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Microgrid integrated electric vehicle charging algorithm with photovoltaic generation

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE 2020年 32卷

作者： AbuElrub, Ahmad Hamed, Fadi Saadeh, Osama Jordan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Engn Irbid Jordan German Jordanian Univ Dept Energy Engn Amman Jordan

Over the past decade, electric vehicle (EV) usage has dramatically increased. For many applications, employing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) schemes can make use of EVs as temporary energy storage systems (ESS). Renewable energy resources can reduce the amount of energy consumed from the electrical grid. However, the electrical power generated from these resources fluctuates and is unpredictable. ESS can play a vital role in mitigating these negative effects, but the technology is still very expensive. Therefore, this study investigates the feasibility of using EVs as a temporary ESS according to system needs. A charging/discharging algorithm is suggested to find the number of EVs that minimizes the overall consumption of electrical energy drawn from the grid. A case study for the Microgrid (MG) system at Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) is used to illustrate the proposed algorithm. Results show energy saving of the suggested algorithm by comparing the amount of grid energy consumption before and after the installation of EV charging stations. In this case study, installation of charging stations at JUST reduces energy drawn from the grid, during working hours, by 90%. This reflects an increase in the percent of generated energy locally utilized, in essence reducing the energy injected into the grid for later usage, reducing grid storage fees.

关键词： charging algorithm charging station Electric vehicle Energy storage Grid-to-vehicle PV plant Vehicle-to-grid

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Temperature Dependent charging algorithm of Supercapacitor Module 11

Temperature Dependent Charging Algorithm of Supercapacitor M...

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IEEE 11th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG)

作者： Zupan, Ivan Ban, Zeliko Kruselij, Dubravko Sunde, Viktor Univ Zagreb Fac Elect Engn & Comp Dept Control & Comp Engn Zagreb Croatia Koncar Elect & Informat Inc Tract Syst Zagreb Croatia Univ Zagreb Fac Elect Engn & Comp Dept Elect Machines Drives & Automat Zagreb Croatia

ISBN: (纸本)9781728169903

In order to increase energy efficiency in distributed energy generation systems, energy storage systems are used. Supercapacitors are one type of energy storage elements whose characteristics include high power density, long cycle life and low energy density. Since they are better suited for usage in high power applications, it is important to consider their temperature in order to avoid overheating and cause irreversible damage. This paper presents a supercapacitor charging algorithm that takes into account its temperature in order to increase energy efficiency. The algorithm is part of a regenerative braking system integrated within an electric railway vehicle. The foundation of the temperature dependent charging algorithm is the supercapacitor's electro-thermal model, which includes forced air-cooling, and its development within MATLAB. The electro-thermal model consists of a supercapacitor's electrical model and thermal model;the electric model's rheostatic loss is the input for the thermal model, which outputs the supercapacitor's temperature. The resulting algorithm outputs the maximum allowed charging/discharging current depending on the supercapacitor temperature, and results in an increase in energy savings, as well as lowering the impact of the light electric railway vehicle's accelerating and braking on the power grid concerning current and voltage peak values.

关键词： supercapacitor modeling charging algorithm supercapacitor temperature electric railway vehicle energy savings

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User Satisfaction Fairness based Optimal charging algorithm for Multiple Devices 17

User Satisfaction Fairness based Optimal Charging Algorithm ...

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17th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium APNOMS 2015

作者： Choi, Jisoo Park, Hyunggon Ewha Womans Univ Dept Elect Engn Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9784885522963

In this paper, we present an optimal charging algorithm for multiple devices in the perspective of user satisfaction fairness. The proposed algorithm can maximize the total sum of the increment of user satisfaction levels in a finite charging scheduling period. In order to develop the algorithm, we define an objective function that includes the characteristics of charging capacity behaviors for the associated devices and formulate the problem as a convex optimization problem. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can be efficiently implemented in a very low complexity. Simulation results confirm that the proposed algorithm can achieve the maximum sum of the increment of user satisfaction levels compared to existing conventional approaches (e.g., equal allocation), thereby leading to an improved performance.

关键词： charging algorithm convex optimization user satisfaction fairness scheduling multiple devices

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Balanced charging algorithm for CHB in an EV Powertrain

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ENERGIES 2023年第14期16卷 5565-5565页

作者： Gemma, Filippo Tresca, Giulia Formentini, Andrea Zanchetta, Pericle Univ Pavia Dept Elect Comp & Biomed Engn I-27100 Pavia Italy Univ Genoa Dept Marine Elect Elect & Telecommun Engn I-16126 Genoa Italy Univ Nottingham Dept Elect & Elect Engn Nottingham NG7 2RD England

The scientific literature acknowledges cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converters as a viable alternative to two-level inverters in electric vehicle (EV) powertrain applications. In the context of an electric vehicle engine connected to a DC charger, this study introduces a state of charge (SOC)-governed method for charging li-ion battery modules using a cascaded H-bridge converter. The key strength of this algorithm lies in its ability to achieve balanced charging of battery modules across all three-phase submodules while simultaneously controlling the DC charger, eliminating the need for an additional intermediate converter. Moreover, the algorithm is highly customizable, allowing adaptation to various configurations involving different numbers of submodules per phase. Simulative and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed charging algorithm, validating its practical application.

关键词： battery modules cascaded H-bridge charging algorithm charging protocol multilevel converter

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Battery-based storage systems in high voltage-DC bus microgrids. A real-time charging algorithm to improve the microgrid performance

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JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE 2022年 48卷

作者： Vivas, F. J. Segura, F. Andujar, J. M. Calderon, A. J. Isorna, F. Univ Huelva Res Ctr Technol Energy & Sustainabil CITES Huelva Spain Spanish Natl Inst Aerosp Technol INTA Torrejon De Ardoz Spain

Battery-based energy storage systems (BESS) play a crucial role on renewable energy sources-based microgrids (RES-based microgrids) since they are responsible for lightening the difference between generation and consumption. For this purpose, a BESS is usually the only one device in RES-based microgrids that has two functions: (1) to supply energy when there is energy deficit between renewable sources and load demand, and (2) to absorb energy when there is energy excess. Then, the BESS operation and therefore its lifetime is closely related to the energy management strategy (EMS). However, most solutions found in the scientific literature are based exclusively on power balance and battery state of charge (SOC) as main decision parameters;but by contrast, in case of BESS, it is critical a suitable charge control to ensure the maximum efficiency and minimum degradation, increasing BESS lifespan as much as possible, especially for those RES-based microgrids where the BESS is responsible for supporting the DC bus. This paper presents a new charging algorithm designed to prevent and mitigate the BESS degradation, assuring high charging efficiency when it is integrated into the microgrid and directly connected to high voltage-DC bus connection. Additionally, the proposed algorithm contemplates the possibility of taking advantage of all available renewable energy sources, assuming an increase in BESS performance. Simulation and experimental results will show that the proposed algorithm can improve the BESS and microgrid operation with respect to solutions proposed in the market and in the scientific literature.

关键词： Battery-based energy storage system charging algorithm Energy management strategy High voltage DC-bus renewable energy microgrid

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A New charging algorithm for Li-Ion Battery Packs Based on Artificial Neural Networks

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BATTERIES-BASEL 2022年第2期8卷 18页

作者： Faria, Joao P. D. Velho, Ricardo L. Calado, Maria R. A. Pombo, Jose A. N. Fermeiro, Joao B. L. Mariano, Silvio J. P. S. Inst Telecomunicacoes P-6201001 Covilha Portugal Univ Beira Interior Dept Electromech Engn Fac Engn P-6201001 Covilha Portugal

This paper shows the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in Li-ion battery charging methods by introducing a new charging algorithm based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). The proposed charging algorithm is able to find an optimized charging current profile, through ANNs, considering the real-time conditions of the Li-ion batteries. To test and validate the proposed approach, a low-cost battery management system (BMS) was developed, supporting up to 168 cells in series and n cells in parallel. When compared with the multistage charging algorithm, the proposed charging algorithm revealed a shorter charging time (7.85%) and a smaller temperature increase (32.95%). Thus, the results show that the proposed algorithm based on AI is able to effectively charge and balance batteries and can be regarded as a subject of interest for future research.

关键词： lithium-ion batteries artificial neural networks particle swarm optimization charging algorithm battery management system

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A scoping review on electric vehicle charging strategies with a technical, social, and regulatory feasibility evaluation

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RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 2025年 211卷

作者： Christensen, K. Ma, Z. G. Jorgensen, B. N. Univ Southern Denmark Maersk McKinney Moeller Inst Fac Engn SDU Ctr Energy Informat Odense Denmark

The growing use of electric vehicles presents a challenge of grid overload due to simultaneous, large-scale charging. Implementing smart charging strategies, which require careful consideration of unique regional conditions, isn't straightforward. Additionally, a systematic method for assessing strategy feasibility based on local needs is missing in the current literature, hindering effective deployment. Therefore, this study conducts a comprehensive exploration and evaluation of smart electric vehicle charging strategies with the scoping review and multi-criteria evaluation methods to critically investigate existing smart electric vehicle charging strategies, and assesses their feasibility of implementation in specific regional contexts, using Denmark's electric vehicle home charging as a case study. The scoping review is based on 95 full-text articles and analyzes 43 commonly discussed electric vehicle charging strategies, with most literature focusing on real-time pricing and time-of-use pricing strategies. We categorize electric vehicle charging strategies into four key dimensions: charging architecture, data requirements, intelligence level, and applied methods. Of the 27 identified methods, linear programming and the heuristic method are most prevalently utilized, showing a close correlation between data requirement levels and the chosen methods. Literature reflects a discourse on both operational and monetary objectives of electric vehicle charging strategies from the vantage point of grid operators, aggregators, and electric vehicle users. The results from the multi-criteria feasibility evaluation of the Danish case show that time- of-use pricing, real-time pricing, and timed charging strategies rank among the seven most feasible strategies for electric vehicle home charging in Denmark.

关键词： Electric vehicle Smart charging charging strategy charging algorithm State-of-the-art Feasibility evaluation

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charging and Discharging algorithms for Electric Vehicles in Smart Grid Environment

Charging and Discharging Algorithms for Electric Vehicles in...

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作者： Aloqaily, Osama University of Ottawa

学位级别：master

Power demands will increase day-by-day because of widely adopting of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in the world and growing population. Finding and managing additional power resources for upcoming demands is a challenge. Renewable power is one of the alternatives. However, to manage and control renewable resources, we need suitable Energy Storage System (ESS). PEVs have a large battery pack that is used mainly to supply electric motor. Moreover, PEV battery could be used as an ESS to store power at a certain time and use it at another time. Nevertheless, it can play the same role with electric power grids, so it can store power at a time and return it at another time. This role might help the grid to meet the growing demands. In this thesis, we propose a charging and discharging coordination algorithm that effectively addresses the problem of power demand on peak time using the PEV’s batteries as a backup power storage, namely, Flexible charging and Discharging (FCD) algorithm. The FCD algorithm aims to manage high power demands at peak times using Vehicle to Home (V2H) technologies in Smart Grid and PEV’s batteries. Intensive computer simulation is used to test FCD algorithm. The FCD algorithm shows a significant reduction in power demands and total cost, in proportion to two other algorithms, without affecting the performance of the PEV or the flexibility of PEV owner’s trip schedule

关键词： Smart Grid Electric Vehicle Vehicle to Home charging algorithm

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algorithm with temperature-dependent maximum charging current of a supercapacitor module in a tram regenerative braking system

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JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE 2021年 36卷

作者： Zupan, Ivan Sunde, Viktor Ban, Zeljko Kruselj, Dubravko Univ Zagreb Fac Elect Engn & Comp Zagreb Croatia Koncar Elect & Informat Inc Tract Syst Zagreb Croatia

Increasing the energy efficiency of electric rail vehicles is an important measure to expand this means of transport. The introduction of energy storage systems in electric rail vehicles for the storage and subsequent reuse of regenerative braking energy is one of the methods for increasing energy efficiency. Supercapacitor modules are used in energy storage systems due to their high power density and long service life. Due to their use in high-performance applications, the temperature of the supercapacitors must be monitored and controlled to prevent permanent damage to the supercapacitors. In this paper an algorithm for charging supercapacitor modules is proposed which takes into account their temperature to regulate the maximum charge current. The proposed algorithm uses the temperature of the supercapacitors as input variable and regulates the maximum charge current. The temperature is calculated from the electro-thermal model of the supercapacitor module, also taking into account the temperature-related ESR fluctuations of the supercapacitors. The power dissipation in the electrical part of the model is used as an input variable for the thermal part of the model, which outputs the temperature of the supercapacitor module. The temperature is then used as a variable to calculate the maximum charge current in the algorithm, resulting in increased energy efficiency.

关键词： Supercapacitor module Regenerative braking system Supercapacitor electro-thermal model charging algorithm Energy efficiency

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Network-adaptive and capacity-efficient electric vehicle charging site

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2022年第3期16卷 548-560页

作者： Rauma, Kalle Simolin, Toni Jaerventausta, Pertti Rautiainen, Antti Rehtanz, Christian TU Dortmund Univ Inst Energy Syst Energy Efficiency & Energy Econ Emil Figge Str 76 D-44227 Dortmund Germany Tampere Univ Unit Elect Engn Korkeakoulunkatu 7 Tampere Finland

The adaptive charging algorithms of today divide the available charging capacity of a charging site between the electric vehicles without knowing how much current each vehicle draws in reality. Thus, they are not able to detect deviations between the current set point at the charging station and the real charging current. This leads to a situation where the charging capacity of the charging site is not used optimally. This paper presents an algorithm including a novel feature, Expected Characteristic Expectation and tested under realistic circumstances. It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm enhances the adaptability of the charging site, increasing the efficiency of the used network capacity up to about 2 kWh per charging point per day in comparison with the previous benchmark algorithm. The algorithm is able to increase the average monetary benefits of the charging operators by up to around 5.8%, that is 0.6 euro per charging point per day. No input, such as departure time, is required from the user. The proposed algorithm has been tested with real electric vehicles and charging stations and is compatible with the IEC 61851 charging standard. The charging algorithm is applicable in practice as it is described in this paper.

关键词： charging site electric vehicles battery powered vehicles charging station charging algorithm charging current charging operators available charging capacity current set point energy 2.0 kWh adaptive charging algorithms IEC 61851 charging standard electric vehicle charging

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