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Towards a new methodology of estimating party policy positions

QUALITY & QUANTITY 2002年第1期36卷 55-79页

作者： Pennings, P Keman, H Vrije Univ Amsterdam Dept Polit Sci NL-1081 HV Amsterdam Netherlands

In the last twenty years, an international group of political scientists has coded nearly 2000 party manifestos with the help of one single coding scheme based on 56 categories which covers all main topics of these documents. However, there is a growing awareness of the shortcomings of the underlying coding scheme, such as overlapping and missing categories, which cannot be repaired without coding all manifestos all over again. Some have presented an alternative for manifesto-research by means of expert opinions on party policy positions, but these are unable to provide reliable time series for subsequent election years. The unborn solution to some of the problems with the coding scheme would be the computerised content analysis on digitalised party manifestos. This would open up a new universe of infinite possibilities for recodings and reanalyses. The extended consequences from full computerisation of textual analysis are mind boggling. But at the present, these possibilities are merely potentials as the computerised techniques are still underdeveloped. This article explores the possibilities for computerised content analysis in such a way that all postwar manifestos in established democracies can be compared with each other with the help of flexible coding schemes.

关键词： coding techniques computerised content analysis digitalisation policy positions party manifesto research

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NEW TECHNIQUE FOR COMPRESSION AND STORAGE OF DATA

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COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 1974年第8期17卷 434-436页

作者： HAHN, B UNIV WATERLOO DEPT APPL ANAL & COMP SCIWATERLOOONTARIOCANADA

The widespread tendency toward storage of large programs and blocks of text has produced a need for efficient methods of compressing and storing data. This paper describes techniques that can, in most cases, decrease storage size by a factor of from two to four. The techniques involve special handling of leading and trailing blanks, and the encoding of other symbols in groups of fixed size as unique fixed point numbers. The efficiency of the system is considered and pertinent statistics are given and compared with statistics for other information coding techniques.

关键词： coding techniques data management data storage file maintenance information retrieval text compression utility programs

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An Overview of the coding Standard MPEG-4 Audio Amendments 1 and 2: HE-AAC, SSC, and HE-AAC v2

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EURASIP JOURNAL ON AUDIO SPEECH AND MUSIC PROCESSING 2009年第1期2009卷 468971-468971页

作者： den Brinker, A. C. Breebaart, J. Ekstrand, P. Engdegard, J. Henn, F. Kjorling, K. Oomen, W. Purnhagen, H. Philips Res Labs NL-5656 AE Eindhoven Netherlands Dolby Sweden AB S-11330 Stockholm Sweden Philips Appl Technol Eindhoven NL-5656 AE Eindhoven Netherlands

In 2003 and 2004, the ISO/IECMPEG standardization committee added two amendments to theirMPEG-4 audio coding standard. These amendments concern parametric coding techniques and encompass Spectral Band Replication (SBR), Sinusoidal coding (SSC), and Parametric Stereo (PS). In this paper, we will give an overview of the basic ideas behind these techniques and references to more detailed information. Furthermore, the results of listening tests as performed during the final stages of the MPEG-4 standardization process are presented in order to illustrate the performance of these techniques. Copyright (C) 2009 A. C. den Brinker et al.

关键词： .listening tests SBR MPEG Audio coding techniques coding Standard HE-AAC Parametric Stereo den Brinker Spectral Band Replication Amendments Music Processing standardization process

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Rebuilding for Array Codes in Distributed Storage Systems

Rebuilding for Array Codes in Distributed Storage Systems

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Globecom Workshops

作者： Wang, Zhiying Dimakis, Alexandros G. Bruck, Jehoshua CALTECH Dept Elect Engn Pasadena CA 91125 USA Univ Southern Calif Dept Elect Engn Los Angeles CA 90089 USA CALTECH Dept Elect Engn Pasadena CA 91125 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781424488650

In distributed storage systems that use coding, the issue of minimizing the communication required to rebuild a storage node after a failure arises. We consider the problem of repairing an erased node in a distributed storage system that uses an EVENODD code. EVENODD codes are maximum distance separable (MDS) array codes that are used to protect against erasures, and only require XOR operations for encoding and decoding. We show that when there are two redundancy nodes, to rebuild one erased systematic node, only 3/4 of the information needs to be transmitted. Interestingly, in many cases, the required disk I/O is also minimized.

关键词： EVENODD code XOR operations array codes coding techniques distributed storage systems encoding maximum distance separable optical disc storage

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Design of Frequency-Signature Based Multiresonators Using Quarter Wavelength Open Ended Stub for Chipless RFID Tag 25

Design of Frequency-Signature Based Multiresonators Using Qu...

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25th National Conference on Communications (NCC)

作者： Prabavathi, P. Rani, S. Subha PSG Coll Technol Dept Elect & Commun Engn Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India

ISBN: (纸本)9781538692868

A quarter wavelength open stub multiresonators are proposed for chipless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag. The data capacity of the tag is 10 bit and open stub resonator operates in the frequency band of 2 GHz to 4 GHz. The data in the tag is encoded using absence or presence coding and frequency shift coding (FSC). The data stored is read and transmitted using the planar circular patch monopole ultra-wide band (UWB) antenna. The tag consists of two cross polarized sending and receiving planar circular patch (PCP) monopole UWB antennas connected to the multiresonators. The span of the multiresonator based chipless RFID tag is 23.8mmx17mm which is designed on FR4 substrate with dielectric permittivity of 4.4 and tangent loss of 0.01. It is designed and tested under simulation using ADS software and the vector network analyzer (VNA) after fabrication. The tag has the insertion loss in the range of -10 dB to -30 dB and a bit density of 2.47bits/cm(2).

关键词： Chipless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag coding techniques open stub multiresonator PCP monopole UWB antenna

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The Expected Write Deficiency of Index-Less Flash Codes and Their Improvement

The Expected Write Deficiency of Index-Less Flash Codes and ...

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IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW)

作者： Kaji, Yuichi Nara Inst Sci & Technol Nara 6300101 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781457704376

The expected write deficiency of the index-less indexed flash codes (ILIFC) is studied, and a technique is developed to improve the write deficiency of ILIFC. ILIFC is a coding scheme for flash memory, and consists of two stages with different coding techniques. This study first clarify the average write deficiency of the first stage of ILIFC, and shows that omitting the second stage of ILIFC can be a practical option for realizing flash codes with good average performance. The study also investigates an improvement of the index-less coding which is used in the first stage of ILIFC. The improvement reduces the write deficiency of ILIFC, and relaxes the constraints on the rate of the code.

关键词： Ash Conferences Encoding ILIFC Indexes Markov processes Switches coding techniques encoding expected write deficiency flash memories flash memory index-less flash codes

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Systematic Behavioral Observation for Emergent Team Phenomena: Key Considerations for Quantitative Video-Based Approaches

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ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2018年第2期21卷 500-515页

作者： Waller, Mary J. Kaplan, Seth A. York Univ Schulich Sch Business Org Studies Toronto ON Canada George Mason Univ Dept Psychol Fairfax VA 22030 USA

The use of moving images to generate data for behavioral analysis has long been a methodology available to organizational researchers. In this article, we draw from previous research in team dynamics to describe and discuss various methodological approaches to using video recorded behavior as a source of quantitative data. More specifically, we identify and examine key decision points for researchers and illustrate benefits and drawbacks to consider. The article concludes with suggestions for ways in which quantitative video-based approaches could be improved.

关键词： behavioral observation video data audio data coding techniques team dynamics behavioral simulation team training

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The advantage of the color-code modality versus alphanumeric- and symbol-code

The advantage of the color-code modality versus alphanumeric...

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作者： Henning Hoops Naval Postgraduate School

学位级别：硕士

This study describes an experiment designed to investigate potential advantages and/or disadvantages of color-coding relative to symbol- or alphanumeric-codes. Performance was evaluated in terms of reaction time and the number and type of errors made. The stimuli used in the experiment were the letters: E, F, N, U, the colors: red, yellow, green, blue, and the symbols: square, triangle, circle, and cross. They stood for enemy, friendly, neutral, and unknown forces, respectively. The analysis of the data obtained from the experiment suggested that the color- and symbol-codes were significantly better than the alphanumeric-code with respect to the number of errors. The reaction time of the color-code was shortest, followed by the symbol-code with reaction time for the alphanumerics being longest.

关键词： coding techniques Colors Performance Alphanumerics Symbols Reaction Time Errors

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LASER DIODE INTERSATELLITE LINKS - COMMUNICATIONS SUBSYSTEM

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1988年第2期6卷 189-196页

作者： ARCIDIACONO, A DEVITA, S Selenia Spazio SpA Space Systems Division Roma Italy Presently with Telespazio SpA Space and Advanced Programme Division via Bergamini 50A 00159 Roma Italy.

This paper analyzes the critical areas in optical communications systems, placing particular emphasis on the modulation/demodulation techniques used in the ISL communications subsystem design for the ESA/PSDE programme. A 4-PPM/QPM demodulator has been designed, and problems of implementing the system at high data rates have been addressed. Maximum likelihood demodulation techniques and slot and frame synchronization were used. An attempt was made to devise a way to achieve synchronization tracking without using unique words along data patterns. Finally, for the optical ISL the use of coding is suggested as a way to relax link budget requirements. coding could reduce problems caused by pointing subsystem instabilities. The use of on-board soft decoding without system bandwidth expansion is also foreseen.

关键词： Intersatellite links Optical communications Laser diodes Pulse position modulation coding techniques Communication subsystem Frame synchronization

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Spatial Interaction and the Statistical Analysis of Lattice Systems

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Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) 1974年第2期36卷 192-225页

作者： Julian Besag University of Liverpool

The formulation of conditional probability models for finite systems of spatially interacting random variables is examined. A simple alternative proof of the Hammersley–Clifford theorem is presented and the theorem is then used to construct specific spatial schemes on and off the lattice. Particular emphasis is placed upon practical applications of the models in plant ecology when the variates are binary or Gaussian. Some aspects of infinite lattice Gaussian processes are discussed. Methods of statistical analysis for lattice schemes are proposed, including a very flexible coding technique. The methods are illustrated by two numerical examples. It is maintained throughout that the conditional probability approach to the specification and analysis of spatial interaction is more attractive than the alternative joint probability approach.

关键词： markov fields spatial interaction auto-models nearest-neighbour schemes statistical analysis of lattice schemes coding techniques simultaneous bilateral autoregressions conditional probability models

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