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Polarization dependent 1-bit coding metamaterial for radar cross section reduction in microwave frequency applications

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AIN SHAMS ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2024年第1期15卷

作者： Ramachandran, Tayaallen Faruque, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia Space Sci Ctr ANGKASA Bangi 43600 Selangor Malaysia

The main focus of this investigation was the construction of three kinds of distinctive structures, such as conventional coding metamaterial, tailored metamaterial, and combined coding metamaterial designs at lower microwave frequencies. All of the 1-bit coding metamaterial designs imitate coding particles with 0 degrees and 180 degrees phase responses. In order to achieve the appropriate resonance frequencies and phase response features, this work adopted a square split-ring resonator design. The proposed element '1' exhibits resonance frequencies at 1.43, 3.46, 4.41, 5.60, 6.03, and 7.33 GHz respectively. Alongside this, more than 180 degrees phase difference ranges are satisfactorily manifested, likely at 3.10 to 3.67 GHz and 5.58 to 6.43 GHz, respectively. Analysis of each proposed design was carried out in terms of its scattering parameter properties, monostatic Radar Cross-Section (RCS), and bistatic RCS scattering patterns. In essence, different functionality can be attained via a composite metamaterial design with a unique configuration that affects electromagnetic waves.(c) 2023 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/).

关键词： coding metamaterial CST Electromagnetic HFSS Radar cross-section Tailored metamaterial

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Multiobjective Optimization of coding metamaterial for Low-Profile and Broadband Microwave Absorber

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IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS 2024年第1期23卷 379-383页

作者： Liu, Sixing Pei, Changbao Khan, Lubna Wang, Hao Tao, Shifei Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol Sch Elect & Opt Engn Nanjing 210000 Peoples R China

The design of a multilayer coding metamaterial absorber (MCMMA) is a multiobjective problem for maximizing the electromagnetic absorption bandwidth (EAB) and minimizing the total thickness by selecting the optimum variables such as the configuration parameters and the resistive film distribution of the metamaterial unit cell. Empirical methods and parameter sweeping have local search problems and converge slowly. In this letter, a multi-objective optimization method is proposed for a low-profile and broadband MCMMA design. A topological encoding strategy is presented for the resistive film distribution where a 10x10-pixel array is divided into five parts with the real-valued representation. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is employed to globally search for the combination of the resistive film distribution, geometrical, and material parameters. With an EAB of 142.68%, the designedMCMMArealizes microwave absorption bandwidth covering 7.24-43.28 GHz with only 4.05 mm, which is further fabricated and measured. The experimental result agrees well with the simulation result. This letter provides a valuable method for designing a low-profile and broadband MCMMA, thereby paving the way for coding metamaterials.

关键词： Encoding Absorption metamaterials Topology Broadband communication Broadband antennas Sorting coding metamaterial multilayer microwave absorber multiobjective optimization

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Reduction of Radar Cross Section by Adopting Symmetrical coding metamaterial Design for Terahertz Frequency Applications

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MATERIALS 2023年第3期16卷 1030-1030页

作者： Ramachandran, Tayaallen Faruque, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Singh, Mandeep Singh Jit Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin Salman, Mohammad Youssef, Ahmed A. F. Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia Inst Climate Change IPI Space Sci Ctr ANGKASA Bangi 43600 Malaysia Sunway Univ Ctr Appl Phys & Radiat Technol Sch Engn & Technol Petaling Jaya 47500 Petaling Jaya Malaysia Daffodil Int Univ Fac Sci & Informat Technol Dept Gen Educ Dev DIU Rd Dhaka 1341 Bangladesh Amer Univ Middle East Coll Engn & Technol Egaila 54200 Kuwait

This work focused on the novel and compact 1-bit symmetrical coding-based metamaterial for radar cross section reduction in terahertz frequencies. A couple of coding particles were constructed to impersonate the elements '0 ' and '1 ', which have phase differences of 180 degrees. All the analytical simulations were performed by adopting Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio 2019 software. Moreover, the transmission coefficient of the element '1 ' was examined as well by adopting similar software and validated by a high-frequency structure simulator. Meanwhile, the frequency range from 0 to 3 THz was set in this work. The phase response properties of each element were examined before constructing various coding metamaterial designs in smaller and bigger lattices. The proposed unit cells exhibit phase responses at 0.84 THz and 1.54 THz, respectively. Meanwhile, the analysis of various coding sequences was carried out and they manifest interesting monostatic and bistatic radar cross section (RCS) reduction performances. The coding Sequence 2 manifests the best bistatic RCS reduction values in smaller lattices, which reduced from -69.8 dBm(2) to -65.5 dBm(2) at 1.54 THz. On the other hand, the monostatic RCS values for all lattices have an inclined line until they reach a frequency of 1.0 THz from more than -60 dBm(2). However, from the 1.0 THz to 3.0 THz frequency range the RCS values have moderate discrepancies among the horizontal line for each lattice. Furthermore, two parametric studies were performed to examine the RCS reduction behaviour, for instance, multi-layer structures and as well tilt positioning of the proposed coding metamaterial. Overall it indicates that the integration of coding-based metamaterial successfully reduced the RCS values.

关键词： coding metamaterial coding particles lattice radar cross section

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Impact of compact and novel 1-Bit coding based metamaterial design for microwave absorption applications

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JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2022年 563卷

作者： Ramachandran, Tayaallen Faruque, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal UKM Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia Inst Climate Change IPI Space Sci CtrANGKASA Bangi 43600 Selangor Malaysia

This work investigates compact 1-bit coding metamaterial for microwave absorption applications. The coding metamaterial act as a technologically advanced development that has been investigated widely in many application fields. The 1-bit coding metamaterial is composed of couples of unit cells, with 0 and pi phase responses, which are known as '0 ' and '1 ' coding particles, respectively. By coding '0 ' and '1 ' elements with controlled sequences, the electromagnetic (EM) waves can be manipulated and realize different functionalities. Therefore, it has a high possibility to be applied for the microwave absorption application to optimize the outcomes by adopting a simple coding sequence construction method. All the simulation analyses were performed by utilizing well-known Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Firstly, the unit cells of coding metamaterial design were analyzed by the phase response properties to identify the materials with 0 and 180 degrees responses. Meanwhile, the phase response properties of the proposed design were validated by simulating in HighFrequency Simulation Software (HFSS). Once, the '0 ' and '1 ' elements are selected, the proposed elements were used to perform parametric studies such as, various coding sequences with a diverse number of lattices on absorption applications and as well the radar cross-section (RCS) properties. The monostatic and bistatic scattering patterns RCS of the proposed coding metamaterial based on the number of lattices were examined as well. Initially, the 4 lattices successfully manifest three absorption peak points with the highest values of 90.1 %. However, this result was optimized by slightly increasing the number of lattices. Thus, the 8 lattices coding metamaterial design exhibit the highest absorption value, for instance, 99.4 %. Meanwhile, the 12 lattices design successfully manifests 9 absorption peak points in the range between 15 and 22.35 GHz. Moreover, for the validation purpose, the absor

关键词： Absorption coding metamaterial Lattices Phase Response Radar Cross-section

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Wideband coding metamaterial with Polarization Insensitivity

Wideband Coding Metamaterial with Polarization Insensitivity

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IEEE International Conference on Computing, Communications and IoT Applications (IEEE ComComAp)

作者： Huang, Hui-fen Luo, Bo South China Univ Technol Sch Elect & Informat Engn Guangzhou Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728119731

In this paper, a wideband coding metamaterial (CDM) is proposed for radar cross-section (RCS) Reduction. The proposed coding units have three advantages: (1) Simple design. Dual-polarized '0' and '1' coding elements (CEs)are realized by a pair of rectangle patch over 7-14.6 GHz (bandwidth 70%). The '0' and '1' CEs represent reflected phases 0 degrees and 180 degrees, respectively. (2) The proposed metamaterial is insensitive to dielectric and metal environment. The above advantages are explained by the following analysis: the key parameters for the 180 degrees phase difference, the bistatic RCS reduction, and the environment effect. This metasurface may achieve potential applications on low-scattering vehicle.

关键词： coding metamaterial Radar Cross-Section Wide incidence angle

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Development and Analysis of coding and Tailored metamaterial for Terahertz Frequency Applications

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MATERIALS 2022年第8期15卷 2777-2777页

作者： Ramachandran, Tayaallen Faruque, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Islam, Mohammad Tariqul Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin Alqahtani, Amal Bradley, D. A. Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia Space Sci Ctr ANGKASA Inst Climate Change IPI Bangi 43600 Malaysia Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia Dept Elect Elect & Syst Engn Bangi 43600 Malaysia Sunway Univ Ctr Appl Phys & Radiat Technol Sch Engn & Technol Bandar Sunway 47500 Malaysia Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ Dept Basic Sci Deanship Preparatory Year & Supporting Studies Dammam 34212 Saudi Arabia Univ Surrey Ctr Nucl & Radiat Phys Dept Phys Guildford GU2 7XH Surrey England

This study represents the development and analysis of the types of metamaterial structures for terahertz frequency. Recently, investigations about unique coding metamaterial have become well-known among the scientific community since it can manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves by utilizing various coding sequences. Therefore, several coding and tailored metamaterial designs were compared and numerically analyzed the performances in this research work. The 1-bit coding metamaterial made up of only "0" and "1" elements by adopting two types of unit cells with 0 and pi phase responses were analyzed for the coding metamaterial. Moreover, for the numerical simulation analyses, the well-known Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software was adopted. This investigation focused on the frequency ranges from 0 to 5 THz. On the other hand, the proposed designs were simulated to find their scattering parameter behavior. The comparison of coding and tailored metamaterial revealed slight differences in the RCS values. The coding metamaterial designs manifested RCS values less than -50 dBm(2), while tailored metamaterial designs exhibited less than -60 dBm(2). Furthermore, the proposed designs displayed various transmission coefficient result curves for both types of metamaterial. Moreover, the bistatic far-field scattering patterns of both metamaterial designs were presented in this work. In a nutshell, the 1-bit coding metamaterial with a unique sequence can influence the EM waves and realize different functionalities.

关键词： CST coding metamaterial radar-cross section silicon tailored metamaterial terahertz frequency

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Design of 2-Bit Single Linearly Polarized Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for Single-Beam/Multibeam Scanning

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IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS 2024年第8期23卷 2366-2370页

作者： Chen, Yongji Ren, Jian Li, Puchu Ren, Xuenan Wang, Jiangang Zhang, Shun Yin, Yingzeng Xidian Univ Natl Key Lab Antennas & Microwave Technol Xian 710071 Peoples R China China Blarus Belt & Rd Joint Lab Electromagnet Env Taiyuan 030051 Peoples R China Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xian 710071 Peoples R China

Single-beam/multibeam scanning is a key technology in modern wireless communications, where extensive works have been devoted to improving the performance of devices, such as the coverage capability. In this letter, a 2-bit single-polarization reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) for single-beam and multibeam radiation in the far field is proposed. Two diodes are loaded onto a trapezoidal patch, utilizing a four-layer printed circuit board (PCB) structure to construct independent control of 2-bit phase discretization, easy to manufacture. To enlarge the beam scanning range of the RIS, the cell period is designed as 0.41 lambda. Each p-i-n diode is independently controlled by the field-programmable gate array (FPGA), enabling real-time 2-D beam scanning. For demonstration, the prototype of the RIS is fabricated and measured, which is formed of 16 x 16 units and operates at 3.5 GHz. The far-field radiation patterns corresponding to single-beam and multibeam radiation are measured in the microwave chamber and the scanning beams with range of +/- 60 degrees are also measured. In the direction of theta = 0 degrees, phi = 0 degrees, the RIS has a gain as high as 21.3 dBi, the sidelobe level is less than -11 dB, and the cross polarization is lower than -30 dB.

关键词： 2-bit coding metamaterial multibeam forming reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)

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All-logical processing based on plasmonic coding metamaterials and multi-objective optimization

All-logical processing based on plasmonic coding metamateria...

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Conference on AOPC - Optoelectronics and Nanophotonics

作者： Dan, Yihang Fan, Zeyang Zhang, Tian Sun, Xiaojuan Xu, Kun Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun State Key Lab Informat Photon & Opt Commun Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Sci Beijing 100876 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510650008;9781510649996

Plasmonic devices are considered as a potential platform to realize highly integrated photonic circuits. Optical logic gates are fundamental computing and light-controlling elements in optical circuits and optical computing, and many plasmonic logic gates have been studied. However, these devices can only realize single or several specific logical operations. In this work, we propose a multiport plasmonic system to realize all- logical processing based on coding metamaterials (CMs) and inverse design. We utilize nondominated sorting genetic algorithm- II to optimize the distributions of CMs. After optimization, the simulation results exhibit that all types of logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR) can be obtained with the operating wavelength of 1.31 mu m and a small footprint (0.8x1.1 mu m(2)). Moreover, the extinction ratio between logical "1" and "0" states exceeds 20 dB for OR, NOT, XNOR and XOR logic gates.

关键词： Plasmonic devices inverse design optical logic gate coding metamaterial

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Design and Analysis of Multi-Layer and Cuboid coding metamaterials for Radar Cross-Section Reduction

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MATERIALS 2022年第12期15卷 4282-4282页

作者： Ramachandran, Tayaallen Faruque, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Islam, Mohammad Tariqul Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin Tamam, Nissren Sulieman, Abdelmoneim Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia Inst Climate Change IPI Space Sci Ctr ANGKASA Bangi 43600 Selangor Malaysia Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia Dept Elect Elect & Syst Engn Bangi 43600 Selangor Malaysia Sunway Univ Sch Engn & Technol Ctr Appl Phys & Radiat Technol Bandar Sunway Petaling Jaya 47500 Selangor Malaysia Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman Univ Coll Sci Dept Phys POB 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz Univ Dept Radiol & Med Imaging Alkharj 16278 Saudi Arabia

This research aimed to develop coding metamaterials to reduce the Radar Cross-Section (RCS) values in C- and Ku-band applications. metamaterials on the macroscopic scale are commonly defined by effective medium parameters and are categorized as analogue. Therefore, coding metamaterials with various multi-layer and cuboid designs were proposed and investigated. A high-frequency electromagnetic simulator known as computer simulation technology was utilised throughout a simulation process. A one-bit coding metamaterial concept was adopted throughout this research that possesses '0' and '1' elements with 0 and pi phase responses. Analytical simulation analyses were performed by utilising well-known Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Moreover, a validation was executed via a comparison of the phase-response properties of both elements with the analytical data from the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. As a result, promising outcomes wherein several one-bit coding designs for multi-layer or coding metamaterials manifested unique results, which almost reached 0 dBm(2) RCS reduction values. Meanwhile, coding metamaterial designs with larger lattices exhibited optimised results and can be utilised for larger-scale applications. Moreover, the coding metamaterials were validated by performing several framework and optimal characteristic analyses in C- and Ku-band applications. Due to the ability of coding metamaterials to manipulate electromagnetic waves to obtain different functionalities, it has a high potential to be applied to a wide range of applications. Overall, the very interesting coding metamaterials with many different sizes and shapes help to achieve a unique RCS-reduction performance.

关键词： coding metamaterial electromagnetic waves phase response Radar Cross-Section

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Broadband microwave coding absorber using genetic algorithm

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OPTICAL MATERIALS 2024年 147卷

作者： Pham-Van, Dien Tran-Manh, Cuong Bui-Huu, Nguyen Pham-Phuong, An Ta-Minh-Tuan, Anh Pham-Hoang, Duong Vu-Minh, Tu Nguyen-Anh, Dung Do-Hoang, Tung Bui-Xuan, Khuyen Bui-Son, Tung Pham-van, Vinh Vu-Dinh, Lam Pham-Van, Hai Hanoi Natl Univ Educ Dept Phys 136 Xuan Thuy Rd Hanoi 100000 Vietnam Mil Acad Logist Hanoi 100000 Vietnam Hanoi Univ Min & Geol Dept Phys 18 Pho Vien Hanoi 100000 Vietnam Vietnam Acad Sci & Technol Inst Phys 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Hanoi 100000 Vietnam Vietnam Acad Sci & Technol Inst Mat Sci 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Hanoi 100000 Vietnam Vietnam Natl Univ VNU Univ Engn & Technol Fac Engn Phys & Nanotechnol 144 Xuan Thuy Hanoi 10000 Vietnam Grad Univ Sci & Technol Vietnam Acad Sci & Technol 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Hanoi 100000 Vietnam

Microwave absorbers play a crucial role in various applications, including radar cross-section reduction, electromagnetic interference suppression, and stealth technology. However, designing a metamaterial absorber with broadband, polarization-independent, and wide-angle absorption characteristics remains a significant challenge. In this work, we study a design of a broadband, polarization-independent microwave coding metamaterial absorber using a genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the topology of unit cells to achieve an average absorption of approximately 95% across an extensive frequency range of 17-26 GHz. The designed absorber maintains its high absorption performance for incident angles up to 50 degrees and is unaffected by the polarization of the incident wave. Preliminary experimental results appear to support the numerical and theoretical analysis. Moreover, the proposed topological optimization method can be extended to design absorbers quickly and efficiently, paving the way for the development of advanced microwave devices and applications.

关键词： coding metamaterial Broadband metamaterial absorbers Polarization-independent Genetic algorithm

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