To solve the change in the content and structure resulting from fuzzy data, we should complete the definition of fuzzy data in the parser and propose reasonable coding scheme. The semantic of XML document specificatio...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781510817982
To solve the change in the content and structure resulting from fuzzy data, we should complete the definition of fuzzy data in the parser and propose reasonable coding scheme. The semantic of XML document specification was settled by using the corresponding elements to define them in XML Schema. For these uncertain elements, this paper proposed a new coding scheme by using a quad, including the document number, the serial number of preorder traverse, fuzziness, and the remark in group, to accomplish the coding of XML document tree with fuzzy information. Taking experiments by documents with different levels and numbers, the level is less than 15, and the node number is within 150000. Finally, the document with the most nodes does not need the most time and coding bits, but the lower level document has less coding time. It is suitable for the lower level document.
Relay-based cellular networks are likely to play an important role in the race for energy efficiency. However, potential gains greatly depend on how relay stations are deployed within the cell. Using a geometrical mod...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479944484
Relay-based cellular networks are likely to play an important role in the race for energy efficiency. However, potential gains greatly depend on how relay stations are deployed within the cell. Using a geometrical model for energy-efficient analysis, we investigate the impact of the number and location of relays on energy consumption, and its dependence on the relay coding scheme and the propagation environment, i.e. the path-loss and the line-of-sight conditions. In addition to the transmit energy, we account for the economic cost of relay deployment, as well as the overhead energy dissipated at each relay stations due to data processing and network maintenance. We then bring out four key trade-offs which balance the cost and flexibility of relay deployment, the energy efficiency and the coverage extension.
In modern wireless systems such as 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced, packets are partitioned into multiple transport blocks where each transport block is a group of resource elements with a common modulation and coding scheme. A...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479913510
In modern wireless systems such as 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced, packets are partitioned into multiple transport blocks where each transport block is a group of resource elements with a common modulation and coding scheme. Accordingly, a transport block is the data unit in the physical layer of modern wireless systems. In this paper, we investigate the throughput performance of modern wireless systems under channel coding over finite transport blocks. When we apply coding over multiple transport blocks, the underlying wireless channel can be effectively modeled as a finite-state discrete-time Markov chain. We link the characteristics of the underlying physical channel to the parameters of the Markov chain, and derive the corresponding "channel dispersion." The "channel dispersion" is then used to assess the throughput performance of various communication strategies. The results show that for a fixed packet size the system throughput increases with transport block size.
Parent-child interactions support the development of a wide range of socio-cognitive abilities in young children. As infants become increasingly mobile, the nature of these interactions change from person-oriented to ...
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Parent-child interactions support the development of a wide range of socio-cognitive abilities in young children. As infants become increasingly mobile, the nature of these interactions change from person-oriented to object-oriented, with the latter relying on children's emerging ability to engage in joint attention. Joint attention is acknowledged to be a foundational ability in early child development, broadly speaking, yet its operationalization has varied substantially over the course of several decades of developmental research devoted to its characterization. Here, we outline two broad research perspectives-social and associative accounts-on what constitutes joint attention. Differences center on the criteria for what qualifies as joint attention and regarding the hypothesized developmental mechanisms that underlie the ability. After providing a theoretical overview, we introduce a joint attention coding scheme that we have developed iteratively based on careful reading of the literature and our own data coding experiences. This coding scheme provides objective guidelines for characterizing mulitmodal parent-child interactions. The need for such guidelines is acute given the widespread use of this and other developmental measures to assess atypically developing populations. We conclude with a call for open discussion about the need for researchers to include a clear description of what qualifies as joint attention in publications pertaining to joint attention, as well as details about their coding. We provide instructions for using our coding scheme in the service of starting such a discussion.
This study focused on the content of 1186 Child Fatality Review Board individual case reports collected nationally over a 24-year period (1995-2019). This information, in contrast to group data, may yield important in...
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This study focused on the content of 1186 Child Fatality Review Board individual case reports collected nationally over a 24-year period (1995-2019). This information, in contrast to group data, may yield important insights into the causative factors, especially for child fatality resulting from neglect and inflicted injury. The reports were collected from six of the 50 states and evaluated for the quality and amount of information. They were also surveyed for data identifying causative factors for neglect and inflicted injury. Only 25 (2 per cent) of 1186 reports that are publicly available contained sufficient information about the four major causative factors-cause of death, prior child protection agency involvement by the family, evidence of professional negligence or error and family history of at-risk circumstances. The 25 cases were then reviewed and coded for presence of information about these factors. The findings demonstrate the need for federal intervention to provide specific guidelines for the states to track their cases, to use a common nomenclature, to investigate common causative factors and to practice common reporting procedures. In this way, a robust national database can be developed.
Networked learning aims to foster students' knowledge construction processes as well as the quality of knowledge construction. In this respect, it is crucial to be able to analyse both aspects of networked learnin...
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Networked learning aims to foster students' knowledge construction processes as well as the quality of knowledge construction. In this respect, it is crucial to be able to analyse both aspects of networked learning. Based on theories on networked learning and the empirical work of relevant authors in this domain, two coding schemes are presented to analyse the nature of learning processes and the quality of knowledge construction in networked learning. The coding schemes were used to analyse the learning processes and learning results of students in an MSc course on land use planning at Wageningen University in which networked learning played an important role. The inter-rater reliability of both instruments appeared to be satisfactory. The relation between the two coding schemes is discussed and recommendations for future research and educational practice are formulated.
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