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A Metrics Suite for code annotation assessment

JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2018年 137卷 163-183页

作者： Lima, Phyllipe Guerra, Eduardo Meirelles, Paulo Kanashiro, Lucas Silva, Helio Silveira, Fabio Fagundes Natl Inst Space Res INPE Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil Univ Sao Paulo IME Sao Paulo Brazil Univ Brasilia FGA UnB Brasilia DF Brazil Univ Fed Sao Paulo ICT UNIFESP Sao Paulo Brazil

code annotation is a language feature that enables the introduction of custom metadata on programming elements. In Java, this feature was introduced on version 5, and today it is widely used by main enterprise application frameworks and APIs. Although this language feature potentially simplifies metadata configuration, its abuse and misuse can reduce source code readability and complicate its maintenance. The goal of this paper is to propose software metrics regarding annotations in the source code and analyze their distribution in real-world projects. We have defined a suite of metrics to assess characteristics of the usage of source code annotations in a code base. Our study collected data from 24947 classes extracted from open source projects to analyze the distribution of the proposed metrics. We developed a tool to automatically extract the metrics and provide a full report on annotations usage. Based on the analysis of the distribution, we defined an appropriate approach for the calculation of thresholds to interpret the metric values. The results allow the assessment of annotated code characteristics. Using the thresholds values, we proposed a way to interpret the use of annotations, which can reveal potential problems in the source code. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： code annotation Software metrics Thresholds

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CoaCor: code annotation for code Retrieval with Reinforcement Learning 19

CoaCor: Code Annotation for Code Retrieval with Reinforcemen...

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World Wide Web Conference (WWW)

作者： Yao, Ziyu Peddamail, Jayavardhan Reddy Sun, Huan Ohio State Univ Columbus OH 43210 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450366748

To accelerate software development, much research has been performed to help people understand and reuse the huge amount of available code resources. Two important tasks have been widely studied: code retrieval, which aims to retrieve code snippets relevant to a given natural language query from a code base, and code annotation, where the goal is to annotate a code snippet with a natural language description. Despite their advancement in recent years, the two tasks are mostly explored separately. In this work, we investigate a novel perspective of code annotation for code retrieval (hence called "CoaCor"), where a code annotation model is trained to generate a natural language annotation that can represent the semantic meaning of a given code snippet and can be leveraged by a code retrieval model to better distinguish relevant code snippets from others. To this end, we propose an effective framework based on reinforcement learning, which explicitly encourages the code annotation model to generate annotations that can be used for the retrieval task. Through extensive experiments, we show that code annotations generated by our framework are much more detailed and more useful for code retrieval, and they can further improve the performance of existing code retrieval models significantly.(1)

关键词： code annotation code Retrieval Reinforcement Learning

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An Approach for code annotation Validation with Metadata Location Transparency 16th

An Approach for Code Annotation Validation with Metadata Loc...

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16th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA)

作者： de Siqueira, Jose Lazaro, Jr. Silveira, Fabio Fagundes Guerra, Eduardo Martins Fed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil Natl Inst Space Res Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9783319420899

The use of metadata in software development, specially by code annotations, has emerged to complement some limitations of object-oriented programming. A recent study revealed that a lack of validation on the configured metadata can lead to bugs hard to identify and correct. There are approaches to optimize metadata configuration that add the annotation out of the target code element, such as its definition on the enclosing code element or indirectly inside other annotations. annotation validation rules that rely on the presence of other annotations are specially hard to perform when it is possible to configure it out of the target element. Available approaches for annotation validation in the literature consider their presence only in the target element. This paper presents a validation of code annotations approach in object-oriented software with location transparency, whereas definitions can occur in different parts of source code related to the target element. An evaluation with a meta-framework supports our hypothesis that the approach is capable of decoupling the annotation location from the validation rules.

关键词： Java code annotation Metadata Validation Framework

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Analysis and measurement of internal usability metrics through code annotations

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SOFTWARE QUALITY JOURNAL 2019年第4期27卷 1505-1530页

作者： Schramme, Maximilian Macias, Jose A. Tech Univ Munich Dept Business Informat Munich Germany Univ Autonoma Madrid Comp Engn Dept Madrid Spain

Nowadays, usability can be meant as an important quality characteristic to be considered throughout the software development process. A great variety of usability techniques have been proposed so far, mostly intended to be applied during analysis, design, and final testing phases in software projects. However, little or no attention has been paid to the analysis and measurement of usability in the implementation phase. Most of the time, usability testing is traditionally executed in advanced stages. However, the detection of usability flaws during the implementation is of utmost importance to foresee and prevent problems in the utilization of the software and avoid significant cost increases. In this paper, we propose a feasible solution to analyze and measure usability metrics during the implementation phase. Specifically, we have developed a framework featuring code annotations that provides a systematic evaluation of the usability throughout the source code. These annotations are interpreted by an annotation processor to obtain valuable information and automatically calculate usability metrics at compile time. In addition, an evaluation with 32 participants has been carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach in comparison with the manual process of analyzing and measuring internal usability metrics. Perceived satisfaction was also evaluated, demonstrating that our approach can be considered as a valuable tool for dealing with usability metrics during the implementation phase.

关键词： Internal software-product quality Usability metric code annotation User-centered development Human-computer interaction

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Does It Make Sense to Have Application-Specific code Conventions as a Complementary Approach to code annotations? 3

Does It Make Sense to Have Application-Specific Code Convent...

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3rd ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Meta-Programming Techniques and Reflection (META)

作者： Teixeira, Rodrigo Guerra, Eduardo Lima, Phyllipe Meirelles, Paulo Kon, Fabio Natl Inst Space Res INPE Sao Jose Dos Campos SP Brazil Fed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP Dept Hlth Informat Sao Paulo SP Brazil Univ Sao Paulo Dept Comp Sci Sao Paulo SP Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781450360685

code annotations are extensively used by Java developers, especially in enterprise frameworks and APIs such as Spring and Java EE. Different code elements that frequently share some similarities, sometimes, repeat the annotations. The goal of this paper is to evaluate whether a real-world system could use code conventions as a means to avoid replicating code annotations. We report on a study on the software used for the EMBRACE Space Weather program at INPE to search for similarities.

关键词： metadata code annotation code convention

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An Approach Based on Metadata to Implement Convention Over Configuration Decoupled From Framework Logic

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Journal of Software: Evolution and Process 2025年第5期37卷

作者： Everaldo Gomes Eduardo Guerra Phyllipe Lima Paulo Meirelles Institute of Mathematics and Statistics University of São Paulo São Paulo São Paulo Brazil Faculty of Engineering Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Bolzano Italy Institute of Mathematical and Computing Sciences Federal University of Itajubá Itajubá Minas Gerais Brazil

Frameworks are essential for software development, providing code design and facilitating reuse for their users. Well-known Java frameworks and APIs rely on metadata configuration through code annotations, using Reflection API to consume and process them. code elements that share the same annotations often exhibit similarities, creating the opportunity to use conventions as a metadata source. This paper proposes a model for defining Convention over Configuration (CoC) for annotation usage, decoupled from the metadata reading logic. With this model, if a convention is present, the framework will automatically consider that element to be annotated. We implemented this model in the Esfinge Metadata API and evaluated it in an experiment where participants implemented the CoC pattern using two approaches: our proposed one and the Java Reflection API. As a result, 75% of participants implemented our approach faster than with just the Reflection API, and we observed a higher failure rate with the Reflection API than with the Esfinge API. Moreover, the code produced with our approach also resulted in fewer lines of code. Based on these results, we confirmed that the proposed approach fulfilled its goal of supporting the definition of conventions decoupled from the framework logic, thereby improving code readability and maintainability.

关键词： code annotation code convention convention over configuration metadata configuration software framework

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An annotation-aware Java virtual machine implementation

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CONCURRENCY-PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE 2000年第6期12卷 423-444页

作者： Azevedo, A Nicolau, A Hummel, J Univ Calif Irvine Dept Informat & Comp Sci Irvine CA 92697 USA Univ Illinois Chicago IL USA

The Java bytecode language lacks expressiveness for traditional compiler optimizations, making this portable, secure software distribution format inefficient as a program representation for high performance. This inefficiency results from the underlying stack model, as well as the fact that many bytecode operations intrinsically include sub-operations (e.g. iaload includes the address computation, array bounds checks and the actual load of the array element), The stack model, with no operand registers and limiting access to the top of the stack, prevents the re-use of values and bytecode re-ordering, In addition, the language has no mechanism to indicate which sub-operations in the Java bytecode stream are redundant or subsumed by previous ones. As a consequence, the Java bytecode language inhibits the expression of important compiler optimizations, including register allocation and instruction scheduling. The Java bytecode stream generated by a Java bytecode compiler is a significantly under-optimized program representation, The most common solution to overcome this inefficiency is the use of a just-in-time (JIT) compiler to not only generate native code, but perform optimization as well. However, the latter is a time-consuming operation in an already time-constrained translation process, In this paper we present an alternative to an optimizing JIT compiler that makes use of code annotations generated by a Java bytecode compiler. These annotations carry information concerning compiler optimizations. During the translation process, an annotation-aware Java Virtual Machine (JVM) system then uses this information to produce high-performance native code without performing much of the necessary analyses or transformations. We describe the implementation of a prototype of an annotation-aware JVM consisting of an annotation-aware JIT compilation system. We conclude the paper showing performance results comparing our system with other JVMs running on SPARC architecture. Co

关键词： dynamic compilation JIT compilation Java Virtual Machine Java Bytecode code annotation

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Supporting program comprehension in large preprocessor-based software product lines

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IET SOFTWARE 2012年第6期6卷 488-501页

作者： Feigenspan, J. Schulze, M. Papendieck, M. Kaestner, C. Dachselt, R. Koeppen, V. Frisch, M. Saake, G. Univ Magdeburg Sch Comp Sci D-39106 Magdeburg Germany Univ Marburg Sch Math & Comp Sci D-35032 Marburg Germany

Software product line (SPL) engineering provides an effective mechanism to implement variable software. However, using preprocessors to realise variability, which is typical in industry, is heavily criticised, because it often leads to obfuscated code. Using background colours to highlight code annotated with preprocessor statements to support comprehensibility has proved to be effective, however, scalability to large SPLs is questionable. The authors' aim is to implement and evaluate scalable usage of background colours for industrial-sized SPLs. They designed and implemented scalable concepts in a tool called Feature Commander. To evaluate its effectiveness, the authors conducted a controlled experiment with a large real-world SPL with over 99 000 lines of code and 340 features. They used a within-subjects design with treatment colours and no colours. They compared correctness and response time of tasks for both treatments. For certain kinds of tasks, background colours improve program comprehension. Furthermore, the subjects generally favour background colours compared with no background colours. In addition, the subjects who worked with background colours had to use the search functions less frequently. The authors show that background colours can improve program comprehension in large SPLs. Based on these encouraging results, they continue their work on improving program comprehension in large SPLs.

关键词： background colours preprocessor-based software product lines industrial-sized SPL no colours treatment colours variable software implementation Software engineering techniques SPL engineering within-subjects design software engineering program comprehension support reverse engineering code annotation FeatureCommander tool

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Monitoring method call sequences using annotations

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SCIENCE OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 2014年第Part3期94卷 362-378页

作者： Nobakht, B. de Boer, F. S. Bonsangue, M. M. de Gouw, S. Jaghoori, M. M. Leiden Univ Leiden Inst Adv Comp Sci NL-2300 RA Leiden Netherlands SDL Fredhopper Amsterdam Netherlands Ctr Wiskunde & Informat Amsterdam Netherlands

In this paper we introduce JMSeq, a Java-based tool for monitoring sequences of method calls. JMSeq provides a simple but expressive language to specify the observables of a Java program in terms of sequences of possibly nested method calls. Similar to many monitoring-oriented environments, verification in JMSeq is done at runtime;unlike all other approaches based on aspect-oriented programming, JMSeq uses code annotation rather than instrumentation, and therefore is suitable for component-based software verification. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Object monitoring Runtime verification Method call sequence specification code annotation Component-based testing

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Mapping Dynamic Behavior Between Different Object Models in AOM 18th

Mapping Dynamic Behavior Between Different Object Models in ...

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18th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA)

作者： Dias, Antonio de Oliveira Guerra, Eduardo Martins Silveira, Fabio Fagundes da Silva, Tiago Silva Natl Inst Space Res INPE Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil Fed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9783319951713;9783319951706

Adaptive Object Model (AOM) is an architectural pattern with the aim of increasing flexibility regarding domain classes. The domain entity types are represented in AOM as instances that can be changed at runtime. Because entities have a distinct structure, they are not compatible with the majority of the existing frameworks, especially the ones that use reflection and code annotations. In the proposed model, AOM entities can be mapped and adapted for the format expected by the frameworks. A reference implementation, called Esfinge AOM Role Mapper, was developed to evaluate the viability of the proposed model. When the development was concluded, it was realized that, although this flexibility on the development of software using AOM architecture, it does not implement dynamic behavior based on adding new methods on adapted classes. The main objective of this work is to introduce dynamic behavior on AOM architecture using Esfinge AOM Role Mapper framework reference to validate this study.

关键词： Dynamic behavior code annotation Reflection Flexibility Framework

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