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Security performance analysis for cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output system with multi-antenna access points deployment in presence of active eavesdropping

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS 2022年第8期18卷

作者： Wang, Xiaoyu Gao, Yuanyuan Zhang, Guangna Guo, Mingxi Xu, Kui Army Engn Univ PLA Nanjing 210007 Peoples R China

This article investigates the influence of multiple-antenna deployment at access points on physical layer security under cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output systems. To embody the concept of network multiple-input multiple-output, cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output employs a great deal of geographically distributed access points, which jointly serve multiple users in the same frequency-time resource. Assuming a malicious active eavesdropper having knowledge of instantaneous channel state information, we derive the asymptotic closed-form expression of the achievable secrecy rate, which is used to evaluate network security performance. A distributed power allocation scheme is developed based on channel fading degrees of different users. All of access points distribute a larger proportion of local transmission power to the users with better channel conditions. We verified that the security performance of the multi-antenna access points outperforms that of the single one. Compared to equal power allocation, the proposed power control algorithm can further boost the network security performance.

关键词： cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output physical layer security multi-antenna technology active eavesdropping achievable secrecy rate distributed power allocation scheme

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Statistical Delay Performance Analysis for URLLC in Uplink cell-free massive MIMO Systems: A Stochastic Network Calculus Perspective

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2025年第2期24卷 1162-1177页

作者： Chong, Baolin Lu, Hancheng Univ Sci & Technol China CAS Key Lab Wireless Opt Commun Hefei 230027 Peoples R China Deep Space Explorat Lab Hefei 230088 Peoples R China

cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO), which has been considered as a promising technology to achieve ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), emphasizes extreme and rare events instead of well studied average performance. In this paper, we analyze the statistical delay performance in uplink CF mMIMO-aided URLLC systems, specifically characterizing the tail of the delay distribution. Firstly, we derive the SINR distribution in a user-centric uplink CF mMIMO system using moment-matching techniques and log-normal approximation. Subsequently, the average decoding error probability (DEP) with finite blocklength coding is studied based on the derived distribution, and an upper bound on the delay violation probability (DVP) is analyzed using stochastic network calculus (SNC). To provide a clearer representation of the bound on DVP, a closed-form upper bound for the average DEP is derived. Furthermore, we propose a rate adaptive scheme based on SNC to minimize the DVP. Numerous numerical results validate the accuracy of the derived SINR distribution and the upper bound on average DEP. Besides, CF mMIMO systems exhibit significant gains compared to mMIMO systems in terms of statistical delay performance, as the distributed deployment of numerous APs can effectively compensate for performance degradation caused by interference and increased arrival rates.

关键词： Ultra reliable low latency communication Uplink Delays Interference Signal to noise ratio Channel estimation Upper bound Decoding Wireless communication Reliability cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output ultra-reliable low-latency communication statistical delay performance stochastic network calculus

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Uplink power control for cell-free massive MIMO URLLC systems over aging and spatially correlated channels

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PHYSICAL COMMUNICATION 2025年 71卷

作者： Yang, Xiaoqiao Feng, Wenjiang Li, Donggen Zhu, Li Ma, Xinxin Chongqing Univ Sch Microelect & Commun Engn 55 South Univ Town Rd Chongqing 401331 Peoples R China

This paper investigates the impact of channel aging on the performance of cell-free (CF) massive multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO) systems for ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), considering spatial correlation and pilot contamination. Closed-form expressions are derived for the uplink achievable rate under finite block length (FBL) and maximum ratio combining (MRC). To maximize the weighted sum rate for all users, a maximum power optimization problem is formulated. The original non-convex problem is transformed into a series of geometric programming (GP) problems using successive convex optimization (SCO) and logarithmic methods, which are solved iteratively. The numerical results verify the correctness of our derived closed expression for the achievable rate under the FBL. Channel aging significantly degrades the performance of CF massive MIMO URLLC systems. Moreover, the proposed maximum power allocation strategy improves the 95%-likely per-user uplink spectral efficiency (SE) compared to systems without power control, effectively mitigating the adverse effects of channel aging.

关键词： Channel aging Power allocation cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output Ultra-reliable and low-latency communication

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cell-free massive MIMO With multiple Active Eavesdroppers

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY 2025年 6卷 1859-1872页

作者： Atiya, Yasseen Sadoon Mobini, Zahra Ngo, Hien Quoc Matthaiou, Michail Queens Univ Belfast Ctr Wireless Innovat Belfast BT3 9DT North Ireland Imam Alkadhim Univ Coll Dept Comp Engn Baghdad 14522 Iraq Kyung Hee Univ Dept Elect Engn Yongin 17104 Gyeonggi South Korea

This paper investigates the secrecy performance of cell-free massive MIMO (CF-mMIMO) systems in the presence of active spoofing attacks by multiple eavesdroppers (Eves). Each Eve conducts a spoofing attack on a different legitimate user during the uplink training phase, aiming to intercept the information intended for that user during the downlink transmission phase. To counter these attacks, we propose a joint access point (AP) selection and power optimization strategy to enhance the security performance of the CF-mMIMO system. Specifically, we formulate an optimization problem that seeks to maximize the sum-spectral efficiency (SE) of the legitimate users while ensuring a positive secrecy spectral efficiency (SSE) for all the attacked users. A sub-optimal solution to this mixed-integer non-convex problem is obtained using an efficient, low-complexity accelerated projected gradient (APG)-based algorithm. Moreover, for system design purposes, we introduce two simple and efficient methods: i) detecting the presence of multiple active Eves within the system and identifying which users are under attack, and ii) estimating the large-scale fading coefficients between the APs and the Eves. Our findings show that the proposed approach achieves a median sum-SE performance that is 62% better than that of equal power allocation without AP selection scheme. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly improves the sum-SE while ensuring a positive secrecy rate, thereby safeguarding the confidentiality of all transmitted information signals to all users, even in the presence of a relatively large number of Eves.

关键词： Optimization Security Eavesdropping Power control massive MIMO Downlink Technological innovation Spectral efficiency Uplink Resource management Accelerated projected gradient access point selection cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output multiple active eves physical layer security power control sum spectral efficiency

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Deep learning based energy-efficient transmission control for STAR-RIS aided cell-free massive MIMO networks

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ICT Express 2025年第2期11卷 341-347页

作者： Song, Chihyun Lee, Donghyun Lee, Yunseong Noh, Wonjong Cho, Sungrae School of Computer Science and Engineering Chung-Ang University Seoul 06974 South Korea School of Software Hallym University Chuncheon 24252 South Korea

Recently, the simultaneous transmitting and reflecting (STAR) reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been gaining attention as a key enabler for sixth-generation networks, providing additional links with reduction in power consumption. This paper investigates the STAR-RIS's potential in a cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) network, where distributed APs serve user over the same time/frequency. We propose a deep deterministic policy gradient framework satisfying system-specific and per-user spectral efficiency constraints, exploiting a post-normalization and a penalized reward. From the simulations, it is revealed the proposed algorithm provides better energy performance than benchmarks, highlighting the benefits of STAR-RIS in the CF network. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output Deep reinforcement learning Energy efficiency Simultaneous transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface

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Performance Analysis of cell-free massive MIMO-URLLC Systems Over Correlated Rician Fading Channels With Phase Shifts

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2024年第9期23卷 12206-12222页

作者： Zhang, Yao Xia, Wenchao Zhao, Haitao Zhu, Yongxu Xu, Wei Lu, Weidang Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Sch Commun Engn Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Lishui Inst Lishui 323050 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Dept Wireless Commun Key Lab Jiangsu Prov Nanjing 210003 Peoples R China Southeast Univ Natl Mobile Commun Res Lab Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Technol Coll Informat Engn Hangzhou 310023 Peoples R China

In the realm of industrial Internet of Things, the imperative for ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) is underscored by the demand for up to 99.999% reliability and sub-microsecond latency. In this paper, we delve into a downlink cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system designed to facilitate URLLC, operating over spatially correlated Rician fading channels with inherent phase shifts. Utilizing short-packet transmission and accounting for imperfect channel state information, we derive stringent closed-form expressions for the lower-bound achievable rates, considering both phase-aware and phase-unaware minimum mean squared error estimations. Employing these expressions, we execute an in-depth performance analysis across diverse system configurations, including the availability of phase shifts and the counts of access points (APs), connected devices, antennas per AP, and pilot sequences. Additionally, we propose a path-following power control algorithm that employs geometric programming to enhance the downlink sum-rate. This algorithm is meticulously designed to meet the stringent latency and reliability requirements of URLLC for all connected devices. The theoretical underpinnings and the efficacy of the proposed power control algorithm are substantiated through extensive simulations.

关键词： Ultra reliable low latency communication Rician channels Downlink massive MIMO Optimization Performance analysis Contamination Ultra-reliable and low-latency communication cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output minimum mean squared error correlated Rician fading channels performance analysis

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Energy-Efficient Non-Orthogonal Multicast and Unicast Transmission of cell-free massive MIMO Systems With SWIPT

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 2021年第4期39卷 949-968页

作者： Tan, Fangqing Wu, Peiran Wu, Yik-Chung Xia, Minghua Sun Yat Sen Univ Sch Elect & Informat Technol Guangzhou 510006 Peoples R China Guilin Univ Elect Technol Key Lab Cognit Radio & Informat Proc Guilin 541004 Peoples R China Southern Marine Sci & Engn Guangdong Lab Zhuhai 519082 Peoples R China Univ Hong Kong Dept Elect & Elect Engn Hong Kong Peoples R China

This work investigates the energy-efficient resource allocation for layered-division multiplexing (LDM) based non-orthogonal multicast and unicast transmission in cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, where each user equipment (UE) performs wireless information and power transfer simultaneously. To begin with, the achievable data rates for multicast and unicast services are derived in closed form, as well as the received radio frequency (RF) power at each UE. Based on the analytical results, a nonsmooth and nonconvex optimization problem for energy efficiency (EE) maximization is formulated, which is however a challenging fractional programming problem with complex constraints. To suit the massive access setting, a first-order algorithm is developed to find both initial feasible point and the nearly optimal solution. Moreover, an accelerated algorithm is designed to improve the convergence speed. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed first-order algorithms can achieve almost the same EE as that of second-order approaches yet with much lower computational complexity, which provides insight into the superiority of the proposed algorithms for massive access in cell-free massive MIMO systems.

关键词： Unicast MIMO communication Array signal processing Wireless networks Antennas NOMA multiplexing cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output energy efficiency first-order algorithm layered-division multiplexing non-orthogonal multicast and unicast transmission

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On the Spatio-Temporal Analysis and Optimization of AoI in cell-free IIoT Networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2024年第11期23卷 16421-16436页

作者： Song, Meiyan Shan, Hangguan Cheng, Yu Zhuang, Weihua Li, Xinyu Zhang, Qi He, Xianhua China Jiliang Univ Coll Informat Engn Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Coll Informat Sci & Elect Engn Hangzhou 310027 Peoples R China IIT Dept Elect & Comp Engn Chicago IL 60616 USA Univ Waterloo Dept Elect & Comp Engn Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Mech Sci & Engn Dept Ind & Mfg Syst Engn Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Nokia Solut & Networks Syst Technol Beijing Co Ltd Hangzhou 310053 Peoples R China

cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) architecture is a promising solution for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) because it not only provides massive connectivity but also eliminates the traditional cell edges. Considering the heterogeneous traffic and requirements in the industry, in this paper, we propose a device priority-aware resource allocation policy under cell-free mMIMO IIoT networks. Specifically, we design a priority-aware frame structure that can be used to provide differentiated age of information (AoI) guarantees for devices of different priorities and locations. To characterize the proposed policy, we develop a general analysis framework to evaluate the signal-to-interference ratio meta distribution and the average AoI of a generic device. The framework captures multiple main features under wireless IIoT networks, including cell-free mMIMO architecture, frame structure, finite-sized geographic areas, densely deployed devices, device priority, retransmission, and interaction among different transmission links. The analytical framework is validated by simulations. Based on the analysis, we study a mean-variance optimization problem to improve the network average AoI, while guaranteeing the average AoI per device. Numerical results show that the proposed frame structure works effectively in enhancing the AoI performance of cell-free IIoT networks.

关键词： Industrial Internet of Things Performance evaluation Computer architecture Optimization Media Access Control Resource management Quality of service cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output frame age of information

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Secure Transmission in cell-free massive MIMO Under Active Eavesdropping

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2024年第12期23卷 18036-18052页

作者： Atiya, Yasseen Sadoon Mobini, Zahra Ngo, Hien Quoc Matthaiou, Michail Queens Univ Belfast Ctr Wireless Innovat CWI Belfast BT3 9DT North Ireland Imam Alkadhim Univ Coll Baghdad 10071 Iraq

We study secure communications in cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) systems with multi-antenna access points (APs) and protective partial zero-forcing (PPZF) precoding. In particular, we consider an active eavesdropping attack, where an eavesdropper contaminates the uplink channel estimation phase by sending an identical pilot sequence with a legitimate user of interest. We formulate an optimization problem for maximizing the received signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) at the legitimate user, subject to a maximum allowable SINR at the eavesdropper and maximum transmit power at each AP, while guaranteeing specific SINR requirements on other legitimate users. The optimization problem is solved using a path-following algorithm. We also propose a large-scale-based greedy AP selection scheme to improve the secrecy spectral efficiency (SSE). Finally, we propose a simple method for identifying the presence of an eavesdropper within the system. Our findings show that PPZF can substantially outperform the conventional maximum-ratio transmission (MRT) scheme by providing around 2-fold improvement in the SSE compared to the MRT scheme. More importantly, for PPZF precoding scheme, our proposed AP selection can achieve a remarkable SSE gain of up to 220%, while our power optimization approach can provide an additional gain of up to 55% compared with a CF-mMIMO system with equal power allocation.

关键词： Eavesdropping Uplink Channel estimation Vectors Precoding Training Interference Access point selection active eavesdropping cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output physical layer security power control secrecy

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On the Spectral and Energy Efficiencies of Full-Duplex cell-free massive MIMO

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 2020年第8期38卷 1698-1718页

作者： Nguyen, Hieu V. Nguyen, Van-Dinh Dobre, Octavia A. Sharma, Shree Krishna Chatzinotas, Symeon Ottersten, Bjorn Shin, Oh-Soon Soongsil Univ Sch Elect Engn Seoul 06978 South Korea Soongsil Univ Dept ICMC Convergence Technol Seoul 06978 South Korea Soongsil Univ Dept ICMC Convergence Seoul 06978 South Korea Univ Luxembourg Interdisciplinary Ctr Secur Reliabil & Trust SnT L-1855 Luxembourg Luxembourg Mem Univ Fac Engn & Appl Sci St John NF A1X3C5 Canada

In-band full-duplex (FD) operation is practically more suited for short-range communications such as WiFi and small-cell networks, due to its current practical limitations on the self-interference cancellation. In addition, cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) is a new and scalable version of MIMO networks, which is designed to bring service antennas closer to end user equipments (UEs). To achieve higher spectral and energy efficiencies (SE-EE) of a wireless network, it is of practical interest to incorporate FD capability into CF-mMIMO systems to utilize their combined benefits. We formulate a novel and comprehensive optimization problem for the maximization of SE and EE in which power control, access point-UE (AP-UE) association and AP selection are jointly optimized under a realistic power consumption model, resulting in a difficult class of mixed-integer nonconvex programming. To tackle the binary nature of the formulated problem, we propose an efficient approach by exploiting a strong coupling between binary and continuous variables, leading to a more tractable problem. In this regard, two low-complexity transmission designs based on zero-forcing (ZF) are proposed. Combining tools from inner approximation framework and Dinkelbach method, we develop simple iterative algorithms with polynomial computational complexity in each iteration and strong theoretical performance guaranteed. Furthermore, towards a robust design for FD CF-mMIMO, a novel heap-based pilot assignment algorithm is proposed to mitigate effects of pilot contamination. Numerical results show that our proposed designs with realistic parameters significantly outperform the well-known approaches (i.e., small-cell and collocated mMIMO) in terms of the SE and EE. Notably, the proposed ZF designs require much less execution time than the simple maximum ratio transmission/combining.

关键词： Power demand Wireless communication Antennas Power control massive MIMO Optimization 5G mobile communication cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output energy efficiency full-duplex radio inner approximation spectral efficiency successive interference cancellation

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