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IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2010)

作者： Di Renzo, Marco Haas, Harald Univ Paris 11 Lab Signals & Syst L2SSUPELEC Ecole Super Elect SUPELECL2S French Natl Ctr Sci Res CNRSCNRSUniv Paris Sud 3 Rue Joliot Curie F-91192 Paris France Univ Edinburgh Coll Sci and Engn Edinburgh EH9 3JL Midlothian Scotland

ISBN: (纸本)9781424456383

Spatial Modulation (SM) is a recently proposed joint coding and modulation scheme for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless systems, which is receiving a growing interest. SM offers a low-complexity alternative to the design of MIMO wireless systems, which avoids multiple Radio Frequency (RF) chains at the transmitter and high-complexity interference cancelation algorithms at the receiver, but still guarantees a multiplexing gain that only depends on the number of antennas at the transmitter. This makes this technology especially suitable for the downlink with low-complexity mobile units. So far, the feasibility and performance of SM have been assessed and studied only for point-to-point communication systems, i.e., the single-user scenario. However, the performance achievable by the vast majority of wireless communication networks is interference limited, due to the simultaneous transmission of various users over the same physical wireless channel. Therefore, the adoption of SM in the next generation of wireless communication systems requires a deep understanding of its performance over interference channels. Motivated by this consideration, in this paper we study the performance of SM over the reference multiple-access fading channel composed by two transmitters and one receiver. Two detectors at the receiver are studied, i.e., the single- and the multi-user detector. In particular, analysis and Monte Carlo simulations show that the single- user detector does not offer, in general, good error performance for arbitrary channel conditions, while the multi-user detector achieves error performance very close to the single-user lower-bound. These results clearly highlight that SM can be adopted for enabling data transmission over multiple-access fading channels as well.

关键词： MIMO communication MIMO wireless systems Monte Carlo methods Monte Carlo simulations Rayleigh channels SSK modulation coding scheme encoding interference cancelation algorithms interference suppression low-complexity mobile units modulation modulation sch

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Paper or Pixel? Comparing Paper- and Tool-Based Participatory Design Approaches 15th

Paper or Pixel? Comparing Paper- and Tool-Based Participator...

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15th IFIP TC.13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT)

作者： Heintz, Matthias Law, Effie Lai-Chong Soleimani, Samaneh Univ Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH Leics England

ISBN: (纸本)9783319226989;9783319226972

Traditionally, in participatory design (PD) workshops, pens and paper are often used by participants to provide their design ideas. However, using a software tool to gather their feedback can have certain advantages. While some attempts to develop such tools have been undertaken, the basic question whether the tool-based approach is better or worse than its paper-based counterpart in terms of the quality of feedback gathered is rarely explored. We aim to address this research question by conducting three PD workshops with the paper-based and tool-based approach. In addition to the findings about the comparability of the two approaches, one of our main contributions to the future research on this question is the development of the coding scheme CAt+. It enables systematic comparisons of PD data collected with different methods and aims to support designers and developers to exploit PD results.

关键词： Participatory design Paper-based Tool-based coding scheme

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Classroom observations in theory and practice

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ZDM-MATHEMATICS EDUCATION 2013年第4期45卷 607-621页

作者： Schoenfeld, Alan H. Univ Calif Berkeley Elizabeth & Edward Conner Prof Educ Educ EMST Tolman Hall 1670 Berkeley CA 94720 USA

This essay explores the dialectic between theorizing teachers' decision-making and producing a workable, theoretically grounded scheme for classroom observations. One would think that a comprehensive theory of decision-making would provide the bases for a classroom observation scheme. It turns out, however, that, although the theoretical and practical enterprise are in many ways overlapping, the theoretical underpinnings for the observation scheme are sufficiently different (narrower in some ways and broader in others) and the constraints of almost real-time implementation so strong that the resulting analytic scheme is in many ways radically different from the theoretical framing that gave rise to it. This essay characterizes and reflects on the evolution of the observational scheme. It provides details of some of the failed attempts along the way, in order to document the complexities of constructing such schemes. It is hoped that the final scheme provided will be of some value, both on theoretical and pragmatic grounds. Finally, the author reflects on the relationships between theoretical and applied research on teacher behavior, and the relevant research methods.

关键词： Teaching quality Classroom observations coding scheme Decision making Rubric

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Exploring Representations of Student Time-Use 9th

Exploring Representations of Student Time-Use

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9th International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Diagrams (Diagrams)

作者： Fox, Amy Rae de Vries, Erica Lima, Laurent Loker, Savannah Calif State Univ Chico Chico CA 95929 USA Univ Grenoble Alpes Lab Educ Sci Grenoble France

ISBN: (纸本)9783319423333;9783319423326

How does one visually represent the use of time? We explored students' use of graphical metaphors by asking undergraduates at a public French university to generate representations of their personal time-use including: activities, sequence, duration, timing, and frequency. The resulting use of space and form was analyzed by way of an iteratively developed coding scheme. We discuss how the analyses of the spontaneous productions support previous research on spatial representations of time, and the implications for the design of time management tools for students.

关键词： Spontaneous representation Diagrams Visualization Student time-use coding scheme Visual content analysis

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Analyzing ethnographic interviews: Three studies on terrorism and nonviolent resistance

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INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021年第2期42卷 149-163页

作者： Dornschneider, Stephanie Univ Coll Dublin Sch Polit & Int Relat Newman Bldg Dublin 4 Ireland

This article describes three analyses of ethnographic interviews conducted with violent and nonviolent political activists. The findings show that the deliberations of violent and nonviolent activists focus on state violence and rational choice calculations (Studies I and II), while nonviolent activists moreover consider perceptions of themselves and state actors, among other factors (Study II). In a highly repressive setting, nonviolent activists choose individual over collective resistance (Study III). By revealing how violent and nonviolent activists reason about their behaviour, the findings complement statistical analyses of datasets on external factors, such as economic conditions, political institutions, social networks or political events. Such datasets are typically readily available or can be constructed from publicly available data, while interview transcripts are more time-consuming to assemble. Furthermore, replicable quantitative methods are not straightforwardly applied to qualitative interviews. This article instead applies Spradley's ethnographic analysis (Study I) and Corbin and Strauss's grounded theory (Studies II and III) to examine interview transcripts. In addition to the substantive findings, the analyses make a methodological contribution to qualitative studies of interviews by systematically identifying each factor addressed by an interview transcript.

关键词： Terrorism nonviolent resistance ethnographic interview Spradley ethnographic analysis domain analysis taxonomic analysis componential analysis grounded theory open coding axial coding coding scheme

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Pattern analysis of fraud case in Taiwan, China and Indonesia 1

Pattern analysis of fraud case in Taiwan, China and Indonesi...

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1st International Conference on Informatics, Technology and Engineering (InCITE)

作者： Kusumo, A. H. Chi, C-F Dewi, R. S. Univ Surabaya Dept Ind Engn Raya Kalirungkut 60293 Surabaya Indonesia Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Ind Management 43 Keelung RdSect 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan Sepuluh Nopember Inst Technol Dept Ind Engn Kampus ITS Keputih Sukolilo 60111 Surabaya Indonesia

The current study analyzed 125 successful fraud cases happened in Taiwan, China, and Indonesia from 2008 to 2012 published in the English online newspapers. Each of the case report was coded in terms of scam principle, information media (information exchange between fraudsters and victim), money media (media used by fraudsters to obtain unauthorized financial benefit) and other additional information which was judged to be relevant. The Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) was applied to the coded data of information, scam principle and money media to find a subset of predictors that might derive meaningful classifications. A series of flow diagrams was constructed based on CHAID result to illustrate the flow of information (scam) travelling from information media to money media.

关键词： coding scheme flow diagram CHAID

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A Database of Full Body Virtual Interactions Annotated with Expressivity Scores 9

A Database of Full Body Virtual Interactions Annotated with ...

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9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC)

作者： Demulier, V. Bevacqua, E. Focone, F. Giraud, T. Carreno, P. Isableu, B. Gibet, S. De Loor, P. Martin, J-C. LIMSI CNRS F-91403 Orsay France UEB ENIB Lab STICC F-29280 Plouzane France Univ Bretagne Sud IRISA F-56017 Vannes France CIAMS F-91405 Orsay France

ISBN: (纸本)9782951740884

Recent technologies enable the exploitation of full body expressions in applications such as interactive arts but are still limited in terms of dyadic subtle interaction patterns. Our project aims at full body expressive interactions between a user and an autonomous virtual agent. The currently available databases do not contain full body expressivity and interaction patterns via avatars. In this paper, we describe a protocol defined to collect a database to study expressive full-body dyadic interactions. We detail the coding scheme for manually annotating the collected videos. Reliability measures for global annotations of expressivity and interaction are also provided.

关键词： bodily interaction gesture database expressivity experimental protocol coding scheme

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Where Do Experts Look While Doing 3D Image Segmentation 16

Where Do Experts Look While Doing 3D Image Segmentation

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9th Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA)

作者： Sanandaji, Anahita Grimm, Cindy West, Ruth Parola, Max Kajihara, Meghan Deutsch, Jeremy Carlew, Anne Yates, Deniece Oregon State Univ Corvallis OR 97331 USA Univ North Texas Denton TX 76203 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450341257

3D image segmentation is a fundamental process in many scientific and medical applications. Automatic algorithms do exist, but there are many use cases where these algorithms fail. The gold standard is still manual segmentation or review. Unfortunately, even for an expert this is laborious, time consuming, and prone to errors. Existing 3D segmentation tools do not currently take into account human mental models and low-level perception tasks. Our goal is to improve the quality and efficiency of manual segmentation and review by analyzing how experts perform segmentation. As a preliminary step we conducted a field study with 8 segmentation experts, recording video and eye tracking data. We developed a novel coding scheme to analyze this data and verified that it successfully covers and quantifies the low-level actions, tasks and behaviors of experts during 3D image segmentation.

关键词： 3D image segmentation perception coding scheme

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Trade-offs on Energy-Efficient Relay Deployment in Cellular Networks 80

Trade-offs on Energy-Efficient Relay Deployment in Cellular ...

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80th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall)

作者： Parzysz, Fanny Vu, Mai Gagnon, Francois Ecole Technol Super Montreal PQ Canada Tufts Univ Medford MA 02155 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479944491

Relay-based cellular networks are likely to play an important role in the race for energy efficiency. However, potential gains greatly depend on how relay stations are deployed within the cell. Using a geometrical model for energy-efficient analysis, we investigate the impact of the number and location of relays on energy consumption, and its dependence on the relay coding scheme and the propagation environment, i.e. the pathloss and the line-of-sight conditions. In addition to the transmit energy, we account for the economic cost of relay deployment, as well as the overhead energy dissipated at each relay stations due to data processing and network maintenance. We then bring out four key trade-offs which balance the cost and flexibility of relay deployment, the energy efficiency and the coverage extension.

关键词： energy consumption relay deployment propagation environment coding scheme

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Construction of Random Input-Output Codes with Moderate Block Lengths

Construction of Random Input-Output Codes with Moderate Bloc...

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IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW)

作者： Motwani, Ravi Yaakobi, Eitan Intel Corp Nonvolatile Syst Grp Santa Clara CA 95054 USA Technion Israel Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci IL-32000 Haifa Israel

ISBN: (纸本)9781479959990

Random I/O (RIO) Codes, recently introduced by Sharon and Alrod, is a coding scheme to improve the random input/output performance of flash memories. Multi-level flash memories require, on the average, more than a single read threshold in order to read a single logical page. This number is important to be optimized since it sets the read latency of flash memories. An (n, M, t) RIO code assumes that t pages are stored in n cells with t 1 levels. The first page is read by applying a read threshold between levels t and t + 1. Similarly, the second page is read by applying a read threshold between levels t 1 and t, and so on. The read binary vectors for consecutive pages satisfy the property that the set of positions read with value 1 can only increase. Therefore, Sharon and Alrod showed also that the design of RIO codes is equivalent to the design of WOM codes. The latter family of codes attracted a lot of attention in recent years in order to improve the lifetime of flash memories by allowing to write multiple messages to the memory without the need for a physical erase. In this paper we notice two important distinctions between RIO codes and WOM codes. While in WOM codes the messages are received one after the other and thus are not known all in advance, in RIO codes the information of all logical pages can be known in advance when programming the cells. Even though this knowledge does not improve the capacity of RIO codes, it allows the design of efficient high-rate codes with a moderate block length, which are hard to be found for WOM codes. We also study another family of RIO codes, called here partial RIO Codes, that allow to find even more efficient codes in the tradeoff of reading more than a single threshold to read a page.

关键词： block codes flash memories random codes RIO codes WOM codes block lengths coding scheme multilevel flash memories random input-output codes Ash Bismuth Decoding Encoding Hypercubes Upper bound Vectors flash memories BLOCK LENGTH RIO DE JANEIRO WOM Codes labeling scheme random codes Hypercube Block codes Upper bound bismuth DEcoding Ashes

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