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From phytotoxicity to growth stimulation: contrasting effects of Ti 3 c 2 T x MXene and MoAlB@MBene on higher plants

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Journal of Environmental chemical Engineering 2025年第3期13卷

作者： Michał Jakubczak Dominika Bury Dorota Moszczyńska Michael Naguib Agnieszka M. Jastrzębska Faculty of Mechatronics Warsaw University of Technology św. Andrzeja Boboli 8 Warsaw 02-525 Poland Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering Warsaw University of Technology Wołoska 141 Warsaw 02-507 Poland Department of Physics and Engineering Physics Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA

Novel 2D nanomaterials offer the potential in addressing environmental challenges such as pollution and waste management, water scarcity, and agricultural limitations. While their catalytic and oxidative properties aid pollutant degradation, carbon sequestration, water treatment, and crop improvement, thorough phytotoxicity evaluation is necessary before application. In our study, we developed Ti 3 c 2 T x MXene and MoAlB@MBene, each showcasing unique structures and chemistries. DLS, zeta potential, and EDS analyses elucidated their size distribution, stability, and elemental composition. XRD confirmed efficient MAX into MXene transformation and MBene’s single-phase nature, while FT-IR suggested relatively pure surface chemistries. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed plasmonic peaks for MXene, and UV absorption edge for MBene. To assess biological impact, we conducted a phytotoxicity evaluation based on germination efficiency, root and shoot elongation, biomass accumulation, and chlorophyll quantitative and qualitative studies. Ecotoxicity assessments on higher plants revealed MXene's concentration-dependent phytotoxicity, in contrast to growth-promoting MBene. Microscopic observations detailed MXene-induced root meristem disruptions, while MBene stimulated lateral root growth. Mass analyses demonstrated MXene-induced dry mass increases, even by 22 % at 1000 mg dm −3 , relative to the control, contrasting with MBene’s vitality preservation and the carbon cycle. chlorophyll and its fluorescence studies revealed MXene-induced stress, whereas MBene exhibited positive or neutral. crucially, XRF analysis suggested limited nanomaterial uptake by plants. Altogether, our study introduces a novel approach to evaluating 2D nanomaterials' phytotoxicity, emphasizing the need to understand potential risks before application. While these materials offer environmental benefits, our findings show that careful evaluation is key to ensuring safe and sustainable use in real-world scenario. S

关键词： Ti 3 c 2 T x MXene MoAlB@MBene Phytotoxicity Germination Lepidium sativum Sinapis alba Sorghum saccharatum

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Recent advances in electrochemical cO 2 reaction to c 3 + products

Next Materials

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Next Materials 2025年 8卷

作者： Yiding Yang Kaili Liu Md Sakib Hasan Khan Zhehao Sun Zongyou Yin Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia

One effective strategy for mitigating carbon emissions is utilizing carbon dioxide as a substrate to synthesize high-value multi-carbon products through the electrochemical cO 2 reduction reaction (cO 2 RR). Despite the widespread application of c 3+ oxygenated hydrocarbons, including propanol, acetone, and butanol, in numerous industrial chemical processes, the literature provides scant reporting on their role in electrochemical cO 2 reduction reactions. In this review, the reaction mechanisms specific to predominant c 3 products are analyzed in detail. Subsequently, we outline advancements concerning three distinct variants of cu-based catalysts, namely 1) cu oxide-derived catalysts, 2) cu nanoparticle catalysts, and 3) cu single atoms and molecular cu catalysts. Meanwhile, the feasibility of designing copper-based tandem catalytic systems to produce c 3+ products in cO₂RR is also discussed. Additionally, the review explores the emergence of non-cu-based catalysts, particularly nickel (Ni)- and molybdenum (Mo)-based transition-metal phosphides and chalcogenides. These systems, with the characterization of high catalytic efficiency, excellent stability and low cost, provide sustainable and economical alternatives. The integration of such catalysis offers promising solutions to overcome existing limitations, paving the way for efficient, scalable, and sustainable cO 2 RR technologies. Besides artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) combined with DFT and high-throughput (HT) experiments, as a new paradigm shift in data-driven catalyst exploration, this review addressed some promising recent work for catalysts to yield c 3+ products from cO 2 RR on that edge.

关键词： Electrocatalysis cO 2 reduction reaction cu-based materials Non-cu-based materials c 3+ products

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A novel flame retardant strategy for molten magnesium alloys: The effect of the new protective gas c 3 H 2 F 6 on EV33 alloy

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2025年

作者： Longbiao Feng Lunyong Zhang Hongxian Shen chaojun Zhang Zhi Song Jiaming cao Fuyang cao Zhiliang Ning Yongjiang Huang Jianfei Sun National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China

Resolving the ignition issue of magnesium alloys is essential for broadening their application scope. This research investigates the EV33 magnesium alloy, delving into an innovative flame-retardant strategy, with a specific focus on the impact of the novel protective gas c 3 H 2 F 6 on the flame-retardant properties of the alloy. This paper unveils the morphological characteristics of the EV33 magnesium alloy surface in the absence of protective gas, while employing thermodynamic principles to establish the preferential reaction stages of the alloy, computing the residual stress of MgF 2 , and assessing the flame-retardant and antioxidative properties of c 3 H 2 F 6 . The study finds that under conditions without protective gas, the oxide film on the EV33 alloy surface is prone to cracking, which accelerates the ignition process of the alloy. conversely, in an environment enriched with c 3 H 2 F 6 , the formation of a dense oxide film on the alloy surface significantly enhances its thermal stability and flame-retardant properties. This mechanism encompasses the formation of a secondary oxide film, where c 3 H 2 F 6 accelerates the rapid development of this film, effectively repairing damage to the primary oxide film and inhibiting further diffusion of the oxidation reaction. Furthermore, this study elucidates the origin of oxide film rupture, showing that under conditions without protective gas, the precipitated phases and grain boundaries on the surface of the alloy induce the rupture of the oxide film, attributed to stress concentration phenomena occurring around the grain boundaries.

关键词： Ignition Oxidation EV33 alloy c 3 h 2 f 6 gas Oxide film rupture Residual stress

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Metal-cluster (Be, Sc, Ti) decorated c 24 nanocages and their hydrogen storage performance

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carbon Trends 2025年 20卷

作者： K.B. Nerkar Poonam Parkar Ajay chaudhari Department of Physics The Institute of Science Dr. Homi Bhabha State University Mumbai 400032 India

Single Be, Sc, Ti metal atom and their cluster (dimer and trimer) decorated c 24 nanocages are considered for hydrogen storage. A comparison of single metal atom, dimer, and trimer decorated c 24 nanocages and their hydrogen storage performance is carried out. Decoration of single Be atom on c 24 nanocage distorts the nanocage and it is not suitable for hydrogen storage. Be 2 , Be 3 , Sc, Sc 2 , Sc 3 , Ti, Ti 2 , and Ti 3 metal atom/cluster decoration do not distort the c 24 nanocage geometry before H 2 adsorption. After H 2 adsorption Sc 2 , Sc 3 and Ti 3 clusters get broken into their constituent atoms and do not remain in cluster form. Among the metal cluster decorated c 24 structures considered, c 24 Ti and c 24 Ti 2 show thermodynamically favorable H 2 adsorption at ambient conditions without distorting the metal cluster after H 2 adsorption and thus they are more suitable for hydrogen storage at ambient conditions than the other structures considered. Though the Sc 3 and Ti 3 cluster decorated c 24 nanocages show the highest and second highest H 2 uptake capacity among all the structures considered and also thermodynamically favorable H 2 adsorption at ambient conditions, the Sc 3 and Ti 3 clusters get broken after maximum H 2 molecules adsorption.

关键词： Metal cluster decoration c 24 nanocage Hydrogen storage

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Norm upper-semicontinuity of functions supported on open abelian isotropy in étale groupoids. corrigendum to “Reconstruction of groupoids and c ⁎ -rigidity of dynamical systems” [Adv. Math. 390 (2021) 107923]

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Advances in Mathematics 2025年 466卷

作者： Toke Meier carlsen Anna Duwenig Efren Ruiz Aidan Sims Køge Denmark Department of Mathematics KU Leuven Leuven Belgium Department of Mathematics University of Hawaii Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo HI 96720-4091 USA School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics University of Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia

We consider étale Hausdorff groupoids in which the interior of the isotropy is abelian. We prove that the norms of the images under regular representations, of elements of the reduced groupoid c ⁎ -algebra whose ... 详细信息

关键词： primary 46L05 Groupoid c ⁎ -algebra cartan subalgebra

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Evaluation of dose-linearity in the systemic availability and pharmacokinetics of topically administered diclofenac: a 14 c-microdosing study in healthy volunteers

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Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2025年

作者： Severin Mairinger Mihye Kwon Martin Bauer Jinho Song Edith Lackner Anselm Jorda Felix Bergmann Iris K. Minichmayr Ka Yeon Kim Min Sun choi Jae Hoon Shim Stephen R. Dueker Markus Zeitlinger Oliver Langer Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria Korea Radio-Isotope Center for Pharmaceuticals Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences 01812 Seoul Korea

An important safety consideration for topically administered drugs is the extent of systemic exposure they achieve. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a topically administered microdose of the model drug diclofenac can predict the systemic availability, plasma, and tissue pharmacokinetics of a topical therapeutic dose. Eight healthy participants (6 men, 2 women) participated in a four-period, cross-over study. In period 1, a topical microdose (62±6 μg) was administered; in period 2, a single intravenous microdose (0.95±0.03 μg); in period 3, a topical therapeutic dose (120 mg); and in period 4, a single intravenous therapeutic dose (75 mg) of [ 14 c]diclofenac, with or without the addition of unlabeled diclofenac. Venous blood, urine, and microdialysis samples from subcutaneous adipose tissue beneath the dermal application site were collected for 24 hours post-dosing. Total 14 c-concentrations in plasma and microdialysates were quantified using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The disposition of intravenously administered [ 14 c]diclofenac was dose-linear. However, after topical administration, the fraction of total 14 c absorbed (geometric mean, 95% cI) was higher ( P =0.0019, two-tailed, paired t -test) for the microdose (0.48%, 0.34-0.67%) compared to the therapeutic dose (0.13%, 0.07-0.22%) (geometric mean ratio, 90% cI: 3.79, 2.41-5.98). Dose-normalized 14 c-concentrations in microdialysates were low, variable, and did not differ between doses. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of quantifying 14 c-concentrations in plasma and microdialysates following the topical administration of a microdose of [ 14 c]diclofenac. The observed non-linearity in systemic availability after topical dosing suggests that microdosing may not accurately predict the disposition of certain topical drugs at therapeutic doses. Significance Statement We assessed whether a topically applied microdose of diclofenac could predict the systemic availability of a therapeutic

关键词： Microdosing Topical drugs Microdialysis Dose-linearity ABc adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette ADME absorption distribution metabolism and excretion AUc 0-24 area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hours AUc 0-inf area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity AMS accelerator mass spectrometry BcRP breast cancer resistance protein 14 c carbon-14 cI confidence interval cL total clearance from plasma c max maximum plasma concentration F abs fraction absorbed GMR geometric mean ratio HSA human serum albumin Lc-MS/MS liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry LLOQ lower limit of quantification LSc liquid scintillation counting MRT mean residence time ng-eg/mL nanogram diclofenac equivalents per milliliter NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug PBS phosphate-buffered saline PET positron emission tomography P-gp P-glycoprotein PK pharmacokinetic(s) t max time to maximum plasma concentration V z volume of distribution V ss volume of distribution at steady state

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Multiobjective Program with Support Functions Under(G, c, ρ)-convexity Assumptions

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Journal of Systems Science & complexity 2015年第5期28卷 1148-1163页

作者： YUAN Dehui LIU Xiaoling Department of Mathematics Hanshan Normal University

This paper deals with multiobjective programming problems with support functions under(G, c, ρ)-convexity assumptions. Not only sufficient but also necessary optimality conditions for this kind of multiobjective programming problems are established from a viewpoint of(G, c, ρ)-*** the sufficient conditions are utilized, the corresponding duality theorems are derived for general Mond-Weir type dual program.

关键词： (G c ρ)-convex G-duality theory G-necessary conditions G-sufficient conditions multiobjective program

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cyclic-fatigue life prediction in c/Sic composites subjected to stochastic load spectra with hold cycles

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MEcHANIcS OF TIME-DEPENDENT MATERIALS 2023年第3期27卷 843-874页

作者： Li, Longbiao Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Civil Aviat 29 Jiangjun Ave Nanjing 211106 Peoples R China

In this work, the life prediction of c/Sic composites subjected to stochastic load spectra with hold cycles is investigated using a damage-based micromechanical model. Relationships between the fiber's architecture (i.e., 1D unidirectional, 2D crossply and plain-woven, 2.5D woven, and 3D braided), stochastic load spectra, hold cycles, fiber-fragmentation probability (FFP), and composite fatigue-life degradation rate (FFDR) are established. Experimental FFDR and FFP in different c/Sic composites are predicted. Under the low fatigue peak stress, the FFDR is the highest during increasing stochastic stress for 1D and 3D c/Sic and is the highest during decreasing stochastic stress for 2D and 2.5D c/Sic. Under the high fatigue peak stress, the FFDR is the highest during decreasing stochastic stress for 1D, 2D, 2.5D and 3D c/Sic. The FFDR at the constant stochastic stress level is the lowest under the low or high fatigue peak stress.

关键词： c Sic Life cyclic fatigue Stochastic load spectrum Hold cycles

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c-PROGRAMS FOR DISPLAYING SHADED 3-DIMENSIONAL OBJEcTS ON A Pc

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cOMPUTERS & GEOScIENcES 1990年第2期16卷 195-209页

作者： SAVAZZI, E Paleontologiska Institutionen Box 558 S-75122 Uppsala Sweden

A set of general routines for three-dimensional computer graphics, including removal of hidden lines and surfaces, shading, and antialiasing, are described. Problems encountered in their implementation are discussed. The routines are written in c, display arbitrarily complex objects, and are optimized to produce high-quality images on personal computers of the IBM Pc, AT, and PS/2 families equipped with VGA graphic interfaces. A few applications of these techniques to the geosciences are suggested.

关键词： c Hidden-line problems Shading Antialiasing Three-dimensional computer graphics IBM Pc IBM AT IBM PS/2 VGA Personal computers

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Lightweight runtime checking of c programs with RTc

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cOMPUTER LANGUAGES SYSTEMS & STRUcTURES 2016年 45卷 191-203页

作者： Milewicz, Reed Vanka, Rajesh Tuck, James Quinlan, Daniel Pirkelbauer, Peter Univ Alabama Birmingham Birmingham AL 35233 USA Matlab San Jose CA USA N Carolina State Univ Raleigh NC 27695 USA Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab Livermore CA USA

The c Programming Language is known for being an efficient language that can be compiled on almost any architecture and operating system. However the absence of dynamic safety checks and a relatively weak type system allows programmer oversights that are hard to spot. In this paper, we present RTc, a runtime monitoring tool that instruments unsafe code and monitors the program execution. RTc is built on top of the ROSE compiler infrastructure. RTc finds memory bugs and arithmetic overflows and underfiows, and run-time type violations. Most of the instrumentations are directly added to the source file and only require a minimal runtime system. As a result, the instrumented code remains portable. In tests against known error detection benchmarks, RTc found 98% of all memory related bugs and had zero false positives. In performance tests conducted with well known algorithms, such as binary search and MD5, we determined that our tool has an average run-time overhead rate of 9.7 x and memory overhead rate of 3.5 x. (c) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Runtime monitoring Source code instrumentation Static analysis c c plus

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