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MANDI-code: A coding system for the human mandible

JOURNAL OF ORAL BIOSCIENCES 2025年第1期67卷 100584页

作者： Abualhija, Doha Garcia-Donas, Julieta Gomez Shepherd, Simon Al Ghazi, Ranya Manica, Scheila Univ Dundee Ctr Forens & Legal Med & Dent Dundee Scotland Univ Dundee Ctr Anat & Human Identificat Dundee Scotland Univ Dundee Dept Oral Surg & Med Dundee Scotland

Background: The mandible provides valuable insights into its biological identity. However, the existence of several terminologies for mandibular measurements and inconsistent language can lead to misinterpretation, confusion, and miscommunication. Highlight: A standardised set of anatomical points, planes, and measurements would assist with these issues and ensure reproducibility and comparability. Conclusion: The proposed coding system offers a comprehensive approach for professionals and researchers in dentistry, archaeology, and anthropology.

关键词： Mandible Forensic anthropology Forensic dentistry coding system Biological profile

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Validation of an in-house Dutch Forensic Death coding system (FDC)

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Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 2025年 113卷 102856-102856页

作者： Soerdjbalie-Maikoe, V. Hendriks, E.H.W. Nijs, H.G.T. Alberink, I. Duijst, W.L.J.M. Eurofins-The Maastricht Forensic Institute Maastricht Netherlands Department of Neurology Canisius Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis Netherlands Netherlands Forensic Institute Division of Medical Forensic Investigation Section Forensic Medicine The Hague Netherlands Netherlands Forensic Institute Division of Digital and Biometric Investigation The Hague Netherlands Forensic Medicine Maastricht University Faculty of Law Netherlands

Background: The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), developed by the WHO, is widely used to code and classify causes of death. While it is a suitable system for clinical data, it is not tailored for forensic diagnoses. This article explores the basic principles and methods for classification of cause of death in a forensic setting. An in-house Dutch coding system, the FDC system, was developed in the Netherlands. Purpose: To determine the validity and applicability of the FDC system. Methods: The FDC system was used to code 138 deaths based on the forensic autopsy reports of the Netherlands Forensic Institute. This was performed by three investigators (one forensic pathologist and two forensic physicians, all of whom are forensic experts) to compute the inter-investigator agreement using Krippendorff's alpha (kalpha) statistics. To measure the intra-investigator agreement, 46 cases per investigator (for each investigator different cases) were presented twice in random order. The coding system has five parameters: Main category, Subcategory, Other contributing factor category, Mode of death category, and Certainty of death category. Results: The Krippendorff's alphas (kalphas) for the inter-investigator agreement were as follows: Main category 0.91, Subcategory 0.74, Mode category 0.49 and Certainty category 0.55. Inter-investigator agreement showed high kalpha scores for both Main category and Subcategory. There was a good intra-investigator agreement. The kalphas were as follows: Main category 0.95, Subcategory 0.87, Mode category 0.65, and Certainty category 0.78. Conclusion: The FDC system is an in-house Dutch system that is useful for coding causes of death from a forensic perspective. This system could make the notation of forensic pathologists and forensic physicians less ambiguous, which could improve the understanding of cases by professionals such as public prosecutors, lawyers and judges who have to make decisions based on autopsy reports. I

关键词： Cause of death coding system Forensic medicine Forensic pathology ICD Manner of death Mortality statistics Validity

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GALEN: a third generation terminology tool to support a multipurpose national coding system for surgical procedures

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INFORMATICS 2000年 58卷 71-85页

作者： Trombert-Paviot, B Rodrigues, JM Rogers, JE Baud, R van der Haring, E Rassinoux, AM Abrial, V Clavel, L Idir, H Univ St Etienne Fac Med Dept Publ Hlth & Med Informat F-42023 St Etienne France Victoria Univ Manchester Med Informat Grp Manchester Lancs England Univ Hosp Geneva Dept Med Informat Geneva Switzerland Catholic Univ Nijmegen Dept Med Informat Nijmegen Netherlands

Generalised architecture for languages, encyclopaedias and nomenclatures in medicine (GALEN) has developed a new generation of terminology tools based on a language independent model describing the semantics and allowing computer processing and multiple reuses as well as natural language understanding systems applications to facilitate the sharing and maintaining of consistent medical knowledge. During the European Union 4 Th. framework program project GALEN-IN-USE and later on within two contracts with the national health authorities we applied the modelling and the tools to the development of a new multipurpose coding system for surgical procedures named CCAM in a minority language country, France. On one hand, we contributed to a language independent knowledge repository and multilingual semantic dictionaries for multicultural Europe. On the other hand, we support the traditional process for creating a new coding system in medicine which is very much labour consuming by artificial intelligence tools using a medically oriented recursive ontology and natural language processing. We used an integrated software named CLAW (for classification workbench) to process French professional medical language rubrics produced by the national colleges of surgeons domain experts into intermediate dissections and to the Grail reference ontology model representation. From this language independent concept model representation, on one hand, we generate with the LNAT natural language generator controlled French natural language to support the finalisation of the linguistic labels (first generation) in relation with the meanings of the conceptual system structure. On the other hand, the Claw classification manager proves to be very powerful to retrieve the initial domain experts rubrics list with different categories of concepts (second generation) within a semantic structured representation (third generation) bridge to the electronic patient record detailed terminology. (C) 2000 Els

关键词： knowledge representation natural language understanding surgical procedures coding system terminology artificial intelligence

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Assessing preschoolers interactive behaviour: A validation study of the "coding system for Mother-Child Interaction"

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CHILD CARE HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT 2018年第4期44卷 644-650页

作者： Baiao, R. Baptista, J. Carneiro, A. Pinto, R. Toscano, C. Fearon, P. Soares, I. Mesquita, A. R. Univ Minho Sch Psychol Psychol Res Ctr CIPsi Braga Portugal Catholic Univ Portugal Res Ctr Human Dev Porto Portugal UCL Dept Clin Educ & Hlth Psychol London England

BackgroundThe preschool years are a period of great developmental achievements, which impact critically on a child's interactive skills. Having valid and reliable measures to assess interactive behaviour at this stage is therefore crucial. The aim of this study was to describe the adaptation and validation of the child coding of the coding system for Mother-Child Interactions and discuss its applications and implications in future research and practice. MethodsTwo hundred twenty Portuguese preschoolers and their mothers were videotaped during a structured task. Child and mother interactive behaviours were coded based on the task. Maternal reports on the child's temperament and emotional and behaviour problems were also collected, along with family psychosocial information. ResultsInterrater agreement was confirmed. The use of child Cooperation, Enthusiasm, and Negativity as subscales was supported by their correlations across tasks. Moreover, these subscales were correlated with each other, which supports the use of a global child interactive behaviour score. Convergent validity with a measure of emotional and behavioural problems (Child Behaviour Checklist 1 1/2-5) was established, as well as divergent validity with a measure of temperament (Children's Behaviour Questionnaire-Short Form). Regarding associations with family variables, child interactive behaviour was only associated with maternal behaviour. ConclusionsFindings suggest that this coding system is a valid and reliable measure for assessing child interactive behaviour in preschool age children. It therefore represents an important alternative to this area of research and practice, with reduced costs and with more flexible training requirements. Attention should be given in future research to expanding this work to clinical populations and different age groups.

关键词： child interactive behaviour coding system mother-child interaction observational measure preschoolers

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Discussing basic principles for a coding system of drug-related problems:: the case of PI-Doc^®

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PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE 2002年第4期24卷 120-127页

作者： Schaefer, M Humboldt Univ Inst Pharm D-13086 Berlin Germany

coding systems are important tools for the documentation of drug-related problems and following interventions. They should be suitable not only for scientific studies but for the broader implementation of Pharmaceutical Care in the pharmacy. A suitable coding system must be easy to use in daily routine. To facilitate later computer aided use, it should be preferably structured like a decision tree and consist of three parts: 1. the classification of drug-related problems 2. the intervention taken to solve to problem 3. the degree to which the problem was solved PI-Doc(R) considers other classification systems used by Hepler and Strand the PAS(R)-coding system and draws empirical experience from a study in 1995 and 1998 in Germany. The main groups comprise the following: - unsuitable drug choice - unsuitable use by the patient, incl. compliance - unsuitable dosage - drug-drug interactions - adverse drug reactions - other drug-related problems - patient-related - communication-related - technical and logistic problems The article discusses basic principles of the development of a coding system and the prerequisites for its application. In addition, it tries to give guidance for the classification process itself. It is also recommended to collect further information while documenting drug-related problems, in order to allow additional statistical evaluation.

关键词： coding system drug-related problems process indicators quality of care

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DEVELOPMENT OF A coding system FOR PACEMAKERS

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PACE-PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY 1984年第5期7卷 882-901页

作者： IRNICH, W Department of Medical Engineering Justus-Liebig University Giessen Federal Republic of Germany

Since the establishment of the first pacemaker coding system (The Three-Letter Code, 1974) with its nine different pacemaker modes, the number of available modes has increased remarkably. As a consequence, even the expanded “Five-letter-Code” is no longer adequate to describe the different modes with sufficient precision. To overcome these difficulties, we tried to construct a coding system that represents each mode in a pictorial form, which is simultaneously and precisely defined by a schematic circuit and a number within a numerical matrix.

关键词： pacemaker mode coding system

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Development and psychometric evaluation of an observational coding system measuring person-centered care in spouses of people with dementia

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INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOGERIATRICS 2014年第11期26卷 1885-1895页

作者： Ellis-Gray, Stephanie L. Riley, Gerard A. Oyebode, Jan R. Birmingham & Solihull Mental Hlth NHS Fdn Trust Mental Hlth Serv Older People Birmingham W Midlands England Univ Birmingham Sch Psychol Birmingham B15 2TT W Midlands England Univ Bradford Dept Dementia Care Bradford BD7 1DP W Yorkshire England

Background: The notion of person-centered care has been important in investigating relationships between people with dementia and paid carers, and measures are available to assess this. It has been suggested that person-centered care may be a useful construct to apply to understand family-care relationships. However, no measures of person-centered care in this context exist. The study aimed to develop an observational measure of person-centered care for this purpose. Method: First, a coding system incorporating a range of behaviors that could be considered person-centered or non-person-centered was constructed. Examples included a code relating to whether the person with dementia was involved in planning a task, and a code relating to how the spouse responded to confusion/distress. Second, 11 couples, where one partner had a dementia, were recruited and videotaped cooperating on an everyday task. The system was applied to the care-giving spouse's behaviors, labeling examples of behavior as person-centered or non-person-centered. The final step involved assessing the inter-rater reliability of the system. Results: The system captured nine categories of behavior, which were each divided into person-centered and non-person-centered types. The system had good reliability (Cohen's. coefficients were: 0.65 for category and whether behaviors needed to be placed in a category;0.81 for category excluding the decision about whether behaviors needed to be placed in a category;and 0.79 in relation to whether behaviors were person-centered or non-person-centered.) Conclusions: Although the small sample size limits the implications of the results, the system is a promising quantitative measure of spousal person-centered care.

关键词： dementia spouses observation coding system person-centered care

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European coding system for tissues and cells: a challenge unmet?

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CELL AND TISSUE BANKING 2010年第4期11卷 353-364页

作者： Reynolds, Melvin Warwick, Ruth M. Poniatowski, Stefan Trias, Esteve AMS Consulting Ross On Wye England NHS Blood & Transplant Edgware Middx England Donor Tissue Bank Victoria Victorian Inst Forens Med Melbourne Vic Australia Hosp Clin Barcelona Transplant Serv Fdn Barcelona Spain

The Comite Europeen de Normalisation (European Committee for Standardization, CEN) Workshop on coding of Information and Traceability of Human Tissues and Cells was established by the Expert Working Group of the Directorate General for Health and Consumer Affairs of the European Commission (DG SANCO) to identify requirements concerning the coding of information and the traceability of human tissues and cells, and propose guidelines and recommendations to permit the implementation of the European coding system required by the European Tissues and Cells Directive 2004/23/EC (ED). The Workshop included over 70 voluntary participants from tissue, blood and eye banks, national ministries for healthcare, transplant organisations, universities and coding organisations;mainly from Europe with a small number of representatives from professionals in Canada, Australia, USA and Japan. The Workshop commenced in April 2007 and held its final meeting in February 2008. The draft Workshop Agreement went through a public comment phase from 15 December 2007 until 15 January 2008 and the endorsement period ran from 9 April 2008 until 2 May 2008. The endorsed CEN Workshop Agreement (CWA) set out the issues regarding a common coding system, qualitatively assessed what the industry felt was required of a coding system, reviewed coding systems that were put forward as potential European coding systems and established a basic specification for a proposed European coding system for human tissues and cells, based on ISBT 128, and which is compatible with existing systems of donation identification, traceability and nomenclatures, indicating how implementation of that system could be approached. The CWA, and the associated Workshop proposals with recommendations, were finally submitted to the European Commission and to the Committee of Member States that assists its management process under article 29 of the Directive 2004/23/EC on May 25 2008. In 2009 the European Commission initiated an impa

关键词： Cells coding system Tissue Traceability

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Development of a quality use of medicines coding system to rate clinical pharmacists' medication review recommendations

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PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE 2003年第5期25卷 212-217页

作者： Sorensen, L Grobler, MP Roberts, MS Univ Queensland Princess Alexandra Hosp Dept Med Qual Medicat Care Grp Brisbane Qld 4102 Australia Pharmacia Australia Pty Ltd Perth WA Australia

Objective: To develop a 'quality use of medicines' coding system for the assessment of pharmacists' medication reviews and to apply it to an appropriate cohort. Method: A 'quality use of medicines' coding system was developed based on findings in the literature. These codes were then applied to 216 (111 intervention, 105 control) veterans' medication profiles by an independent clinical pharmacist who was supported by a clinical pharmacologist with the aim to assess the appropriateness of pharmacy interventions. The profiles were provided for veterans participating in a randomised, controlled trial in private hospitals evaluating the effect of medication review and discharge counselling. The reliability of the coding was tested by two independent clinical pharmacists in a random sample of 23 veterans from the study population. Main outcome measure: Interrater reliability was assessed by applying Cohen's kappa score on aggregated codes. Results: The coding system based on the literature consisted of 19 codes. The results from the three clinical pharmacists suggested that the original coding system had two major problems: (a) a lack of discrimination for certain recommendations e. g. adverse drug reactions, toxicity and mortality may be seen as variations in degree of a single effect and (b) certain codes e. g. essential therapy were in low prevalence. The interrater reliability for an aggregation of all codes into positive, negative and clinically non-significant codes ranged from 0.49-0.58 (good to fair). The interrater reliability increased to 0.72-0.79 (excellent) when all negative codes were excluded. Analysis of the sample of 216 profiles showed that the most prevalent recommendations from the clinical pharmacists were a positive impact in reducing adverse responses (31.9%), an improvement in good clinical pharmacy practice (25.5%) and a positive impact in reducing drug toxicity (11.1%). Most medications were assigned the clinically non-significant code (96.6%).

关键词： coding system drug related problems interrater reliability medication review medicines management

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Experience of Development of the National Surgical Interventions coding system in Russia

Experience of Development of the National Surgical Intervent...

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12th Annual International Conference on Informatics, Management, and Technology in Healthcare (ICIMTH)

作者： Shtevnina, Julia I. Rauzina, Svetlana E. Shvyrev, Sergey L. Zarubina, Tatyana. V. Pirogov Russian Natl Res Med Univ Moscow Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9781614994237;9781614994220

The paper discusses development issues of surgical procedures coding systems for use at the national and international levels within the health information systems. The work was carried out using the Russian and foreign experiences, including international standard ISO/FDIS 1828:2012. The development system structure contains basic categories of medical entities (axes): surgical deed and surgical subdeed, objects, site and interventional equipment. Abdominal surgeries (528 procedures) were entered in the coding system database and structured according defined categories.

关键词： Surgical intervention coding system medical information systems

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