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14th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Software engineering (TASE)

作者： Ding, Zuohua Zhang, Qingfen Jiang, Mingyue Zhejiang Sci Tech Univ Sch Informat Sci & Technol Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728140865

code search engines are widely used by software developers. However, due to the huge amount of data being processed as well as the lack of complete specifications, the testing of code search engines faces the oracle problem. Metamorphic testing (MT) is a well-known testing technique that is effective for alleviating the oracle problem. In this paper, we propose to apply MT to test code search engines. We first identify five metamorphic relations (MRs) by considering the characteristics of code search engines. Four MRs are defined based on the partial specifications of code search engines and thus are used for the purpose of verification, and the one MR identified from the users' perspective can he used to conduct validation. The approach is evaluated by conducting a series of experiments involving four popular code search engines (namely, Krugle, searchcode, sourcegraph and Zoekt), and one well-known code repository (namely, GitHub) that provides the code search services. The experimental results show that the abnormal behaviors of Krugle, searchcode, GitHub, and Zoekt have been successfully detected. By further inspecting the root causes of these abnormal behaviors, three critical issues related with the code search engines under investigation are identified and reported. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, and are also helpful for the users and developers to gain a deeper understanding about the code search engines.

关键词： Metamorphic testing code search engine metamorphic relation

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FACER: An API usage-based code-example recommender for opportunistic reuse

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EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE engineERING 2021年第6期26卷 110-110页

作者： Abid, Shamsa Shamail, Shafay Basit, Hamid Abdul Nadi, Sarah Lahore Univ Management Sci Lahore Pakistan Prince Sultan Univ Riyadh Saudi Arabia Univ Alberta Edmonton AB Canada

To save time, developers often search for code examples that implement their desired software features. Existing code search techniques typically focus on finding code snippets for a single given query, which means that developers need to perform a separate search for each desired functionality. In this paper, we propose FACER (F eature-driven A PI usage-based C ode E xamples R ecommender), a technique that avoids repeated searches through opportunistic reuse. Specifically, given the selected code snippet that matches the initial search query, FACER finds and suggests related code snippets that represent features that the developer may want to implement next. FACER first constructs a code fact repository by parsing the source code of open-source Java projects to obtain methods' textual information, call graphs, and Application Programming Interface (API) usages. It then detects unique features by clustering methods based on similar API usages, where each cluster represents a feature or functionality. Finally, it detects frequently co-occurring features across projects using frequent pattern mining and recommends related methods from the mined patterns. To evaluate FACER, we run it on 120 Java Android apps from GitHub. We first manually validate that the detected method clusters represent methods with similar functionality. We then perform an automated evaluation to determine the best parameters (e.g., similarity threshold) for FACER. We recruit 10 professional developers along with 39 experienced students to judge FACER's recommendation of related methods. Our results show that, on average, FACER's recommendations are 80% precise. We also survey a total of 20 professional Android and Java developers to understand their code search and reuse experiences, and also to obtain their feedback on the usability and usefulness of FACER. The survey results show that 95% of our surveyed professional developers find the idea of related method recommendations useful during code

关键词： code recommendation code search engine Software features API usage code clones

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Analyzing and mining a code search engine usage log

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EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE engineERING 2012年第4-5期17卷 424-466页

作者： Bajracharya, Sushil Krishna Lopes, Cristina Videira Univ Calif Irvine Dept Informat Donald Bren Sch Informat & Comp Sci Irvine CA 92697 USA

This paper presents an analysis of a year long usage log of Koders, the first commercially available Internet-Scale code search engine (http://***). The usage log comprises about ten million activities from more than three million users. Analysis of the usage data shows that despite of attracting a large number of visitors, Koders has a very sparse usage and that it lacks regular usage from many of its users. When compared to Web search, search behavior in Koders showed many similar patterns. A topic modeling analysis of the usage data shows what topics users of Koders are looking for. Observations on the prevalence of these topics among the users, and observations on how search and download activities vary across topics, lead to the conclusion that users who find code search engines usable are those who already know to a high level of specificity what to look for. This paper also presents a general categorization of these topics that provides insights on the different ways code search engine users express their queries. It identifies various forms of queries in Koders's log and the kinds of results addressed by the queries. It also provides several suggestions for improvements in code search engines based on the analysis of usage, topics, and query forms. The work presented in this paper is the first of its kind that reveals several insights on the usage of an Internet-Scale code search engine.

关键词： code search engine Usage log analysis Mining topics

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Siamese: scalable and incremental code clone search via multiple code representations

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EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE engineERING 2019年第4期24卷 2236-2284页

作者： Ragkhitwetsagul, Chaiyong Krinke, Jens Mahidol Univ Fac Informat & Commun Technol 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd Salaya 73170 Nakhon Pathom Thailand UCL Dept Comp Sci Ctr Res Evolut Search & Testing Gower St London WC1E 6BT England

This paper presents a novel code clone search technique that is accurate, incremental, and scalable to hundreds of million lines of code. Our technique incorporates multiple code representations (i.e., a technique to transform code into various representations to capture different types of clones), query reduction (i.e., a technique to select clone search keywords based on their uniqueness), and a customised ranking function (i.e., a technique to allow a specific clone type to be ranked on top of the search results) to improve clone search performance. We implemented the technique in a clone search tool, called Siamese, and evaluated its search accuracy and scalability on three established clone data sets. Siamese offers the highest mean average precision of 95% and 99% on two clone benchmarks compared to seven state-of-the-art clone detection tools, and reported the largest number of Type-3 clones compared to three other code search engines. Siamese is scalable and can return cloned code snippets within 8 seconds for a code corpus of 365 million lines of code. Using an index of 130,719 GitHub projects, we demonstrate that Siamese's incremental indexing capability dramatically decreases the index preparation time for large-scale data sets with multiple releases of software projects. The paper discusses the applications of Siamese to facilitate software development and research with two use cases including online code clone detection and clone search with automated license analysis.

关键词： code clone search code search engine

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On Understanding How Developers Use the Spotter search Tool 3

On Understanding How Developers Use the Spotter Search Tool

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3rd IEEE Working Conference on Software Visualization (VISSOFT)

作者： Kubelka, Juraj Bergel, Alexandre Chis, Andrei Girba, Tudor Reichhart, Stefan Robbes, Romain Syrel, Aliaksei Univ Chile Dept Comp Sci DCC PLEIAD Lab Santiago Chile Univ Bern Software Composit Grp CH-3012 Bern Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781467375269

Analyzing how software engineers use the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is essential to better understanding how engineers carry out their daily tasks. SPOTTER is a code search engine for the Pharo programming language. Since its inception, SPOTTER has been rapidly and broadly adopted within the Pharo community. However, little is known about how practitioners employ SPOTTER to search and navigate within the Pharo code base. This paper evaluates how software engineers use SPOTTER in practice. To achieve this, we remotely gather user actions called events. These events are then visually rendered using an adequate navigation tool chain. Sequences of events are represented using a visual alphabet. We found a number of usage patterns and identified underused SPOTTER features. Such findings are essential for improving SPOTTER.

关键词： programming environments programming languages search engines software engineering Integrated Development Environment PHARO IDE Pharo programming language SPOTTER search tool code search engine navigation tool chain usage patterns Computers Data visualization Image color analysis Navigation Software Terminology Visualization Software engineering IDE search engines image colour analysis programming environments Computer Programming Languages Data visualisation navigation terminology Computers Visualization computer software Developers

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API Specification-Based Function search engine Using Natural Language Query

API Specification-Based Function Search Engine Using Natural...

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International Conference on IEEE Computing, Management and Telecommunications (IEEE ComManTel)

作者： DinhHuy Tran HuaPhung Nguyen Ho Chi Minh City Univ Technol Fac Comp Sci & Engn Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

ISBN: (纸本)9781467320887;9781467320870

Programmers nearly always use existing functions while developing their applications. However, the functions have grown more numerous and more diverse while the applications have grown more dependent on them. Thus, it's difficult for programmers to find what functions they want and know how to call those functions [1]. This paper present two novel approaches to address these problems. The first is the approach to find right functions based on the API specification. This approach can search suitable functions by their functionalities described in the API specification. The second is approach to automatically generate code for "function call". In the second approach, programmer can call a function by natural language query. We have implemented a function search engine for Java, called FSE. Besides, we have also performed some evaluations to demonstrate that FSE is better than the existing online search engines in precision and recall.

关键词： code search engine API specification software reuse natural language processing

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Typestate-Based Semantic code search over Partial Programs 12

Typestate-Based Semantic Code Search over Partial Programs

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ACM International Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications

作者： Mishne, Alon Shoham, Sharon Yahav, Eran Technion Israel Inst Technol IL-32000 Haifa Israel Tel Aviv Yaffo Acad Coll Tel Aviv Israel

ISBN: (纸本)9781450315616

We present a novel code search approach for answering queries focused on API-usage with code showing how the API should be used. To construct a search index, we develop new techniques for statically mining and consolidating temporal API specifications from code snippets. In contrast to existing semantic-based techniques, our approach handles partial programs in the form of code snippets. Handling snippets allows us to consume code from various sources such as parts of open source projects, educational resources (e.g. tutorials), and expert code sites. To handle code snippets, our approach (i) extracts a possibly partial temporal specification from each snippet using a relatively precise static analysis tracking a generalized notion of typestate, and (ii) consolidates the partial temporal specifications, combining consistent partial information to yield consolidated temporal specifications, each of which captures a full(er) usage scenario. To answer a search query, we define a notion of relaxed inclusion matching a query against temporal specifications and their corresponding code snippets. We have implemented our approach in a tool called PRIME and applied it to search for API usage of several challenging APIs. PRIME was able to analyze and consolidate thousands of snippets per tested API, and our results indicate that the combination of a relatively precise analysis and consolidation allowed PRIME to answer challenging queries effectively.

关键词： Algorithms Verification Specification Mining Static Analysis Typestate code search engine Ranking code Samples

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Alattin: mining alternative patterns for defect detection

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AUTOMATED SOFTWARE engineERING 2011年第3-4期18卷 293-323页

作者： Thummalapenta, Suresh Xie, Tao N Carolina State Univ Dept Comp Sci Raleigh NC 27695 USA IBM Res Corp Bangalore Karnataka India

To improve software quality, static or dynamic defect-detection tools accept programming rules as input and detect their violations in software as defects. As these programming rules are often not well documented in practice, previous work developed various approaches that mine programming rules as frequent patterns from program source code. Then these approaches use static or dynamic defect-detection techniques to detect pattern violations in source code under analysis. However, these existing approaches often produce many false positives due to various factors. To reduce false positives produced by these mining approaches, we develop a novel approach, called Alattin, that includes new mining algorithms and a technique for detecting neglected conditions based on our mining algorithm. Our new mining algorithms mine patterns in four pattern formats: conjunctive, disjunctive, exclusive-disjunctive, and combinations of these patterns. We show the benefits and limitations of these four pattern formats with respect to false positives and false negatives among detected violations by applying those patterns to the problem of detecting neglected conditions.

关键词： Alternative patterns Static defect detection Mining software engineering data code search engine

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