promising and the impact on the error detection capability turns out to be small if any.

关键词： blind decoding Adaptive coding and modulation CRC splitting Code detection

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Asynchronous WCDMA Signal Long-Period Scrambling Code Estimation and blind decoding 12

Asynchronous WCDMA Signal Long-Period Scrambling Code Estima...

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12th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and Electromagnetic Theory (ISAPE)

作者： Han, Yv Guo, Jingjing Shen, Lei Miao, Jiajia China Elect Technol Corp Res Inst 36 State Key Lab Informat Control Technol Commun Sys Jiaxing Peoples R China Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Sch Commun Engn Hangzhou Zhejiang Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538673027

In order to estimate and decode the long-period scrambling code of asynchronous WCDMA signal, this paper proposed an independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm and phase locked loop (PLL) technology. First, according to the structure of WCDMA, the signal after sample rate conversion was proposed to be modeled as a form of carrier-modulated blind source separation matrix. Then, the long-period scrambling code and source information will be estimated by the proposed ICA and PLL algorithm. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively identify the long-period scrambling sequence of asynchronous multi-user WCDMA signals, and has better performance than the traditional identification method based on singular value decomposition(SVD).

关键词： wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) long period scrambling code estimation blind decoding PLL

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