BackgroundIn European Union countries, any disease affecting less than 5 people in 10,000 is considered rare. As expertise is scarce and rare diseases (RD) are complex, RD patients can remain undiagnosed for many year...
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BackgroundIn European Union countries, any disease affecting less than 5 people in 10,000 is considered rare. As expertise is scarce and rare diseases (RD) are complex, RD patients can remain undiagnosed for many years. The period of searching for a diagnosis, called diagnostic delay, sometimes leads to a diagnostic dead end when the patient's disease is impossible to diagnose after undergoing all available investigations. In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to support the implementation of ORPHA nomenclature in health information systems (HIS) so as to allow RD coding. Until recently, the nomenclature only encompassed codes for specific RD. Persons suffering from a suspected RD who could not be diagnosed even after full investigation, could not be coded with ORPHAcodes. The recognition of the RD status is necessary for patients, even if they do not have a precise diagnosis. It can facilitate reimbursement of care, be socially and psychologically empowering, and grant them access to scientific *** RD-CODE project aimed at making those patients identifiable in HIS in order to produce crucial epidemiological data. Undiagnosed patients were defined as patients for whom no clinically-known disorder could be confirmed by an expert center after all reasonable efforts to obtain a diagnosis according to the state-of-the-art and diagnostic capabilities available. Three recommendations for the coding of undiagnosed RD patients were produced by a multi-stakeholder panel of experts: 1/ Capture the diagnostic ascertainment for all rare disease cases;2/ Use the newly created ORPHAcode (ORPHA:616874 "Rare disorder without a determined diagnosis after full investigation"), available in the Orphanet nomenclature: as the code is new, guidelines are essential to ensure its correct and homogeneous use for undiagnosed patients' identification in Europe and beyond;3/ Use additional descriptors in *** recommendations can now be implement
Under the assumption that there exists an elementary embedding J:L(Vlambda+1)-->L(Vlambda+1) cr(omega)(J)=lambda (henceforth abbreviated as WA(lambda)) and in particular under ZF+DC<lambda+WA(lambda)+V=L(V lambd...
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Under the assumption that there exists an elementary embedding J:L(Vlambda+1)-->L(Vlambda+1) cr(omega)(J)=lambda (henceforth abbreviated as WA(lambda)) and in particular under ZF+DCcoding Lemma for L(V lambda+1) and find certain versions of it which are equivalent to strong regularity of cardinals below Theta of L(V lambda+1). We also prove that a stronger version of the coding Lemma holds for a stationary set of ordinals below Theta.
In recent literature, there exist many high-performance wavelet coders that use different spatially adaptive coding techniques in order to exploit the spatial energy compaction property of the wavelet transform. Two c...
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In recent literature, there exist many high-performance wavelet coders that use different spatially adaptive coding techniques in order to exploit the spatial energy compaction property of the wavelet transform. Two crucial issues in adaptive methods are the level of flexibility and the coding efficiency achieved while modeling different image regions and allocating bitrate within the wavelet subbands. In this paper, we introduce the "spherical coder," which provides a new adaptive framework for handling these issues in a simple and effective manner. The coder uses local energy as a direct measure to differentiate between parts of the wavelet subband and to decide how to allocate the available bitrate. As local energy becomes available at finer resolutions, i.e., in smaller size windows, the coder automatically updates its decisions about how to spend the bitrate. We use a hierarchical set of variables to specify and code the local energy up to the highest resolution, i.e., the energy of individual wavelet coefficients. The overall scheme is nonredundant, meaning that the subband information is conveyed using this equivalent set of variables without the need for any side parameters. Despite its simplicity, the algorithm produces PSNR results that are competitive with the state-of-art coders in literature.
The identification of plant species using spectrometry is utilized in various applications. Some researchers have reported the success of using the reflectance spectrum along with its derivatives and their coding to i...
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The identification of plant species using spectrometry is utilized in various applications. Some researchers have reported the success of using the reflectance spectrum along with its derivatives and their coding to identify different Phenomena, including plants. In this study, based on these parameters, we developed a new method to improve the accuracy of identifying plant species. Two experimental datasets (LOPEX and ANGERS) containing the leaf reflectance spectrum of different plant species from different families were used. The proposed method includes two main stages. In the first stage, the unique regions of wavelengths were found for each plant family. By comparing an unknown species with each family only in the specified regions and coding results with the innovative coding method named coding Based on Selected Threshold (CBSeT) and used similarity criteria, the family of unknown specie is determined. In the second step, similarly unique regions were found to separate the species within a family from each other using species standard deviation analysis, and the type of unknown species was similarly identified. The obtained results for the identification of plant species of unknown spectra show the accuracies of 91.66% and 90% for the proposed method with Similarity coding Index (SCI) and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) criteria respectively. These numbers are more acceptable results compared to the other reflectance coding methods such as Spectral analysis manager (SPAM), Spectral feature-based binary coding (SFBC), Spectral derivative feature coding (SDFC), Spectral feature probabilistic coding (SFPC) with 38%, 37%, 29%, and 20% of accuracies improvement respectively.
Voice is one of the oldest telecommunications services and remains the most ubiquitous. Despite the longevity of voice services, and huge investment in development over many decades, the baseline characteristics of te...
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Voice is one of the oldest telecommunications services and remains the most ubiquitous. Despite the longevity of voice services, and huge investment in development over many decades, the baseline characteristics of telecommunications speech have remained unchanged for many decades - namely, narrowband audio with a bandwidth of 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz. With an arguably mundane legacy one might question whether voice will ultimately lose out to other forms of so-called rich media. This paper shows that voice, enhanced by wideband coding technology is far from passe. Rather, voice continues to complement the other media types that augment it to offer the user a more natural communications experience.
A function-pipelined architecture is presented for MPEG video image coding. Also, based on a 0.8um SPDM CMOS technology, a VLSI chip has been designed and implemented for such an architecture. The chip consists of 43,...
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A function-pipelined architecture is presented for MPEG video image coding. Also, based on a 0.8um SPDM CMOS technology, a VLSI chip has been designed and implemented for such an architecture. The chip consists of 43,066 transistors and has a die size of 6,673um x 5,260um (or 0.36 cm(2)). In the future, with such a VLSI chip, a coding processor will be developed for improving the performance of the MPEG video encoding system under development.
International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD-10) codes record hospital admissions. We aimed to measure the accuracy of COPD exacerbation (ECOPD) codes and examine coding practices for COPD exacerbation. Prospective...
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International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD-10) codes record hospital admissions. We aimed to measure the accuracy of COPD exacerbation (ECOPD) codes and examine coding practices for COPD exacerbation. Prospective screening and ICD-10 codes were used to identify potential ECOPD within the DECAF internal validation cohort. Two coding searches were performed. The first search identified patients with an ECOPD discharge code, and a second, broad search was developed to identify all clinically confirmed ECOPD. 717 of 1,122 (64%) patients with an ECOPD code had confirmed ECOPD. Common reasons for misclassification in the 405 patients who did not have an ECOPD included: lack of obstructive spirometry to diagnose COPD;and hospital admission due to progressive malignancy, asthma or cardiovascular disease. The broad search identified an additional 297 patients with ECOPD missed by the ECOPD codes. The vast majority of this group had pneumonia complicating ECOPD. ECOPD codes are insufficiently reliable to identify patients with clinically confirmed ECOPD for the purposes of audit or research. Search strategies should include pneumonia codes, specialist review of medical notes and spirometry confirmation of COPD.
A new scheme of test data compression based on run-length, namely equal-run-length coding (ERLC) is presented. It is based on both types of runs of 0's and 1's and explores the relationship between two consecu...
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A new scheme of test data compression based on run-length, namely equal-run-length coding (ERLC) is presented. It is based on both types of runs of 0's and 1's and explores the relationship between two consecutive runs. It uses a shorter codeword to represent the whole second run of two equal length consecutive runs. A scheme for filling the don't-care bits is proposed to maximize the number of consecutive equal-length runs. Compared with other already known schemes, the proposed scheme achieves higher compression ratio with low area overhead. The merits of the proposed algorithm are experimentally verified on the larger examples of the ISCAS89 benchmark circuits. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Optical wireless communication (OWC) is an age-long technology, which is based on optical data transmission through free space, and it can be implemented in both indoor and outdoor applications. Asymmetrically clipped...
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Optical wireless communication (OWC) is an age-long technology, which is based on optical data transmission through free space, and it can be implemented in both indoor and outdoor applications. Asymmetrically clipped DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ADO-OFDM) is a modulation scheme that can be utilized in indoor OWC systems. It is based on transmitting DC-biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) for even-frequency subcarriers and asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) for odd-frequency subcarriers. The ADO-OFDM exhibits better optical power performance than those of the conventional ACO-OFDM and DCO-OFDM. The main disadvantage of ADO-OFDM is the clipping noise, which mainly affects the even subcarriers. So, in this paper, convolutional and turbo coding techniques are investigated to improve the bit error rate performance of the ADO-OFDM over Additive white Gaussian noise and diffuse channels. Simulation results show that the proposed coded ADO-OFDM using convolutional and turbo coding techniques achieves significantly lower BERs compared to that of the uncoded ADO-OFDM. In addition, turbo-coded ADO-OFDM gives the best BER performance.
Purpose: To identify differential cellular responses after proton and photon irradiation by comparing transcriptomes of primary fibroblasts irradiated with either radiation type. Methods and Materials: A panel of prim...
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Purpose: To identify differential cellular responses after proton and photon irradiation by comparing transcriptomes of primary fibroblasts irradiated with either radiation type. Methods and Materials: A panel of primary dermal fibroblast cultures was irradiated with low and higher linear energy transfer (LET) proton beams. Cobalt-60 photon irradiation was used as reference. Dose was delivered in 3 fractions of 3.5 Gy (relative biological effectiveness) using a relative biological effectiveness of 1.1 for proton doses. Cells were harvested 2 hours after the final fraction was delivered, and RNA was purified. RNA sequencing was performed using Illumina NextSeq 500 with high-output kit. The edgeR package in R was used for differential gene expression analysis. Results: Pairwise comparisons of the transcriptomes in the 3 treatment groups showed that there were 84 and 56 differentially expressed genes in the low LET group compared with the Cobalt-60 group and the higher LET group, respectively. The higher LET proton group and the Cobalt-60 group had the most distinct transcriptome profiles, with 725 differentially regulated genes. Differentially regulated canonical pathways and various regulatory factors involved in regulation of biological mechanisms such as inflammation, carcinogenesis, and cell cycle control were identified. Conclusions: Inflammatory regulators associated with the development of normal tissue complications and malignant transformation factors seem to be differentially regulated by higher LET proton and Cobalt-60 photon irradiation. The reported transcriptome differences could therefore influence the progression of adverse effects and the risk of developing secondary cancers. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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