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Automated and Robust User Story coverage 23rd

Automated and Robust User Story Coverage

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23rd International Conference on Product-Focused Software Process Improvement (PROFES)

作者： Gudin, Mickael Herbaut, Nicolas Univ Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne Ctr Rech Informat Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9783031213878;9783031213885

Current practices in software testing such as Test Driven Development or Behavior Driven Development aim at linking code to expected behavior. In this context, code coverage is widely used to improve code quality, reduce bugs and ssure requirements satisfaction. Even if change tracking software allows finely analyzing code evolution, associating a particular code chunk to the requirements at the origin of the code modification is difficult for a large code base. In this preliminary work, we propose a new "user story coverage" metric that reports lacking requirement coverage quality, to help developers focus their efforts on enhancing unit and integration tests. We propose a methodology to compute this metric in a robust and automated fashion and evaluate its feasibility on open-source projects.

关键词： Requirements code coverage Abstract-syntax-tree Software quality

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A Large-Scale Study of Test coverage Evolution 18

A Large-Scale Study of Test Coverage Evolution

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33rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)

作者： Hilton, Michael Bell, Jonathan Marinov, Darko Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA George Mason Univ Fairfax VA 22030 USA Univ Illinois Urbana IL USA

ISBN: (数字)9781450359375

ISBN: (纸本)9781450359375

Statement coverage is commonly used as a measure of test suite quality. coverage is often used as a part of a code review process: if a patch decreases overall coverage, or is itself not covered, then the patch is scrutinized more closely. Traditional studies of how coverage changes with code evolution have examined the overall coverage of the entire program, and more recent work directly examines the coverage of patches (changed statements). We present an evaluation much larger than prior studies and moreover consider a new, important kind of change coverage changes of unchanged statements. We present a large-scale evaluation of code coverage evolution over 7,816 builds of 47 projects written in popular languages including Java, Python, and Scala. We find that in large, mature projects, simply measuring the change to statement coverage does not capture the nuances of code evolution. Going beyond considering statement coverage as a simple ratio, we examine how the set of statements covered evolves between project revisions. We present and study new ways to assess the impact of a patch on a project's test suite quality that both separates coverage of the patch from coverage of the non-patch, and separates changes in coverage from changes in the set of statements covered.

关键词： Software testing code coverage empirical study flaky tests

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Are My Unit Tests in the Right Package? 16

Are My Unit Tests in the Right Package?

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16th IEEE International Working Conference on Source code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Balogh, Gergo Gergely, Tamas Beszedes, Arpad Gyimothy, Tibor Univ Szeged Software Engn Dept Szeged Hungary

ISBN: (纸本)9781509038497

The software development industry has adopted written and de facto standards for creating effective and maintainable unit tests. Unfortunately, like any other source code artifact, they are often written without conforming to these guidelines, or they may evolve into such a state. In this work, we address a specific type of issues related to unit tests. We seek to automatically uncover violations of two fundamental rules: 1) unit tests should exercise only the unit they were designed for, and 2) they should follow a clear packaging convention. Our approach is to use code coverage to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the tests with respect to the code elements of the program, and use this information to identify highly correlated groups of tests and code elements (using community detection algorithm). This grouping is then compared to the trivial grouping determined by package structure, and any discrepancies found are treated as "bad smells." We report on our related measurements on a set of large open source systems with notable unit test suites, and provide guidelines through examples for refactoring the problematic tests.

关键词： code coverage unit testing clusterization pack-age hierarchy community detection test smells and refactoring

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Comparison of Test Groups Based on Behavior and Package Hierarchy 19th

Comparison of Test Groups Based on Behavior and Package Hier...

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19th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA)

作者： Vancsics, Bela Univ Szeged Dept Software Engn Dugon Ter 13 H-6720 Szeged Hungary

ISBN: (纸本)9783030243050

Data collected from the software and the development process is usually part of some kind of underlying structure, hence they could be organized into groups or clusters. This is true of the test cases. There are several concepts for creating groups, one approach is that the tests are grouped by their location, another approach is that they are categorized based on their behavior. For unit tests, ideally, these two approaches would give the same result. However this is not true in reality! In our empirical study the difference between the two concepts (on Java systems) was examined, also the behaviour groups based on coverage and the location-groups based on package hierarchy were analyzed. Groups containing tests were examined as well. In addition the difference between package-based groups and behavior-based groups based on coverage matrix was explored. To quantify the results, empirical experiments were performed and the differences were identified with the metrics used in the literature.

关键词： code coverage Clustering Software evolution

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The Effect of Testability on Fault Proneness A case study of the Apache HTTP Server

The Effect of Testability on Fault Proneness A case study of...

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23rd IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW)

作者： Hays, Mark Hayes, Jane Univ Kentucky Dept Comp Sci Lexington KY 40506 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769549286;9781467350488

Numerous studies have identified measures that relate to the fault-proneness of software components. An issue practitioners face in implementing these measures is that the measures tend to provide predictions at a very high level, for instance the per-module level, so it is difficult to provide specific recommendations based on those predictions. We examine a more specific measure, called software testability, based on work in test case generation. We discuss how it could be used to make more specific code improvement recommendations at the line-of-code level. In our experiment, we compare the testability of fault prone lines with unchanged lines. We apply the experiment to Apache HTTP Server and find that developers more readily identify faults in highly testable code. We then compare testability as a fault proneness predictor to McCabe's cyclomatic complexity and find testability has higher recall.

关键词： fault proneness testing code coverage static analysis

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Using Branch Frequency Spectra to Evaluate Operational coverage 24

Using Branch Frequency Spectra to Evaluate Operational Cover...

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24th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC)

作者： Bruenink, Marc Rosenblum, David S. Natl Univ Singapore Sch Comp NGS Singapore Singapore Natl Univ Singapore Sch Comp Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781538636817

coverage metrics try to quantify how well a software artifact is tested. High coverage numbers instill confidence in the software and might even be necessary to obtain certification. Unfortunately, achieving high coverage numbers does not imply high quality of the test suite. One shortcoming is that coverage metrics do not measure how well test suites cover systems in production. We look at coverage from an operational perspective. We evaluate test suite quality by comparing runs executed during testing with runs executed in production. Branch frequency spectra are employed to capture the behavior during runtime. Differences in the branch frequency spectra between field executions and testing runs indicate test suite deficiencies. This post-release test suite quality assurance mechanism can be used to (1) build confidence by pooling coverage information from many execution sites and (2) guide test suite augmentation in order to prepare the test suite for the next release cycle.

关键词： code coverage Operational coverage Program spectra

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Does mutation testing improve testing practices? 21

Does mutation testing improve testing practices?

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43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering - Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP) / 43rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering - New Ideas and Emerging Results (ICSE-NIER)

作者： Petrovic, Goran Ivankovic, Marko Fraser, Gordon Just, Rene Google Switzerland GmbH Zurich Switzerland Univ Passau Passau Germany Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780738113197

Various proxy metrics for test quality have been defined in order to guide developers when writing tests. code coverage is particularly well established in practice, even though the question of how coverage relates to test quality is a matter of ongoing debate. Mutation testing offers a promising alternative: Artificial defects can identify holes in a test suite, and thus provide concrete suggestions for additional tests. Despite the obvious advantages of mutation testing, it is not yet well established in practice. Until recently, mutation testing tools and techniques simply did not scale to complex systems. Although they now do scale, a remaining obstacle is lack of evidence that writing tests for mutants actually improves test quality. In this paper we aim to fill this gap: By analyzing a large dataset of almost 15 million mutants, we investigate how these mutants influenced developers over time, and how these mutants relate to real faults. Our analyses suggest that developers using mutation testing write more tests, and actively improve their test suites with high quality tests such that fewer mutants remain. By analyzing a dataset of past fixes of real high- priority faults, our analyses further provide evidence that mutants are indeed coupled with real faults. In other words, had mutation testing been used for the changes introducing the faults, it would have reported a live mutant that could have prevented the bug.

关键词： mutation testing code coverage fault coupling

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Seeding Grammars in Grammatical Evolution to Improve Search Based Software Testing 1

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23rd European Conference on Genetic Programming (EuroGP) Held as Part of EvoStar Conference

作者： Anjum, Muhammad Sheraz Ryan, Conor Univ Limerick Biocomp & Dev Syst Grp Dept Comp Sci & Informat Syst Lero Irish Software Res Ctr Limerick Ireland

ISBN: (数字)9783030440947

ISBN: (纸本)9783030440930;9783030440947

Software-based optimization techniques have been increasingly used to automate code coverage analysis since the nineties. Although several studies suggest that interdependencies can exist between condition constructs in branching conditions of real life programs e.g. (i <= 100) or (i == j), etc., to date, only the Ariadne system, a Grammatical Evolution (GE)-based Search Based Software Testing (SBST) technique, exploits interdependencies between variables to efficiently automate code coverage analysis. Ariadne employs a simple attribute grammar to exploit these dependencies, which enables it to very efficiently evolve highly complex test cases, and has been compared favourably to other well-known techniques in the literature. However, Ariadne does not benefit from the interdependencies involving constants e.g. (i <= 100), which are equally important constructs of condition predicates. Furthermore, constant creation in GE can be difficult, particularly with high precision. We propose to seed the grammar with constants extracted from the source code of the program under test in order to enhance and extend Ariadne's capability to exploit richer types of dependencies (involving all combinations of both variables and constant values). We compared our results with the original system of Ariadne against a large set of benchmark problems which include 10 numeric programs in addition to the ones originally used for Ariadne. Our results demonstrate that the seeding strategy not only dramatically improves the generality of the system, as it improves the code coverage (effectiveness) by impressive margins, but it also reduces the search budgets (efficiency) often up to an order of magnitude.

关键词： Automatic test case generation code coverage Evolutionary Testing Grammatical Evolution

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Full-speed Fuzzing: Reducing Fuzzing Overhead through coverage-guided Tracing 40

Full-speed Fuzzing: Reducing Fuzzing Overhead through Covera...

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40th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)

作者： Nagy, Stefan Hicks, Matthew Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538666609

coverage-guided fuzzing is one of the most successful approaches for discovering software bugs and security vulnerabilities. Of its three main components: (1) test case generation, (2) code coverage tracing, and (3) crash triage, code coverage tracing is a dominant source of overhead. coverage guided fuzzers trace every test case's code coverage through either static or dynamic binary instrumentation, or more recently, using hardware support. Unfortunately, tracing all test cases incurs significant performance penalties even when the overwhelming majority of test cases and their coverage information are discarded because they do not increase code coverage. To eliminate needless tracing by coverage-guided fuzzers, we introduce the notion of coverage-guided tracing. coverage guided tracing leverages two observations: (I) only a fraction of generated test cases increase coverage, and thus require tracing;and (2) coverage-increasing test cases become less frequent over time. coverage-guided tracing encodes the current frontier of coverage in the target binary so that it self-reports when a test case produces new coverage without tracing. This acts as a filter for tracing;restricting the expense of tracing to only coverage-increasing test cases. Thus, coverage-guided tracing trades increased time handling coverage-increasing test cases for decreased time handling non-coverage-increasing test cases. To show the potential of coverage-guided tracing, we create an implementation based on the static binary instrumentor Dyninst called UnTracer. We evaluate UnTracer using eight real-world binaries commonly used by the fuzzing community. Experiments show that after only an hour of fuzzing, UnTracer's average overhead is below 1%, and after 24-hours of fuzzing, tinTracer approaches 0% overhead, while tracing every test case with popular white- and black-box-binary tracers AFL-Clang, AFLQEMU, and AFL-Dyninst incurs overheads of 36%, 612%, and 518%, respectively. We further integra

关键词： Fuzzing software security code coverage

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Same coverage, Less Bloat: Accelerating Binary-only Fuzzing with coverage-preserving coverage-guided Tracing 21

Same Coverage, Less Bloat: Accelerating Binary-only Fuzzing ...

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ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ACM CCS)

作者： Nagy, Stefan Anh Nguyen-Tuong Hiser, Jason D. Davidson, Jack W. Hicks, Matthew Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA Univ Virginia Charlottesville VA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450384544

coverage-guided fuzzing's aggressive, high-volume testing has helped reveal tens of thousands of software security flaws. While executing billions of test cases mandates fast code coverage tracing, the nature of binary-only targets leads to reduced tracing performance. A recent advancement in binary fuzzing performance is coverage-guided Tracing (CGT), which brings orders-of-magnitude gains in throughput by restricting the expense of coverage tracing to only when new coverage is guaranteed. Unfortunately, CGT suits only a basic block coverage granularity-yet most fuzzers require finer-grain coverage metrics: edge coverage and hit counts. It is this limitation which prohibits nearly all of today's state-of-the-art fuzzers from attaining the performance benefits of CGT. This paper tackles the challenges of adapting CGT to fuzzing's most ubiquitous coverage metrics. We introduce and implement a suite of enhancements that expand CGT's introspection to fuzzing's most common code coverage metrics, while maintaining its orders-of-magnitude speedup over conventional always-on coverage tracing. We evaluate their trade-offs with respect to fuzzing performance and effectiveness across 12 diverse real-world binaries (8 open- and 4 closed-source). On average, our coverage-preserving CGT attains near-identical speed to the present block-coverage-only CGT, UnTracer;and outperforms leading binary- and source-level coverage tracers QEMU, Dyninst, RetroWrite, and AFL-Clang by 2-24x, finding more bugs in less time.

关键词： Fuzzing Binaries code coverage

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