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A comparison of co-array fortran and OpenMP fortran for SPMD programming

JOURNAL OF SUPERcoMPUTING 2002年第3期22卷 231-250页

作者： Wallcraft, AJ USN Res Lab Stennis Space Ctr MS 39529 USA

co-array Fortran, formally called F--, is a small set of extensions to Fortran 90/95 for Single-Program-Multiple-Data (SPMD) parallel processing. OpenMP Fortran is a set of compiler directives that provide a high level interface to threads in Fortran, with both thread-local and thread-shared memory. OpenMP is primarily designed for loop-level directive-based parallelization, but it can also be used for SPMD programs by spawning multiple threads as soon as the program starts and having each thread then execute the same code independently for the duration of the run. The similarities and differences between these two SPMD programming models are described. co-array Fortran can be implemented using either threads or processes, and is therefore applicable to a wider range of machine types than OpenMP Fortran. It has also been designed from the ground up to support the SPMD programming style. To simplify the implementation of co-array Fortran, a formal Subset is introduced that allows the mapping of co-arrays onto standard Fortran arrays of higher rank. An OpenMP Fortran compiler can be extended to support Subset co-array Fortran with relatively little effort.

关键词： co-array Fortran OpenMP SPMD

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Experimental Direction Finding Results Using a Time-Multiplexed co-array Approach 9

Experimental Direction Finding Results Using a Time-Multiple...

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9th IEEE International Workshop on computational Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing (CAMSAP)

作者： Allmann, Clemens Springer, Jannik Oispuu, Marc Koch, Wolfgang Fraunhofer Inst Commun Informat Proc & Ergon FKIE Dept Sensor Data & Informat Fus Wachtberg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350344523

This paper addresses the problem of multi-source direction finding with a system that employs fewer receiver channels than antenna elements. To verify previous theoretical work [1], an experimental sensor system was built up and used for measurements in an anechoic chamber. The system consists of a specifically arranged (co-)array antenna divided into a 6-element uniform circular prototype array coupled through a switch to one receiver channel, and two directly connected reference antenna elements. Experimental results show that time-multiplexed (switched) direction of arrival estimation with number of sources equal to the number of receiver channels is feasible. Therefore, co-array techniques are utilized at each switch position and the received signal covariance matrix of the prototype array is reconstructed by means of spatial smoothing. The combined switched co-array approach is compared to the standard time-multiplex method in the sense of direction finding and source identification capability. Furthermore, direction finding results of a full 8-channel receiver system with the same array antenna used to span the co-array geometry are presented and discussed.

关键词： antenna array switched element time-varying array co-array more sensors than receivers Direction Finding DOA estimation AOA coherent sources real measurements.

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A co-array Approach to Multi-Source 2D-DOA Estimation with Time-Multiplexed array Elements 29

A Co-Array Approach to Multi-Source 2D-DOA Estimation with T...

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29th European Signal Processing conference (EUSIPco)

作者： Springer, Jannik Allmann, Clemens Oispuu, Marc Fraunhofer Inst Commun Informat Proc & Ergon FKIE Dept Sensor Data & Informat Fus Wachtberg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9789082797060

This paper addresses the problem of multi-source direction finding with a system that employs fewer receivers than sensors. We propose a new system architecture, specifying a time-multiplex scheme together with a refined array geometry. The proposed array geometry consists of a centrosymmetric prototype array that is connected to the receiver through a switch and multiple reference elements that are directly connected to the receiver. Under the assumption of wide-sense stationary source signals, it is possible to reconstruct the array signals of the prototype array, as if it was sampled simultaneously. The resulting signals are amenable to conventional array processing techniques and direction of arrival (DOA) estimators such as the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) method. The processing steps exploit the geometry of co-arrays constructed at each switch position relating to the time-multiplex scheme. The problem of fully coherent equivalent source signals, inherent to the co-array approach, is mitigated by spatial smoothing. Finally, the proposed technique is verified using numerical experiments and compared to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB).

关键词： antenna array switched element time-varying array co-array more sensors than receivers Direction Finding DOA (estimation) AOA coherent sources

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UNIFIED ANALYSIS OF co-array INTERPOLATION FOR DIRECTION-OF-ARRIVAL ESTIMATION

UNIFIED ANALYSIS OF CO-ARRAY INTERPOLATION FOR DIRECTION-OF-...

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IEEE International conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

作者： Qiao, Heng Pal, Piya Univ Calif San Diego Dept Elect & Comp Engn San Diego CA 92103 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781509041176

This paper considers the problem of co-array interpolation for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation with sparse non-uniform arrays. By utilizing the much longer difference coarray associated with these arrays, it is possible to perform DOA estimation of more sources than sensors. Since the coarray may contain holes (or missing lags), interpolation algorithms have been proposed to fully utilize the remaining elements of the co-array beyond that captured in the contiguous ULA segment. However, the quality and stability of interpolation performed by such algorithms (especially in presence of modeling errors) have not been analyzed. This paper provides a unified analysis of co-array interpolation algorithms to bound the interpolation error in terms of modeling errors. The results are universal in the sense that they can be applied to analyze any algorithm that utilizes the positive semidefinite (PSD) structure of the interpolated covariance matrix. The general framework is then applied to analyze specific algorithms and simulations are conducted to study their interpolation errors.(1)

关键词： co-array array interpolation Toeplitz completion nuclear norm minimization DOA estimation

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Experimental DoA Estimation Performance of the co-array concept 11

Experimental DoA Estimation Performance of the Co-array Conc...

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11th European conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP)

作者： Wang, Jiachen Chulia Mena, Ruben Vandenbosch, Guy A. E. Katholieke Univ Leuven ESAT TELEMIC Kasteelpk Arenberg 10 B-3001 Leuven Belgium Univ Politecn Valencia Dept Comunicac ETSIT Valencia Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9788890701870

In previous studies, it has been proven that by applying the co-array concept, we can detect the Direction of Arrival (DoA) of more sources with less antenna elements. This paper investigates two parameters that have a crucial influence on the co-arrays' DoA estimation performance in practical tests: near field conditions and a multipath environment.

关键词： co-array MUSIC DoA Estimation Near Field Multipath

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Performance Analysis of ESPRIT-Type Algorithms for co-array Structures 7

Performance Analysis of ESPRIT-Type Algorithms for Co-Array ...

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7th IEEE International Workshop on computational Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing (CAMSAP)

作者： Steinwandt, Jens Roemer, Florian Haardt, Martin Ilmenau Univ Technol Commun Res Lab POB 100565 D-98684 Ilmenau Germany Ilmenau Univ Technol Digital Broadcasting Lab POB 100565 D-98684 Ilmenau Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781538612514

In the recent field of co-array signal processing, sparse linear arrays are processed to form a virtual uniform linear array (ULA), termed co-array, that allows to resolve more sources than physical sensors. The extra degrees of freedom (DOFs) are leveraged by the assumption that the signals are uncorrelated, which requires a large sample size. In this paper, we first review the Standard ESPRIT and Unitary ESPRIT algorithms for co-array processing. Secondly, we propose a performance analysis for both methods, which is asymptotic in the effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), i.e., the results become exact for either high SNRs or a large sample size. Based on the derived analytical expressions, we study the effects of a small sample size such as the residual sample signal correlation and the sample noise contribution on the estimation accuracy of the proposed algorithms. Simulation results verify the derived analytical expressions.

关键词： Performance analysis ESPRIT co-array parameter estimation

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Generalising the co-array, for SAR and MIMO Radar

Generalising the Co-Array, for SAR and MIMO Radar

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IEEE International Radar conference (Radarcon)

作者： Kilpatrick, Troy Longstaff, I. Dennis Teledyne Def Australia Brisbane Qld Australia Univ Queensland Sch Informat Tech & Elect Engn Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781479982325

We describe the relationship between far field pattern synthesis for the co-array and the SAR array;showing the application of these to MIMO radar pattern synthesis. Whereas the original co-array concept was developed for planar arrays, the understanding as described in this paper shows its generalisation to arbitrary three dimensional arrays. These ideas are then used to show some useful MIMO radar array configurations. Whilst the analysis applies to the far field we show this also gives a good approximation to the near-field pattern of a focused array, but only in the focal plane.

关键词： MIMO Radar co-array Synthesized array SAR

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Noise MIMO radar - co-array cross-spectral and cross-covariance matrices

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DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 2011年第5期21卷 586-592页

作者： Gray, Douglas A. Fry, Rowan Univ Adelaide Sch Elect & Elect Engn Univ Adelaide Radar Res Ctr Adelaide SA Australia

An expression for the cross-spectral matrix of the co-array of an element space noise MIMO radar is derived and then used to determine the output power in various noise fields using both conventional and MVDR beamforming. Theoretical and numerical results are presented to show that beamforming using an intuitive form of the cross-spectral matrix of the co-array for noise MIMO radar provides no benefit over receive-only beamforming in the presence of any combination of scatterers, jammers and white noise when constant scattering coefficients are assumed. A time domain formulation is considered and theoretical and simulation results are presented to demonstrate its ability to realize the full gains of the co-array when a sufficient number of samples is used in the temporal component of the MIMO matched filter. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： MIMO radar Noise radar co-array

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co-array Fortran编译器的设计与实现

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计算机工程 2007年第23期33卷 84-86页

作者：唐沛蓉黄春杨学军王桂彬国防科技大学计算机学院长沙410073

基于GUN Fortran编译器,设计并实现了co-array Fortran(CAF)编译器。通过源到源的转换将CAF代码转换为带有运行库调用的Fortran 90程序。典型用例的测试表明,CAF具有较好的可编程性,且CAF程序通过对数据分布的显式控制可获得比OpenMP程... 详细信息

基于GUN Fortran编译器,设计并实现了co-array Fortran(CAF)编译器。通过源到源的转换将CAF代码转换为带有运行库调用的Fortran 90程序。典型用例的测试表明,CAF具有较好的可编程性,且CAF程序通过对数据分布的显式控制可获得比OpenMP程序更为高效的执行性能。

关键词： co-array Fortran 映像源到源转换

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Unified analysis of co-array interpolation for direction-of-arrival estimation

Unified analysis of co-array interpolation for direction-of-...

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IEEE International conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing

作者： Heng Qiao Piya Pal Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California San Diego USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781509041183

This paper considers the problem of co-array interpolation for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation with sparse nonuniform arrays. By utilizing the much longer difference co-array associated with these arrays, it is possible to perform DOA estimation of more sources than sensors. Since the co-array may contain holes (or missing lags), interpolation algorithms have been proposed to fully utilize the remaining elements of the co-array beyond that captured in the contiguous ULA segment. However, the quality and stability of interpolation performed by such algorithms (especially in presence of modeling errors) have not been analyzed. This paper provides a unified analysis of co-array interpolation algorithms to bound the interpolation error in terms of modeling errors. The results are universal in the sense that they can be applied to analyze any algorithm that utilizes the positive semidefinite (PSD) structure of the interpolated covariance matrix. The general framework is then applied to analyze specific algorithms and simulations are conducted to study their interpolation errors.

关键词： co-array array interpolation Toeplitz completion nuclear norm minimization DOA estimation

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