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ICHI-International Classification of Health Interventions. A balancing act between the demands of statistics and reimbursement

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BUNDESGESUNDHEITSBLATT-GESUNDHEITSFORSCHUNG-GESUNDHEITSSCHUTZ 2018年第7期61卷 778-786页

作者： Zaiss, Albrecht Dauben, Hans-Peter DIMDI Cologne Germany Schonberg 41 D-79280 Au Im Breisgau Germany

Medical classifications systematizemedical concepts (e.g. diagnoses, procedures). They are essential for statistics and reimbursement systems in health care systems. Diagnoses are classified worldwide with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) of the World Health Organization (WHO). The situation for procedure classifications is quite different. Many countries developed their own procedure classifications in different ways and for different purposes. Since 2007, the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) is been developing as a common tool for reporting and analyzing health interventions for statistical purposes as well as for the use in reimbursement systems. ICHI covers not only medical and surgical procedures but also interventions carried out by a broad range of providers across the full scope of health systems, including rehabilitation, assistance with functioning, prevention and public health. The multiaxial classification is built around three axes: target (the entity on which the action is carried out), action (a deed done by an actor to a target) and means (the processes and methods by which the action is carried out). Extension codes are provided to allow users to describe additional detail about the intervention in addition to the relevant ICHI stem-code. ICHI was designed with a low level of complexity for countries seeking a classification, while also serving as a basis for international comparisons. ICHI can also be used in reimbursement systems, by adding cost-relevant information through extension codes. The recent 2018 ICHI beta version is available on the platform https://***/ichi. This version and further ICHI tools will be tested during later reviews and field testing in 2018 and 2019. Once finalized, probably in 2020, ICHI will be freely available for adoption by member states of the WHO.

关键词： Classification Procedure classification Health intervention coding system Documentation

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The French common classification of procedures CCAM. An option for Germany

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BUNDESGESUNDHEITSBLATT-GESUNDHEITSFORSCHUNG-GESUNDHEITSSCHUTZ 2007年第7期50卷 944-952页

作者： Zaiss, A. Hanser, S. Univ Freiburg Abt Medizincontrolling G1 4 D-79106 Freiburg Germany

A working group of the National Board for Classification in Health Care at the Federal Ministry for Health (KKG) concerned itself between 1996 and 2003 with the topic of a possible follow-up procedure classification system for the actually used "Operation and Procedure coding system"(OPS-301), which was introduced to Germany in the mid 1990's. In the context of a feasibility study the American "Procedure coding system" (PCS) and the French "Classification commune des actes medicaux "(CCAM) were examined and evaluated as possible follow-up classifications. In this study it could be shown that the CCAM has great advantages over the pure multiaxial PCS. The strength for that is its medical content, its construction, the methods used and in particular the usability by physicians, the ease of statistic evaluations and the support to maintain the CCAM [1]. In this article the CCAM is presented in detail with its basic principles and its classification methods together with some of the most important coding rules. It is discussed whether the CCAM can be a follow-up classifications system for the German OPS as it is, or if it would make more sense to reconstruct the existing medical content of the OPS with the architecture and methodology of the CCAM.

关键词： classification procedure classification health intervention coding system documentation

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Practical evaluation of the drug-related problem management process in Swiss community pharmacies

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PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE 2008年第6期30卷 777-786页

作者： Kraehenbuehl, Jean-Marc Kremer, Bertha Guignard, Bertrand Bugnon, Olivier Univ Geneva Pharmaceut Sci Sect Community Pharm Unit Ambulatory Care & Community Med Dept CH-1011 Lausanne Switzerland

Objective To develop and evaluate a coding system integrated into pharmaceutical software to routinely report and assess the process of community pharmacists' interventions related to medical prescriptions. Setting A convenient sample of 20 Swiss community pharmacies. Method Pharmacists documented their interventions concerning all drug-related problems (DRPs) related to medical prescriptions during four consecutive weeks in 2005. The coding system assesses each step of the DRP management process;that is, the type of problem, possible negative outcomes, pharmaceutical decisions, and individuals involved. In order to be comprehensive, the management process of technical problems related to prescriptions and clinical DRPs was analysed separately. Main outcome measure DRP intervention rate and characterization of each step of the process. Results Of 38,663 prescriptions, 287 clinical DRPs required interventions. This corresponds to a mean intervention rate of 0.77% per pharmacy (SD = 0.61%). There was a large variability among pharmacies (0-2.6%). Most of the clinical DRPs were associated with dosage problems (n = 91) and drug-drug interactions (n = 45). The most frequent potential negative outcomes reported were quantitative inefficacy (n = 101) and quantitative safety (n = 94). Two-thirds of clinical DRPs required a prescription modification (n = 186), the most frequent being a change in dosage or drug regimen. In 110 interventions (38%), physicians were immediately contacted to take part in the decision. In 122 interventions (43%), pharmacists managed the interventions alone. However, in 55 interventions (19%), pharmacists managed the DRPs with the patient. From these 287 clinical interventions, 134 different codes were reported. Seven hundred and thirty-six technical problems related to prescriptions required intervention, which corresponded to a mean intervention rate of 1.90% per pharmacy. The main type of problem was a discrepancy with the medication record (n =

关键词： coding system Community pharmacy DRP-classification Drug-related problems Pharmaceutical care Prescribing Quality of care Switzerland

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EDP-CONTROLLED BASIC DOCUMENTATION IN THE SURGICAL CLINIC

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LANGENBECKS ARCHIV FUR CHIRURGIE 1981年第1期355卷 630-631页

作者： STOCK, W NITZSCHKE, E TROITZSCH, M HEIDE, UM MACKRODT, H MARIEN HOSP DUSSELDORF CHIRURG ABTD-4000 DUSSELDORFFED REP GER

The doctors write down the diagnosis, operations, and postoperative complications of each patient on a special form, and this information is coded, using international coding systems. Together with the administration data, the information is evaluated in a regional computer center. The statistical evaluation is done by the SPSS program system, which provides a detailed or summarized analysis, including the combination and selection of medical and personal items. The data flow and our results in the first year (2,151 patients) are shown on charts.

关键词： Patient documentation Handling of documentation coding system Patientendokumentation Dokumentationstechnik Verschlüsselungssystem

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The Influencing Factors of Group learning: an Analysis

The Influencing Factors of Group learning: an Analysis

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1st International Workshop on Education Technology and Computer Science

作者： Zhao, Jianhua Jiang, Yinjian S China Normal Univ Sch Informat Technol Educ Guangzhou Guangdong Peoples R China Guangdong Polytech Normal Univ Sch Foreign Languages Guangzhou Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780769535579

The purpose of this paper is to explore which factors influence group learning content, and content analysis is chosen as the research method. The sample for this study is the literature on group learning. 35 books and I paper are examined. The coding system for the content analysis is an opened and a self-expanded system in this study, which means that the original coding system can be updated if the new coding item is developed during the data collection. A total of 62 influencing factors are identified in terms of the content analysis. In order to organise them systematically, we categorised them into four aggregations according to one model of the group learning processes: planning, organising, learning process, and evaluation. The result of this study may be used to design a questionnaire and to model group learning process in our further research.

关键词： group learning influencing factors coding system content analysis

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Assisting the Translation of SNOMED CT into French

Assisting the Translation of SNOMED CT into French

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14th World Congress on Medical and Health Informatics (MEDINFO)

作者： Merabti, Tayeb Soualmia, Lina F. Grosjean, Julien Letord, Catherine Darmoni, Stefan J. Rouen Univ Hosp CISMeF Team TIBS LITIS EA 4108 1 Rue Germont F-76000 Rouen France INSERM Unite Mixte Recherche & Sante UMR S 872 Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781614992899;9781614992882

The objective of this study is to evaluate to approaches assisting the translation of SNOMED CT into French. Two types of approaches were combined: a concept-based one, which relies on conceptual information of the UMLS Metathesaurus and a lexical-based one, which relies on NLP techniques. In addition to the French terminologies (whether included in UMLS or not). Using the concept-based approach, a set of 156,157 (39.4%) SNOMED CT terms were translated to at least one French term from UMLS. Expanded to the French terms from UMLS terminologies translated by CISMeF, 2,548 (+0.7%) additional SNOMED CT terms were translated to at least one French term. Using the lexical-based approach, a set of 145,737 (36.8%) SNOMED CT terms were translated to at least one French term from HeTOP. The qualitative evaluation showed that 44% of the translations were rated as "relevant". Overall, the two approaches have provided the translation of 168,750 (42.6%) SNOMED CT terms into French using different bilingual terminological sources included in UMLS or in HeTOP.

关键词： Semantic Interoperability Mapping Terminology as Topic coding system Multilingualism

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Kidney biopsy codes for pathologists A project of the Working Group Nephropathology of the European Society of Pathology

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NEPHROLOGIE 2022年第6期17卷 376-385页

作者： Leh, Sabine Dendooven, Amelie Haukeland Hosp Dept Pathol N-5021 Bergen Norway Univ Bergen Dept Clin Med Bergen Norway Univ Hosp Ghent Dept Pathol PAD BldgEntrance 23C Heymanslaan 10 B-9000 Ghent Belgium Univ Antwerp Fac Med & Hlth Antwerp Belgium

Medical coding systems fulfil many tasks. In general, they enable the retrieval, annotation and analysis of information. There is no dedicated coding system for the histopathological assessment of medical kidney biopsies. The aim of the project "Kidney biopsy codes for pathologists" (KBC) is to establish a coding system for non-neoplastic kidney diseases that allows the coding of any diagnosis and/or any microscopic pattern of injury. In an expert workshop, the principles of the KBC system were defined. Based on expertise and experience and by analyzing domain-specific documents, a terminology with synonyms and parent-child relationships was defined. Subsequently, an internal project review process and a second expert workshop were conducted. The KBC currently consists of 576 active terms, of which 168 belong to a compact coding group and 408 to a detailed coding group. The KBC structure is multi-hierarchical with a disease concept axis, a pattern of injury axis and the possibility to specify additional attributes. The concepts are grouped by kidney compartments. A comprehensive coding system for non-neoplastic kidney diseases is now established. The KBC project aims to collaborate with SNOMED International to create a defined subgroup in SNOMED CT. If KBC can be integrated into an existing framework, such as SNOMED CT, this would ensure the maintenance and administration and facilitate a broad, international review process.

关键词： coding system Interoperability Terminology Concept Standard

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Communication patterns in hostage negotiations

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Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations 2006年第1期6卷 27-59页

作者： McClain, Bryan U. Callaghan, Glenn M. Madrigal, Demetrius O. Unwin, Georgie A. Castoreno, Mark Research Center for Innovative Psychological Assessment Treatment and Communications Lab. San Jose State University Department of Psychology San Jose CA 95192-0120 One Washington Square United States

There are many variables within crisis situations that contribute to the outcome of the event. This research focused on the communication process during crisis situations. Verbal communication is one of the key behaviors in crisis situations that directly affects outcome, and the analysis of that communication helps to make predictions that guide future crisis interventions. By analyzing the individual behaviors within verbal communication, it may be possible to more accurately predict outcome. This article presents the development of a behavioral coding system, the Crisis Communication Rating Scale (CCRS), and the reliability testing of this system. Specific codes are discussed with respect to their development and relationship to the empirical literature. Copyright © by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： coding system Communications Crisis intervention Negotiations Training

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Integrating the Modelling of EN 1828 and Galen CCAM Ontologies with Protege: towards a Knowledge Acquisition Tool for Surgical Procedures

Integrating the Modelling of EN 1828 and Galen CCAM Ontologi...

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19th International Congress of the European-Federation-for-Medical-Informatics

作者： Rodrigues, J. M. Paviot, B. Trombert Martin, C. Vercherin, P. Univ St Etienne Dpt Sante Publ & Informat Med St Etienne France

ISBN: (纸本)9781586035495

The presentation assess the usability of the ontology platform protege integrated with the terminology reasoning tool PACER to represent different terminology, systems as the CEN European standard EN 1828 which is a categorical structure and the extensive French coding system CCAM supported by a GALEN representation. We present the 2 systems and some results showing the easiness to test the consistence of the ontology or of instances of terminology systems. This type of software tool which is accessible as open source could support a convergent "reference terminology representation" approach. Based on a formal representation development and allowing diversity in linguistic expressiveness of end users this approach can associate shared knowledge acquisition in the public domain and competing systems, software developers and researchers.

关键词： Ontology Formal representation Software Standards coding system Healthcare Surgical procedures

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Three dimensional module packing by simulated annealing

Three dimensional module packing by simulated annealing

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IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation

作者： Yamagishi, H Ninomiya, H Asai, H Sizuoka Univ Dept Syst Engn Hamamatsu Shizuoka Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0780393635

A three-dimensional (3D) chip design strategy will be of increasing significance in association with miniaturization of VLSI circuits. In the design of 3D VLSI and 3D MCM, the placement which is to locate given 3D objects without overlapping each other in the 3D space, becomes an important issue. The 3D placement under the nonoverlapping constraint is called the 3D packing in which minimizing the volume of the package is required. This paper introduces a new coding system to encode the topology of 3D packing as an extension of BSG(Bounded-Sliceline Grid) for 2D packing. The novel coding system is referred to as three dimensional Bounded-Sliceplane Grid(3DBSG). The topology is a set of relative relations assigned to pairs of 3D modules in such a way that one module shall be either "right-of", "rear-of" or "above" the other. Furthermore, we propose an idea to handle L-shaped 3D modules on the 3DBSG. The simulation results in which a standard simulated annealing is utilized as an optimization algorithm, are demonstrated in order to test the validity of our 3D packing method based on the 3DBSG.

关键词： VLSI integrated circuit design microprocessor chips multichip modules packaging simulated annealing 3D MCM 3D module packing VLSI circuit bounded-sliceline grid bounded-sliceplane grid chip design coding system multi chip module optimization algorithm si simulated annealing Optimization algorithms Microprocessor chips integrated circuit design coding systems encapsulating Three Dimensions PACKINGS

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