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IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)

作者： Koenzen, Andreas P. Ernst, Neil A. Storey, Margaret-Anne D. Univ Victoria Dept Comp Sci Victoria BC Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781728169019

Duplicating one's own code makes it faster to write software. This expediency is particularly valuable for users of computational notebooks. duplication allows notebook users to quickly test hypotheses and iterate over data. In this paper, we explore how much, how and from where code duplication occurs in computational notebooks, and identify potential barriers to code reuse. Previous work in the area of computational notebooks describes developers' motivations for reuse and duplication but does not show how much reuse occurs or which barriers they face when reusing code. To address this gap, we first analyzed GitHub repositories for code duplicates contained in a repository's Jupyter notebooks, and then conducted an observational user study of code reuse, where participants solved specific tasks using notebooks. Our findings reveal that repositories in our sample have a mean self-duplication rate of 7.6%. However, in our user study, few participants duplicated their own code, preferring to reuse code from online sources.

关键词： Jupyter computational notebooks code duplication code clones code reuse data analysis data exploration exploratory programming

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code duplication on Stack Overflow 42

Code Duplication on Stack Overflow

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42nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and Emerging Results (ICSE-NIER)

作者： Baltes, Sebastian Treude, Christoph Univ Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781450371261

Despite the unarguable importance of Stack Overflow (SO) for the daily work of many software developers and despite existing knowledge about the impact of code duplication on software maintainability, the prevalence and implications of code clones on SO have not yet received the attention they deserve. In this paper, we motivate why studies on code duplication within SO are needed and how existing studies on code reuse differ from this new research direction. We present similarities and differences between code clones in general and code clones on SO and point to open questions that need to be addressed to be able to make data-informed decisions about how to properly handle clones on this important platform. We present results from a first preliminary investigation, indicating that clones on SO are common and diverse. We further point to specific challenges, including incentives for users to clone successful answers and difficulties with bulk edits on the platform, and conclude with possible directions for future work.

关键词： code duplication code clones software maintenance software evolution software licenses stack overflow

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Definition, approaches, and analysis of code duplication detection (2006-2020): a critical review

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NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS 2022年第23期34卷 20507-20537页

作者： Chen, Chang-Feng Zain, Azlan Mohd Zhou, Kai-Qing Univ Teknol Malaysia Fac Engn Sch Comp Skudai 80310 Johor Malaysia Univ Teknol Malaysia Big Data Ctr Skudai 80310 Johor Malaysia Jishou Univ Coll Informat Sci & Engn Jishou 416000 Peoples R China

code duplication detection is the act of finding similar code in software development. It is important for software engineer to address the issues of code duplication detection. In this paper, a critical review of previous works on code duplication for code clone and plagiarism detection is performed. The review involves five main parts. Firstly, a systematic literature review is conducted to confirm the selected articles. Secondly, a critical review of different code duplication approaches is conducted based on three phases;processing, detection, and decision. Thirdly, statistical analysis of the number of review articles is performed to show the trends and hots of code duplication research. Moreover, quantitative analysis of different code duplication approaches is presented to show the effectiveness of different approaches. Fourthly, the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches and techniques are summarized and discussed. Finally, the conclusion of the review is summarized and future research direction of code duplication is described.

关键词： code duplication code duplication detection System literature review

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Archeology of code duplication: Recovering duplication chains from small duplication fragments

Archeology of code duplication: Recovering duplication chain...

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7th International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing

作者： Wettel, R Marinescu, R Inst eAustria LOOSE Res Grp Timisoara Romania

ISBN: (纸本)0769524532

code duplication is a common problem, and a well-known sign of bad design. As a result of that, in the last decade, the issue of detecting code duplication led to various solutions and tools that can automatically find duplicated blocks of code. However duplicated fragments rarely remain identical after they are copied;they are oftentimes modified here and there. This adaptation usually "scatters" the duplicated code block into a large amount of small "islands" of duplication, which detected and analyzed separately hide the real magnitude and impact of the duplicated block. In this paper we propose a novel, automated approach for recovering duplication blocks, by composing small isolated fragments of duplication into larger and more relevant duplication chains. We validate both the efficiency and the scalability of the approach by applying it on several well known open-source case-studies and discussing some relevant findings. By recovering such duplication chains, the maintenance engineer is provided with additional cases of duplication that can lead to relevant refactorings, and which are usually missed by other detection methods.

关键词： code duplication design flaws quality assurance

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PROGRAM ANALYSIS FOR code duplication IN LOGIC PROGRAMS

PROGRAM ANALYSIS FOR CODE DUPLICATION IN LOGIC PROGRAMS

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26th International Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP)

作者： Dandois, Celine Univ Namur Fac Comp Sci Rue Grandgagnage 21 B-5000 Namur Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9783939897170

In this PhD project, we deal with the issue of code duplication in logic programs. In particular semantical duplication or redundancy is generally viewed as a possible seed of inconvenience in all phases of the program lifecycle, from development to maintenance. The core of this research is the elaboration of a theory of semantical duplication, and of an automated program analysis capable of detecting such duplication and which could steer, to some extent, automatic refactoring of program code.

关键词： logic programming program comprehension static program analysis code duplication code clone software engineering

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Analysis of Source code duplication in Ethreum Smart Contracts 28

Analysis of Source Code Duplication in Ethreum Smart Contrac...

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28th IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER)

作者： Pierro, Giuseppe Antonio Tonelli, Roberto Ctr Inria Lille Nord Europe Lille France Univ Cagliari Dept Math & Comp Sci Cagliari Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781728196305

The practice of writing smart contracts for the Ethereum blockchain is quite recent and still in development. A blockchain developer should expect constant changes in the security software field, as new bugs and security risks are discovered, and new good practices are developed. Following the security practices accepted in the blockchain community is not enough to ensure the writing of secure smart contracts. The paper aims to study the practice of code cloning among the smart contracts by analyzing two corpora. The first corpus, the "Smart-Corpus", includes smart contracts already deployed in the Ethereum blockchain. The second corpus, the "OpenZeppelin's Solidity Library", is supervised by a community of developers who constantly take care to increase the security and efficiency of the smart contracts included in the corpus. From the comparative analysis of the corpora, we observe that the smart contracts developers frequently duplicate the code by cloning already existing smart contracts which are not part of the "OpenZeppelin corpus". In particular, we found that 79.1% of smart contracts contain duplicated code and only 18.4% of smart contracts reuse the code by implementing a smart corpus belonging to the OpenZeppelin repository. The paper discusses the advantages and the disadvantages of code duplication in the Ethereum blockchain ecosystem, and suggests to refer to the smart contracts of the OpenZeppelin's Solidity Library. The Ethereum blockchain community can indeed benefit from using the tested code presented in OpenZeppelin's Solidity Library to increase its security.

关键词： code duplication smart contract Ethereum blockchain

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Dominance-Based duplication Simulation (DBDS) code duplication to Enable Compiler Optimizations 2018

Dominance-Based Duplication Simulation (DBDS) Code Duplicati...

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16th International Symposium on code Generation and Optimization (CGO)

作者： Leopoldseder, David Stadler, Lukas Wurthinger, Thomas Eisl, Josef Simon, Doug Moessenboeck, Hanspeter Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Linz Austria Oracle Labs Linz Austria Oracle Labs Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356176

Compilers perform a variety of advanced optimizations to improve the quality of the generated machine code. However, optimizations that depend on the data flow of a program are often limited by control-flow merges. code duplication can solve this problem by hoisting, i.e. duplicating, instructions from merge blocks to their predecessors. However, finding optimization opportunities enabled by duplication is a non-trivial task that requires compile-time intensive analysis. This imposes a challenge on modern (just-in-time) compilers: Duplicating instructions tentatively at every control flow merge is not feasible because excessive duplication leads to uncontrolled code growth and compile time increases. Therefore, compilers need to find out whether a duplication is beneficial enough to be performed. This paper proposes a novel approach to determine which duplication operations should be performed to increase performance. The approach is based on a duplication simulation that enables a compiler to evaluate different success metrics per potential duplication. Using this information, the compiler can then select the most promising candidates for optimization. We show how to map duplication candidates into an optimization cost model that allows us to trade-off between different success metrics including peak performance, code size and compile time. We implemented the approach on top of the GraalVM and evaluated it with the benchmarks Java DaCapo, Scala DaCapo, JavaScript Octane and a micro-benchmark suite, in terms of performance, compilation time and code size increase. We show that our optimization can reach peak performance improvements of up to 40% with a mean peak performance increase of 5.89%, while it generates a mean code size increase of 9.93% and mean compile time increase of 18.44%.

关键词： code duplication Tail duplication Compiler Optimizations Just-In-Time Compilation Virtual Machines

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code Clone Detection Techniques Based on Large Language Models

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IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 46136-46146页

作者： Almatrafi, Afnan A. Eassa, Fathy A. Sharaf, Sanaa A. King Abdulaziz Univ Fac Comp & Informat Technol Comp Sci Dept Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia Umm Al Qura Univ Jamoum Univ Coll Comp Dept Mecca 21955 Saudi Arabia

code duplication, commonly known as code cloning, is a persistent challenge in software development. While reusing code fragments boosts productivity, excessive cloning poses challenges to maintenance and elevates the risk of bugs. Therefore, integrating code clone detection into the development process is crucial. The extensive code-related knowledge inherent in Large Language Models (LLMs) renders them high-potential candidates for addressing diverse software engineering challenges. However, the effectiveness of LLMs in the specific task of code clone detection requires precise evaluation. This paper proposes an innovative methodology leveraging few-shot instruction-tuned GPT-3.5 Turbo and GPT-4 to detect code clones across all types, focusing on complex clones (Type-3 and Type-4). Unlike conventional approaches confined to specific language pairs or tasks, our method employs versatile language models, showcases generalization strengths for semantic understanding, and leverages instruction tuning with few-shot inference for task-specific adaptability in code clone detection. A conversational dataset was crafted from BigCloneBench for instruction tuning, enhancing task alignment and performance. This study evaluates the proficiency of LLMs in identifying code clones, analyzing the impact of instruction tuning, and assessing the efficiency across various clone types. Experimental results demonstrate these models achieving competitive performance against existing tools for overall and complex clone detection. Integration into an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) enables real-time detection and automated refactoring, bridging the gap between theoretical advancements and practical usability. This work highlights the potential of generalized LLMs setting a new standard in a field traditionally dominated by specialized tools and demonstrates their adaptability for complex challenges in code analysis and maintainability.

关键词： Clone detection code duplication fine-tuning fine-tuning instruction tuning instruction tuning large language models large language models natural language processing natural language processing transformers transformers transformers

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Using Machine Learning to Predict the code Size Impact of duplication Heuristics in a Dynamic Compiler 18

Using Machine Learning to Predict the Code Size Impact of Du...

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18th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Managed Programming Languages and Runtimes (MPLR)

作者： Mosaner, Raphael Leopoldseder, David Stadler, Lukas Moessenboeck, Hanspeter Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Linz Austria Oracle Labs Vienna Austria Oracle Labs Linz Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781450386753

code duplication is a major opportunity to enable optimizations in subsequent compiler phases. However, duplicating code prematurely or too liberally can result in tremendous code size increases. Thus, modern compilers use trade-offs between estimated costs in terms of code size increase and benefits in terms of performance increase. In the context of this ongoing research project, we propose the use of machine learning to provide trade-off functions with accurate predictions for code size impact. To evaluate our approach, we implemented a neural network predictor in the GraalVM compiler and compared its performance against a human-crafted, highly tuned heuristic. First results show promising performance improvements, leading to code size reductions of more than 10% for several benchmarks. Additionally, we present an assistance mode for finding flaws in the human-crafted heuristic, leading to improvements for the duplication optimization itself.

关键词： code duplication Machine Learning Neural Networks Regression Dynamic Compiler Optimization Heuristics

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Detecting code duplications in the NPM community

Detecting code duplications in the NPM community

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作者： Liu, Hanwen Virginia Tech | University

In the modern software development process, it has become a very mainstream practice to build software projects on top of third-party packages to simplify the development process. In this development method, it is quite common to copy existing code or files in other libraries instead of making regular calls. Although this approach can reduce the project’s dependence on other libraries and make the project more streamlined, it also causes difficulties in maintenance and understanding. The ignorance of code duplication by third-party library community can even be exploited for malicious purpose, such as typo-squatting attack. This paper serves as a starting point to analyze the growing code duplication issues surrounding third-party open source packages, and what is the root cause of code duplication. In this paper, I conducted code duplication-related research based on some popular packages in the third-party open source packages community, the NPM community, by using the tokenizer tool and the code comparison tool to compute the code similarity, quantitatively analyzed the prevalence of code duplication in the NPM community, and did some related experiments based on this similarity. In the experiments, I found that code duplication is very common in NPM community: 17.1% of all the files have 1-93 similar file in other package when the threshold of similar file is set to 0.5. 29.3% of all the packages has at least one "similar package" when the threshold of similar package is set to 0.5. In all the 951 similar package pairs, 33.9% of them, 323 package pairs comes from the same domain. The ultimate goal of this paper is to promote the awareness of the commonness and the importance of code duplication in the third-party package community and the reasonable use of code duplication by developers in the project development.

关键词： code duplication NPM Clustering code Similarity Thesis

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