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A novel tamper detection scheme for BTC-compressed images

OPTO-ELECTRONICS REVIEW 2013年第1期21卷 137-146页

作者： Hu, Y. -C. Chen, W. -L. Lo, C. -C. Wu, C. -M. Providence Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Management Taichung 43301 Taiwan Providence Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Taichung 43301 Taiwan Chung Yuan Christian Univ Dept Elect Engn Chungli 32023 Taiwan

A novel image authentication scheme for the compressed images of block truncation coding (BTC) is proposed in this paper. In the proposed scheme, 1-bit authentication data is generated from the quantization levels of each image block. Multiple block permutations are generated by using the random sequences induced by the selected random number seeds. Multiple copies of the authenticaiton data are embedded into the bit maps of BTC-compressed image blocks based on the block permutations. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves good detecting accuracy while keeping good image quatiy of the embedded image.

关键词： image authentication tamper detection block truncation coding

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Modified VQ-BTC algorithm for image compression

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ELECTRONICS LETTERS 1998年第14期34卷 1390-1392页

作者： Wang, CC Chen, CH Chen, IH Natl Cheng Kung Univ Dept Elect Engn Tainan 70101 Taiwan

VQ-BTC is a recent technique used in the coding of image data to combat edge degradation produced by vector quantisation (VQ) or block truncation coding (BTC). However, it has high encoding complexity and needs a large amount of memory to store 31 codebooks at both the encoder and decoder. A modified VQ-BTC (MVQ-BTC) algorithm is presented which achieves a performance close to that of VQ-BTC, but needs only three codebooks, and requires less computation time than VQ-BTC.

关键词： large memory computational time encoding complexity image data ENCODER Data compression Vector quantization block truncation coding Image compression

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An efficient BTC image compression algorithm with vector quantization

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CHINESE JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS 2000年第4期9卷 453-456页

作者： Lu, ZM Pan, JS Sun, SH Harbin Inst Technol Dept Automat Test & Control Harbin 150001 Peoples R China Natl Kaohsiung Inst Technol Dept Elect Engn Kaohsiung Taiwan

block truncation coding (BTC) is an efficient block coding technique suitable for real-time image compression, and it has high channel error resisting capability and good reconstructed image quality. Absolute moment ETC (AMBTC) is a simple and fast variant of ETC, The main shortcoming of the original AMBTC algorithm is the high bit rate (normally 2bits/pixel). In order to reduce the bit rate of AMBTC, an efficient ETC image compression algorithm with vector quantization (VQ) is presented in this paper. The main idea of the proposed algorithm is to reduce the number of bits required to code the higher mean, the lower mean and the bit plane, which are created by AMBTC for each image block. On the one hand, a simple look-up-table method is presented for coding the higher mean and the lower mean of a block. On the other hand, vector quantization technique is introduced to reduce the number of bits used to code the bit plane. Test results prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

关键词： block truncation coding absolute moment ETC image compression vector quantization

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VLSI implementation of an ultra-low-cost and low-power image compressor for wireless camera networks

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JOURNAL OF REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING 2018年第4期14卷 803-812页

作者： Chen, Shih-Lun Nie, Jing Lin, Ting-Lan Chung, Rih-Lung Hsia, Chih-Hsien Liu, Tse-Yen Lin, Szu-Yin Wu, Hai-Xia Chung Yuan Christian Univ Dept Elect Engn Taoyuan Taiwan Beijing Inst Technol Dept Elect & Informat Beijing Peoples R China Chinese Culture Univ Dept Elect Engn Taipei Taiwan Chung Yuan Christian Univ Dept Informat Management Taoyuan Taiwan

In this paper, a novel hardware-oriented color image compression algorithm based on digital halftoning and block truncation coding (BTC) techniques is proposed for very large-scale integration (VLSI) implementation. The proposed technique consists of a threshold generator, a bitmap generator, a BTC training module, a predictor, and a signed Golomb-Rice coding module. Because the wireless camera network is developed for perceiving, measuring, and collecting information from the environment, each camera sensing node should be designed to achieve low cost, small size, high compression rates, and low power consumption. Hence, a novel low-complexity, high-performance, transform-free, hardware-oriented color image compression algorithm based on digital halftoning and BTC is proposed. In order to achieve the performance of compressing images in real time, the proposed color image compression algorithm was realized by a VLSI technique. The VLSI architecture in this work contains only 8.1-k gate counts, and the core area is 81,000 mu m(2) synthesized using a TSMC 0.18-mu m CMOS process. The operating frequency of this work is 100 MHz and consumes 2.91 mW, which is efficient to develop wireless electronic systems with the demand of color image compression in real time. Compared with JPEG- and JPEG-LS-based designs, this work reduces gate counts by at least 71.1 % and power consumption by 53 % and only requires a one-line-buffer memory.

关键词： block truncation coding Digital halftoning Golomb-Rice coding Image compressor Wireless camera network VLSI

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Reversible Data Hiding for BTC-Compressed Images Based on Lossless coding of Mean Tables

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2013年第2期E96B卷 624-631页

作者： Zhang, Yong Guo, Shi-Ze Lu, Zhe-Ming Luo, Hao Shenzhen Univ Coll Informat Engn ATR Natl Def Technol Key Lab Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China North Elect Syst Engn Corp Beijing 100083 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut Hangzhou 310027 Peoples R China

Reversible data hiding has been a hot research topic since both the host media and hidden data can be recovered without distortion. In the past several years, more and more attention has been paid to reversible data hiding schemes for images in compressed formats such as JPEG, JPEG2000, Vector Quantization (VQ) and block truncation coding (BTC). Traditional data hiding schemes in the BTC domain modify the BTC encoding stage or BTC-compressed data according to the secret bits, and they have no ability to reduce the bit rate but may reduce the image quality. This paper presents a novel reversible data hiding scheme for BTC-compressed images by further losslessly encoding the BTC-compressed data according to the secret bits. First, the original BTC technique is performed on the original image to obtain the BTC-compressed data which can be represented by a high mean table, a low mean table and a bitplane sequence. Then, the proposed reversible data hiding scheme is performed on both the high mean table and low mean table. Our hiding scheme is a lossless joint hiding and compression method based on 2 x 2 blocks in mean tables, thus it can not only hide data in mean tables but also reduce the bit rate. Experiments show that our scheme outperforms three existing BTC-based data hiding works, in terms of the bit rate, capacity and efficiency.

关键词： data hiding reversible data hiding block truncation coding

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Lapped transform-based codec for frame-memory reduction in super-quality LCD overdrive

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JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY 2011年第8期19卷 551-560页

作者： Wang, Jun Huang, Bormin Wu, Jiaji Chong, Jong-Wha Univ Wisconsin Space & Engn Ctr Madison WI 53706 USA Xidian Univ Sch Elect Engn Xian Peoples R China Hanyang Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Seoul 133817 South Korea

Overdrive is commonly used to reduce the liquid-crystal response time and motion blur in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). However, overdrive requires a large frame memory in order to store the previous frame for reference. In this paper, a lapped transform-based codec (LTC) is proposed to reduce the frame memory needed for LCD overdrive. In the latest literature, a directional prediction-based codec (DPC) employs eight directional predictions, which takes up a large percentage of the computational complexity of the codec and does not consider the de-correlation of the inter-blocks. Therefore, the LTC first uses the lapped transform to decompose the correlation of the inter-blocks in the YUV color space. A hadamard transform is then used for energy compaction. The reordered coefficients are pre-quantized and encoded using the proposed adaptive bit-plane coding (ABPC) method for a simple hardware implementation. The simulation results show that the proposed LTC significantly improves the DPC in both subjective and objective performance and outperforms the block truncation coding (BTC) and adaptive multi-level BTC (AM-BTC), which have been described in the literature.

关键词： block truncation coding color image compression adaptive quantization coding LCD overdrive

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A secure secret image sharing with steganography and authentication by Hamming code (15,11) for compressed images

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2024年第11期83卷 31933-31955页

作者： Charoghchi, Sara Mashhadi, Samaneh Iran Univ Sci & Technol Sch Math Cryptog & Data Secur Lab Tehran Narmak Iran

The impressive increase in the rate of image transmission via internet has, more than ever, highlighted the importance of image securing techniques. One of the efficient solutions to secure images is Secret Image Sharing (SIS) with stegranography and authentication where an image is distributed among the shareholders without raising adversaries' suspicion. Additionally, the cheats of the dealer and share holders in the reconstruction of the image are discoverable. This means that the integration of the shares is verifiable. Although almost all the images on internet are compressed, the majority of proposed SIS schemes with steganography are not applicable to compressed images which is the area that our work attemps to improve. In this paper a novel SIS scheme based on homogeneous linear recursion (HLR) with steganography and authentication for Absolute Moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) compressed images is proposed. For steganography Hamming code (15,11) is applied which enables embedding with little changes so that the stego and cover images are visually and statistically very similar. An additional merit is that the reconstructed image is of an acceptable quality. What is more, authentication algorithm makes it possible for the scheme to detect any form of cheating and secures it against passive steganographic attacks.

关键词： Homogeneous linear recursion Secret image sharing block truncation coding Steganography Authentication

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Robust data hiding scheme for highly compressed image exploiting btc with hamming code

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2024年第3期83卷 8591-8628页

作者： Datta, Kankana Jana, Biswapati Singh, Prabhash Kumar Chakraborty, Mamata Dalui Dept Comp Applicat Haldia Inst Technol HIT Campus Purba Medinipur W Bengal India Vidyasagar Univ Dept Comp Sci Midnapore W Bengal India Natl Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Durgapur W Bengal India

Compression techniques can be used on digital content to minimize duplication and maintain internet traffic, while ensuring the quality of the decoded object. Two functionalities such as data concealing and images compression can be combined into a single module, reducing the risk of responder attacks while improving execution efficacy. This study exploits block truncation coding (BTC) with (7, 4) Hamming error correction and detection code to render a robust data hiding policy within highly compressed images. To compress the host image, BTC has been utilized which divides the image into (4 x 4) blocks. These blocks are categorized into two groups namely complex and smooth, based on threshold value where each smooth block accommodate two secret data bits encoded in it employing (7, 4) Hamming code whereas complex block remain unaltered. On the other hand, the Vertical Redundancy Check (V RC) approach greatly aids in determining the location of the hidden message bit. The cover or host image can be partially recovered due to the lossy property of BTC image compression scheme. To test its robustness and imperceptibility, several standard NIST approved steganalysis and statistical attacks are carried out. The developed technique is found to be secure and strong against a variety of geometrical attacks. The virtues of the proposed scheme are presented by comparing experimental results to the state-of-the-art schemes. The anticipated consequence highlighted certain outstanding magnificent aspects in the fields of verification of image, tamper recognition, and digital forgery sensing, all of which are essential to the contemporary technological life. This scheme benefits a wide range of government and business sectors, as well as health care, security, intellectual property rights, commercial and defense.

关键词： Data hiding Hamming error correcting code Even parity Vertical redundancy checking block truncation coding Image compression Secret message

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Predictive grayscale image coding scheme using VQ and BTC

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FUNDAMENTA INFORMATICAE 2007年第2期78卷 239-255页

作者： Hu, Yu-Chen Providence Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Taichung 433 Taiwan Taiwan

A predictive image compression scheme that combines the advantages of vector quantization and moment preserving block truncation coding is introduced in this paper. To exploit the similarities among neighboring image blocks, the block prediction technique is employed in this scheme. If a similar compressed image block can be found in the neighborhood of current processing block, it is taken to encode this block. Otherwise, this image block is encoded either by vector quantization or moment preserving block truncation coding. A bit-rate reduced version of the proposed scheme is also introduced. According to the experimental results, it is shown that the proposed scheme provides better image quality at a low bitrate than these comparative schemes.

关键词： image compression vector quantization block truncation coding bit map coding

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A novel reversible data hiding scheme based on AMBTC compression technique

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2015年第11期74卷 3823-3842页

作者： Lin, Chia-Chen Liu, Xiao-Long Tai, Wei-Liang Yuan, Shyan-Ming Providence Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Management Taichung Taiwan Natl Chiao Tung Univ Dept Comp Sci Hsinchu Taiwan Chinese Culture Univ Dept Informat Commun Taipei Taiwan

Data hiding encompasses a wide range of applications for embedding messages in content. However, hiding data inevitably destroys the host image, even though the distortion is imperceptible. To enhance the hiding capacity and maintain the quality of the host image after embedding hidden data, in this paper, we present a high payload reversible data hiding scheme that is based on the absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) compression domain. We explore the redundancy in a block of AMBTC-compressed images to determine if a block is embeddable or non-embeddable. Next, we create four disjoint sets for embeddable blocks to embed data using different combinations of the mean value and the standard deviation. Performance comparisons with other BTC-based schemes are provided to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme.

关键词： Reversible data hiding block truncation coding AMBTC Watermarking

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