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Image representation using 2D gabor wavelets

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 1996年第10期18卷 959-971页

作者： Lee, TS CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV CTR NEURAL BASIS COGNITPITTSBURGHPA 15213

This paper extends to two dimensions the frame criterion developed by Daubechies for one-dimensional wavelets, and it computes the frame bounds for the particular case of 2D Gabor wavelets. Completeness criteria for 2D Gabor image representations are important because of their increasing role in many computer vision applications and also in modeling biological vision, since recent neurophysiological evidence from the visual cortex of mammalian brains suggests that the filter response profiles of the main class of linearly-responding cortical neurons (called simple cells) are best modeled as a family of self-similar 2D Gabor wavelets. We therefore derive the conditions under which a set of continuous 2D Gabor wavelets will provide a complete representation of any image, and we also find self-similar wavelet parameterizations which allow stable reconstruction by summation as though the wavelets formed an orthonormal basis. Approximating a ''tight frame'' generates redundancy which allows low-resolution neural responses to represent high-resolution images, as we illustrate by image reconstructions with severely quantized 2D Gabor coefficients.

关键词： Gabor wavelets coarse coding image representation visual cortex image reconstruction

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Applying advancements in neurolinguistic research to enhance semantic processing via cognitive training

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JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2013年第6期26卷 662-690页

作者： Metuki, Nili Lavidor, Michal Bar Ilan Univ Dept Psychol IL-52900 Ramat Gan Israel Univ Hull Dept Psychol Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX N Humberside England

This study explored the effect of a novel theory-based intervention intended to enhance semantic skills. A cognitive training program was developed based on theories and empirical findings which describe the role of the right hemisphere (RH) in semantic processing. The importance of RH linguistic processes to daily communication has been emphasized in recent neurolinguistic research, allowing to create a selective intervention to stimulate and enhance these processes in a way that will affect real-life performance. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the training and its selective effect on semantic performance (as opposed to general verbal and non-verbal skills), we conducted an experiment with an active control group. Fifteen participants used the computerized training program for five weeks and 15 participants trained on a non-semantic control program using the same game-like platform, stimuli and feedback. In a semantic-relatedness judgment task, administrated before and after the training, significant post-training enhancement was observed among the training participants, compared to the control group. This enhancement was predicted by shifts in laterality indices along the training, so that participants with increasing RH bias showed more improvement on the semantic task. Moreover, the training group did not show any significant enhancement in any of the verbal and non-verbal control tasks - implying that the training effect was selective to semantic processing. These findings provide preliminary evidence for transfer of the coarse semantic training. They are discussed from an applied perspective, with the conclusion that applying current knowledge on semantic processes successfully resulted in a non-invasive enhancement of semantic abilities, which may be used to affect semantic processing in daily life;and from a theoretical perspective, describing the contribution of this study to the body of knowledge on RH involvement in semantic processing. (C) 201

关键词： Cognitive training Linguistic enhancement Semantic processing coarse coding Right hemisphere Ambiguous words

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Lateralized processing of novel metaphors: Disentangling figurativeness and novelty

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NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA 2014年第0期56卷 101-109页

作者： Forgacs, Balint Lukacs, Agnes Pleh, Csaba Budapest Univ Technol & Econ BME Dept Cognit Sci H-1111 Budapest Hungary Cent European Univ Dept Cognit Sci H-1023 Budapest Hungary Eszterhazy Karoly Coll Doctoral Sch Educ H-3300 Eger Hungary

One of the intriguing and sometimes controversial findings in figurative language research is a right-hemisphere processing advantage for novel metaphors. The current divided visual field study introduced novel literal expressions as a control condition to assess processing novelty independent of figurativeness. Participants evaluated word pairs belonging to one of the five categories: (1) conventional metaphorical, (2) conventional literal, (3) novel metaphorical, (4) novel literal, and (5) unrelated expressions in a semantic decision task. We presented expressions without sentence context and controlled for additional factors including emotional valence, arousal, and imageability that could potentially influence hemispheric processing. We also utilized an eye-tracker to ensure lateralized presentation. We did not find the previously reported right-hemispherical processing advantage for novel metaphors. Processing was faster in the left hemisphere for all types of word pairs, and accuracy was also higher in the right visual field - left hemisphere. Novel metaphors were processed just as fast as novel literal expressions, suggesting that the primary challenge during the comprehension of novel expressions is not a serial processing of salience, but perhaps a more left hemisphere weighted semantic integration. Our results cast doubt on the right-hemisphere theory of metaphors, and raise the possibility that other uncontrolled variables were responsible for previous results. The lateralization of processing of two word expressions seems to be more contingent on the specific task at hand than their figurativeness or saliency. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Metaphor Figurative language Right hemisphere Salience coarse coding Divided visual field

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A novel, implicit treatment for language comprehension processes in right hemisphere brain damage: Phase I data

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APHASIOLOGY 2011年第6-7期25卷 789-799页

作者： Tompkins, Connie A. Blake, Margaret T. Wambaugh, Julie Meigh, Kimberly Univ Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA Univ Houston Houston TX USA Univ Utah Salt Lake City UT USA VA Salt Lake City Healthcare Syst Salt Lake City UT USA

Background: This manuscript reports the initial phase of testing for a novel, oContextual constrainto treatment, designed to stimulate inefficient language comprehension processes in adults with right hemisphere brain damage (RHD). Two versions of treatment were developed to target two normal comprehension processes that have broad relevance for discourse comprehension and that are often disrupted by RHD: coarse semantic coding and suppression. The development of the treatment was informed by two well-documented strengths of the RHD population. The first is consistently better performance on assessments that are implicit, or nearly so, than on explicit, metalinguistic measures of language and cognitive processing. The second is improved performance when given linguistic context that moderately-to-strongly biases an intended meaning. Treatment consisted of providing brief context sentences to prestimulate, or constrain, intended interpretations. Participants made no explicit associations or judgments about the constraint sentences;rather, these contexts served only as implicit primes. Aims: This Phase I treatment study aimed to determine the effects of a novel, implicit, Contextual Constraint treatment in adults with RHD whose coarse coding or suppression processes were inefficient. Treatment was hypothesized to speed coarse coding or suppression function in these individuals. Methods Procedures: Three adults with RHD participated in this study, one (P1) with a coarse coding deficit and two (P2, P3) with suppression deficits. Probe tasks were adapted from prior studies of coarse coding and suppression in RHD. The dependent measure was the percentage of responses that met predetermined response time criteria. When pre-treatment baseline performance was stable, treatment was initiated. There were two levels of contextual constraint, Strong and Moderate, and treatment for each item began with the provision of the Strong constraint context. Outcomes Results: Treatment-co

关键词： Right brain damage Discourse comprehension language treatment Suppression coarse coding

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PROPERTIES OF NUMERIC CODES FOR THE SCHEME OF RANDOM SUBSPACES RSC

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CYBERNETICS AND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 2005年第4期41卷 509-520页

作者： Rachkovskii, D. A. Slipchenko, S. V. Kussul, E. M. Baidyk, T. N. Int Sci Educ Ctr Informat Technol & Syst Kiev Ukraine Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico Mexico City Mexico

Properties of coarse coding obtained by using the random subspace coding (RSC) scheme with random hyperrectangular receptive fields are considered. Characteristics of codes are provided such as the dimensionality of receptive fields, code density at various points of the input space, code overlapping, and others. The results of theoretical analysis are illustrated by experiments with high-dimensional codes.

关键词： coarse coding receptive fields distributed coding neural network hyperrectangle CMAC RSC

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Unsupervised clustering with spiking neurons by sparse temporal coding and multilayer RBF networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS 2002年第2期13卷 426-435页

作者： Bohte, SM La Poutré, H Kok, JN Netherlands Ctr Comp Sci & Math Amsterdam Netherlands Leiden Univ Leiden Inst Adv Comp Sci Leiden Netherlands

We demonstrate that spiking neural networks encoding information in the timing of single spikes are capable of computing and learning clusters from realistic data. We show how a spiking neural network based on spike-time coding and Hebbian learning can successfully perform unsupervised clustering on real-world data, and we demonstrate how temporal synchrony in a multilayer network can induce hierarchical clustering. We develop a temporal encoding of continuously valued data to obtain adjustable clustering capacity and precision with an efficient use of neurons: input variables are encoded in a population code by neurons with graded and overlapping sensitivity profiles. We also discuss methods for enhancing scale-sensitivity of the network and show how the induced synchronization of neurons within early RBF layers allows for the subsequent detection of complex clusters.

关键词： coarse coding complex clusters Hebbian-learning high-dimensional clustering sparse coding spiking neurons synchronous firing temporal coding unsupervised learning

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Gaussian-based Filters for Elementary Motion Detector Delay Element Modeling spatio-temporal information pathways with elementary motion detection 1

Gaussian-based Filters for Elementary Motion Detector Delay ...

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IEEE Research and Applications of Photonics In Defense Conference (RAPID)

作者： Brooks, Geoffrey Florida State Univ FAMU FSU Coll Engn Elect & Comp Engn Dept Panama City FL 32405 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538653494

The Hassenstein-Reichardt elementary motion detection (HR-EMD) model has been demonstrated to show its validity for modeling insect vision and its usefulness for machine vision applications. The HR-EMD uses signals from adjacent receptors with a delayed sample of the same signals to determine simple left-to-right or right-to-left motion based on the polarity of the HR-EMD output. Variations of the HR-EMD have used low-pass filters (LPFs) for the delay elements. Additional LPFs and high-pass filters (HPFs) combined with various techniques have been added to the HR-EMD to address its inability to provide accurate image velocity estimation. Proposed here is using the delays inherent in natural Gaussian-based spatio-temporal information processing pathways for the required delay element. Since such pathways are known to exist in duality in natural systems, a combination of dual EMDs is proposed as an alternate approach for precision in image velocity estimation.

关键词： elementary motion detection magnocellular pathway parvocellular pathway Gaussian filters coarse coding

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Using coarse filters to encode intensity and color information 7

Using coarse filters to encode intensity and color informati...

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Visual Information Processing VII

作者： Brooks, G Conklin, C AFRL Munit Directorate Adv Guidance Div Eglin AFB FL 32542 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819428361

Inspired by models of natural vision processing, intensity and color information are encoded and successfully decoded using coarse coding. Primate photoreceptors are known to include one rod and three cones, each with a unique spectral absorption curve. Although the curves overlap significantly, vision systems are capable of incredible chromatic acuity and spatial luminous acuity. A proof of concept is demonstrated here using simulated absorption curves and an algorithm representing a cursory model of vision processing. The color and intensity of objects within test images are successfully retrieved after passing through only two coarse filters arranged in a checkerboard fashion. A consequence or such a hirer is a natural enhancement of the objects within the image.

关键词： coarse coding broadband filters vision processing vision filters vision models early vision

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Human Category Learning: Implications for Backpropagation Models

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Connection Science 1993年第1期5卷 3-36页

作者： Kruschke, John K. Deparunent of Psychology and Cognitive Science Program Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405-4201 United States

Backpropagation (Rumelhart et al., 1986a) was proposed as a general learning algorithm for multi-layer perceptrons. This ande demonstrates chat a standard version of backprop fails to attend selectively to input dimensions in the same way as humans, suffers catastrophic forgetting of previously learned associations when novel exemplars are [rained, and can be overly sensitive to linear catego y boundaries. Another connecrionist model, ALCOVE (Krwchke 1990, 1992), does nor suffer those failures. Previous researchers identified these problems;the present article repons quantitative fits of the models to new human learning data. ALCOVE can be functionally approximated by a network that uses linear-sigmoid hidden nodes, like standard backprop. Ir is argued that models of human category learning should incorporate quasi-local representations and dimensional artention learning, as well as error-driuen learning, to address simulraneously all three phenomena. © 1993, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.

关键词： Backpropagation catastrophic forgetting categorization coarse coding condensation dimensional attention error-driven learning filtration linear boundaries local representation

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Processing Spatial Relations With Different Apertures of Attention

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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2011年第2期35卷 297-329页

作者： Laeng, Bruno Okubo, Matia Saneyoshi, Ayako Michimata, Chikashi Univ Oslo Dept Psychol N-0317 Oslo Norway Senshu Univ Dept Psychol Tokyo Japan Teikyo Univ Dept Psychol Tokyo Japan Sophia Univ Dept Psychol Tokyo Japan

Neuropsychological studies suggest the existence of lateralized networks that represent categorical and coordinate types of spatial information. In addition, studies with neural networks have shown that they encode more effectively categorical spatial judgments or coordinate spatial judgments, if their input is based, respectively, on units with relatively small, nonoverlapping receptive fields, as opposed to units with relatively large, overlapping receptive fields. These findings leave open the question of whether interactive processes between spatial detectors and types of spatial relations can be modulated by spatial attention. We hypothesized that spreading the attention window to encompass an area that includes two objects promotes coordinate spatial relations, based on coarse coding by large, overlapping, receptive fields. In contrast, narrowing attention to encompass an area that includes only one of the objects benefits categorical spatial relations, by effectively parsing space. By use of a cueing procedure, the spatial attention window was manipulated to select regions of differing areas. As predicted, when the attention window was large, coordinate spatial transformations were noticed faster than categorical transformations;in contrast, when the attention window was relatively smaller, categorical spatial transformations were noticed faster than coordinate transformations. Another novel finding was that coordinate changes were noticed faster when cueing an area that included both objects as well as the empty space between them than when simultaneously cueing both areas including the objects while leaving the gap between them uncued.

关键词： Spatial relations Categorical Coordinate Visual attention Attentional focus Attentional scale Attention cueing coarse coding

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