Approximate computing is a technique for optimising algorithms while taking into account both application quality of service and computational complexity. Video encoding is a computationally difficult operation, and t...
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Approximate computing is a technique for optimising algorithms while taking into account both application quality of service and computational complexity. Video encoding is a computationally difficult operation, and the complexity is growing as new compression standards, such as Versatile Video coding (VVC), emerge. Because it uses several new coding methods, the VVC standard delivers superior video compression. However, the human perceptual constraint presents a good chance for a new alternative form of computation, such as approximation computing, which allows for some acceptable level of inaccuracy in the output. In this paper, first, the VVC coding tools are analysed to determine the most computationally complex functions of various coding tools as the best candidates to perform approximate computing. Because addition is a frequent operation employed in all reletaed functions of various coding tools and no one would be feasible without an efficient adder circuit, correct approximate computing is done to the adder circuits of these chosen candidate functions. First, the LOA approximation adder is employed, which achieves 9.67x and 5x power and area reductions, respectively, as compared to the original VVC as the baseline, with no discernible influence on subjective quality. The AxMAP framework is then examined to build more effective approximate adders, which lowered the area and power consumption by 14.88% and 9.11%, respectively, over the LOA technique.
AV1 is the first royalty-free video coding standard developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOM), which was finalized in 2018. During its standardization process, coding tools were gradually adopted into the specifi...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781510654372;9781510654365
AV1 is the first royalty-free video coding standard developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOM), which was finalized in 2018. During its standardization process, coding tools were gradually adopted into the specification based on a tradeoff between multiple parameters, such as bitrate, quality, encoding and decoding implementation complexity. A fair comparison of the coding tools supported by this codec can be essential for encoder designers who seek to achieve a good balance among all these factors within their implementations. To this end, this paper compiles a tool-on/off analysis of several prominent coding tools supported by the AV1 specification. The analysis includes the impact of such tools on several objective quality metrics, i.e., PSNR, SSIM, and VMAF, when using the reference encoder libaom implementation, as well as the corresponding impact on the software (SW) runtime complexity of both the libaom encoder and decoder.
IP traffic has increased significantly in recent years, and it is expected that this progress will continue. Recent studies report that the viewing of online video content accounts for a share of 1% of the global gree...
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IP traffic has increased significantly in recent years, and it is expected that this progress will continue. Recent studies report that the viewing of online video content accounts for a share of 1% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce the data traffic of video streaming, the new standard Versatile Video coding (VVC) has been finalized in 2020. In this paper, the energy efficiency of two different VVC decoders is analyzed in detail. Furthermore, we propose a design space exploration that uses an algorithm based on a greedy strategy to derive coding tool profiles that optimize the energy demand of the decoder. We show that the algorithm derives optimal coding tool profiles for a subset of coding tools. Additionally, we propose profiles that reduce the energy demand of VVC decoders and provide energy savings of more than 50% for sequences with 4K resolution. Thereby, we will also show that the proposed profiles can have a lower decoding energy demand than comparable HEVC-encoded bit streams while also having a significantly lower bit rate.
In software development, the growth of a system or application is proportional to the number of files that make it up. Developers need to invest time to configure their work environments and tools. This means that it ...
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The South African government has committed to the implementation of coding and robotics teaching in primary schools. This vision faces the challenge that 16,000 schools in the country do not have computer laboratories...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783031210754;9783031210761
The South African government has committed to the implementation of coding and robotics teaching in primary schools. This vision faces the challenge that 16,000 schools in the country do not have computer laboratories, and that most teachers are not trained to teach coding. To address this reality, the TANKS mobile app was developed at Nelson Mandela University in South Africa. It introduces introductory coding concepts without the need for a computer. The scope of the project has broadened since its initiation in 2017. Originally learners were introduced to the game, and each received a game pack. Currently coding kits with various additional resources are made available to schools, mostly after teachers are trained. Based on the evolvement of the project, generic guidelines for the introduction of computer programming in schools, are provided as the main contribution. These guidelines identify the tools to be used here, how to make the project financially sustainable, alternative methods to traditional teaching, as well as the role of training for this kind of coding instruction.
In this paper we do three things. First, we describe a web-based coding tool that is open-source, publicly available and provides formative feedback and assessment. Second, we compare several metrics on student perfor...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781450351034
In this paper we do three things. First, we describe a web-based coding tool that is open-source, publicly available and provides formative feedback and assessment. Second, we compare several metrics on student performance in courses that use the tool versus courses that do not use it when learning to program in Haskell. We find that the dropout rates are significantly lower in those courses that use the tool at two different universities. Finally we apply the technology acceptance model to analyse students perceptions.
We introduce a framework to extract and parse Java source code, serialize it into RDF triples by applying an appropriate ontology and then analyze the resulting structured code information by using standard SPARQL que...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781509006625
We introduce a framework to extract and parse Java source code, serialize it into RDF triples by applying an appropriate ontology and then analyze the resulting structured code information by using standard SPARQL queries. We present our experiments on a sample of 134 Java repositories collected from Github, obtaining 17 Million triples about methods, input and output types, comments, and other source code information. Experiments also address the scalability of the framework. We finally provide examples of the level of expressivity that can be achieved with SPARQL by using our proposed ontology and semantic technologies.
To achieve a target bit-rate reduction of 50% over H.264/AVC while maintaining equivalent perceptual video quality, High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) includes several new coding tools including a new set of integer ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479957521
To achieve a target bit-rate reduction of 50% over H.264/AVC while maintaining equivalent perceptual video quality, High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) includes several new coding tools including a new set of integer transforms. Since these transforms are more complex than the H.264/AVC transforms, it is more challenging to design and develop high-performance integer transform hardware for HEVC. In this paper, we propose a series of high-throughput and low-cost hardware-oriented HEVC transform algorithms by using a butterfly structure and replacing multiplications by additions and shift operations in a way that minimizes critical computation paths. Compared to the algorithms using other methodologies like multiplierless multiple constant multiplication (MMCM) or decomposition to sparse matrices, our algorithms achieve around 20% shorter critical paths while consuming relatively small numbers of additions and shift operations. Hardware designs applying our proposed algorithms can increase their throughput by 20% while maintaining a reasonable resource consumption compared to when applying other algorithms.
Due to its exceptional efficiency and performance a number of today's global organizations and alliances recognized and embraced new and constantly developed H.264/AVC compression method designed for a broad range...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9789537044053
Due to its exceptional efficiency and performance a number of today's global organizations and alliances recognized and embraced new and constantly developed H.264/AVC compression method designed for a broad range of video applications. This article describes advantages of H.264/AVC in mobile communication systems with limited bandwidth. Due to very efficient compression method H.264/AVC enables and provides transport of high quality video on low data rates. In order to demonstrate these abilities we made a comparison of H.264/AVC coding technique with MPEG-4 ASP (Advanced Simple Profile) coding technique currently used in mobile systems. Quality measurement and assessment of encoded video test sequences was performed with Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Video Quality Metric (VQM) and Structural Similarity (SSIM) objective quality measurement methods. Results showed and confirmed great efficiency and performance possibilities which will make H.264/AVC ubiquitous coding technique ofmultimedia world in time to come.
Real-time streaming of audiovisual content over the Internet is emerging as an important technology area in multimedia communications. Due to the wide variation of available bandwidth over Internet sessions, there is ...
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Real-time streaming of audiovisual content over the Internet is emerging as an important technology area in multimedia communications. Due to the wide variation of available bandwidth over Internet sessions, there is a need for scalable video coding methods and (corresponding) flexible streaming approaches that are capable of adapting to changing network conditions in real time. In this paper, we describe a new scalable video-coding framework that has been adopted recently by the MPEG-4 video standard. This new MPEG-4 video approach, which is known as Fine-Granular-Scalability (FGS), consists,of a rich set of video coding tools that support quality (i.e., SNR), temporal, and hybrid temporal-SNR scalabilities. Moreover, one of the desired features of the MPEG-4 FGS method is its simplicity and flexibility in supporting unicast and multicast streaming applications over IP.
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